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美國

證券交易委員會

華盛頓特區20549

形式 10-K

☒ 根據1934年證券交易法第13或15（d）條提交的年度報告

日終了的財政年度 十二月31, 2024

或

☐ 根據1934年證券交易法第13或15（D）條提交的過渡報告

從 到

委員會檔案編號 001-38671

資本銀行公司.

（章程中規定的註冊人的確切名稱）

馬里蘭						52-2083046
（成立或組織的州或其他司法管轄區）						(IRS僱主識別號）
研究大道2275號, Suite 600, Rockville, 馬里蘭 20850						20850
（主要行政辦公室地址）						(Zip代碼）

(301) 468-8848

註冊人的電話號碼，包括地區代碼

根據該法第12（b）條登記的證券：

每個班級的標題

交易符號

註冊的每個交易所的名稱

普通股，面值每股0.01美元

CBNK

納斯達克證券市場有限責任公司

根據該法第12（g）條登記的證券： 沒有一.

如果註冊人是《證券法》第405條所定義的知名經驗豐富的發行人，則通過勾選標記進行驗證。是的 沒有 ý

如果註冊人無需根據該法案第13條或第15（d）條提交報告，則通過勾選標記進行驗證。是的 沒有 ý

通過勾選標記標明註冊人是否（1）在過去12個月內（或在註冊人被要求提交此類報告的較短期限內）提交了1934年交易法第13或15（d）條要求提交的所有報告，以及（2）在過去90天內一直遵守此類提交要求。 是的 ý 沒有預設

通過勾選標記檢查註冊人是否已在過去12個月內（或在註冊人被要求提交此類文件的較短期限內）以電子方式提交了根據S-T法規第405條（本章第232.405條）要求提交的所有交互數據文件。 是的 ý 沒有預設

通過複選標記來確定註冊人是大型加速申報人、加速申報人、非加速申報人、小型報告公司還是新興成長型公司。請參閱《交易法》第120億.2條規則中「大型加速申報人」、「加速申報人」、「小型報告公司」和「新興成長型公司」的定義。

---

大型加速文件夾

☐

加速編報公司

ý

非加速歸檔

☐

小型上市公司

☒

新興成長型公司

☐

如果是新興成長型公司，請通過勾選標記表明註冊人是否選擇不利用延長的過渡期來遵守根據《交易法》第13（a）條規定的任何新的或修訂的財務會計準則。☐

通過勾選標記檢查註冊人是否已提交報告並證明其管理層根據《薩班斯-奧克斯利法案》（15 U.S.C.）第404（b）條對其財務報告內部控制有效性的評估7262（b））由編制或發佈審計報告的註冊會計師事務所執行。 ý

如果證券是根據該法案第12（b）條登記的，請通過勾選標記表明文件中包含的登記人的財務報表是否反映了對先前發佈的財務報表錯誤的更正。 ☐

通過勾選標記來驗證這些錯誤更正是否是需要根據§240.10D-1（b）對註冊人的任何高管在相關恢復期內收到的激勵性補償進行恢復分析的重述。 ☐

用複選標記表示註冊人是否是空殼公司(如《交易法》第120億.2條所定義)。是☐ 沒有 ý

截至2024年6月30日，註冊人非關聯公司持有的有投票權和無投票權普通股的總市值爲美元178.9 萬

截至2025年3月13日，登記人已 16,654,041 已發行普通股股份。

通過引用併入的文獻

本10-K表格年度報告第三部分第10、11、12、13和14項要求的信息將在公司2025年股東年度會議的最終委託聲明中找到，該聲明將根據1934年證券交易法（經修訂）下的第14 A條提交，此類信息通過引用併入本文。

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資本銀行公司和子公司
10-K表格年度報告
指數

第一部分						頁面
項目1.			業務			5
項目1A.			危險因素			19
項目10億。			未解決的員工評論			33
項目1C.			網絡安全			33
項目2.			性能			35
項目3.			法律訴訟			36
項目4.			礦山安全披露			36
第二部分
項目5.			註冊人普通股市場、相關股東事項和發行人購買股票證券			37
項目6			[保留]			38
項目7.			管理層對財務狀況和經營成果的討論和分析			39
項目7A.			關於市場風險的定量和定性披露			66
項目8.			財務報表和補充數據			69
項目9.			會計和財務披露方面的變化和與會計師的分歧			132
項目9A.			控制和程序			132
項目90億。			其他信息			134
項目9 C.			有關阻止檢查的外國司法管轄區的披露			134
第三部分
項目10.			董事、執行官和公司治理			135
項目11.			高管薪酬			135
項目12.			某些受益所有人和管理層的證券所有權以及相關股東事宜			135
項目13.			某些關係和關聯交易以及董事獨立性			135
第14項。			首席會計師費用和服務			135
第四部分
項目15.			展品和財務報表附表			136
項目16.			表格10-K摘要			136
簽名						139

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私人證券訴訟改革法案安全港聲明

這份Form 10-K年度報告和我們的代表不時作出的口頭聲明包含1995年《私人證券訴訟改革法》所指的「前瞻性聲明」，這些聲明會受到風險和不確定性的影響。您不應過度依賴此類陳述，因爲它們會受到與我們的運營和經營所處的商業環境相關的許多風險和不確定因素的影響，所有這些風險和不確定因素都很難預測，而且很多都超出了我們的控制範圍。前瞻性陳述包括有關我們可能或假設的未來經營結果的信息，包括對我們的業務戰略、預期、信念、預測、預期事件或趨勢、增長前景、財務業績以及與非歷史事實有關的類似表述的描述。這些陳述通常包括「可能」、「相信」、「預期」、「預期」、「潛在」、「機會」、「打算」、「努力」、「計劃」、「估計」、「可能」、「計劃」、「尋求」、「應該」、「將」或「將」等詞語或短語的否定。

這些前瞻性陳述受到風險和不確定性的影響，可能導致實際結果、績效或成就與預期存在重大差異。這些風險和不確定性（其中一些超出了我們的控制範圍）包括但不限於：

General Economic, Macro and External Conditions

•economic conditions (including the interest rate environment, government economic and monetary policies, the strength of global financial markets and inflation/deflation) that impact the financial services industry as a whole and/or our business;

•adverse developments in the banking industry such as, for example, high-profile bank failures, and the potential impact of such developments on customer confidence, liquidity, and regulatory responses to those developments;

•the concentration of our business in certain geographies and the effect of changes in economic, political and environmental conditions on those markets, including proposed reductions in the federal workforce and a decline in federal government spending;

•interest rate risk associated with our business, including sensitivity of our interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities to changes in interest rates, and the impact to our earnings from changes in interest rates;

•geopolitical conditions, including acts or threats of terrorism, actions taken by the U.S. or other governments in response to acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, including the ongoing wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, which could impact business and economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad;

•climate change, and other catastrophic events or disasters;

•natural disasters and adverse weather, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic calamities, and other matters beyond our control;

•the impact of changes in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance assessment rate or the rules and regulations related to the calculation of the FDIC insurance assessment amount, including any special assessments;

•changes in U.S. trade policies, including the implementation of tariffs and other protectionist trade policies;

•the impact of governmental efforts to restructure or adjust the U.S. financial regulatory system;

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•changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institution, accounting, tax, trade, monetary and fiscal matters;

•the financial soundness of other financial institutions;

General Business Operations

•our ability to prudently manage our growth and execute our strategy;

•the effect of acquisitions we have undertaken, such as our recent acquisition of Integrated Financial Holdings, Inc., including, without limitation, the failure to achieve the expected revenue growth and/or expense savings from such acquisitions, and/or the failure to effectively integrate an acquisition target into our operations, including the planned growth of Windsor Advantage, LLC;

•strategic acquisitions we may undertake to achieve our goals;

•our dependence on our management team and board of directors and changes in management and board composition;

•increased competition in the financial services industry, particularly from regional and national institutions;

•our plans to grow our commercial real estate and commercial business loan portfolios which may carry material risks of non-payment or other unfavorable consequences;

•adequacy of reserves, including our allowance for credit losses (“ACL”);

•deterioration of our asset quality;

•results of examinations of us by our regulators, including the possibility that our regulators may, among other things, require us to increase our ACL or to write-down assets;

•risks associated with our residential mortgage banking business;

•risks associated with our OpenSky™ credit card division, including compliance with applicable consumer finance and fraud prevention regulations;

•changes in Small Business Administration ("SBA") and U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") U.S. government guaranteed lending rules, regulations, loan and lease products and funding limits, including specifically the SBA Section 7(a) program, as well as changes in SBA or USDA standard operating procedures, all of which could impact our ability to originate these types of loans within Capital Bank, N.A. or the servicing, processing and packaging by Windsor Advantage, LLC of such loans on behalf of others;

•changes in the value of collateral securing our loans;

•operational risks associated with our business;

•the adequacy of our risk management framework;

•our dependence on our information technology and telecommunications systems, including third party vendors, and the potential for any data privacy incidents or other systems failures, interruptions, or security breaches and risk related to the development and use of artificial intelligence;

•our ability to develop and use technologies to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands;

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•potential exposure to fraud, negligence, computer theft and cyber-crime;

•the sufficiency of our capital, including sources of capital and the extent to which we may be required to raise additional capital to meet our goals;

•liquidity and funding risks associated with our business;

•our ability to maintain important customer deposit relationships and our reputation;

•fluctuations in the fair value of our investment securities;

•our engagement in derivative transactions;

•volatility and direction of market interest rates;

•our dependence upon outside third parties for the processing and handling of our records and data;

•changes to local rent control laws, which may impact the credit quality of multifamily housing loans;

•our involvement from time to time in legal proceedings, examinations and remedial actions by regulators; and

•other factors that are discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

As you read and consider forward-looking statements, you should understand that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions and can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us or in our control. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, beliefs, and expectations, if a change occurs or our beliefs, assumptions or expectations were incorrect, our business, financial condition, liquidity and/or results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. You should be aware that many factors could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. These factors include those described under Item 1A. hereunder.

You should keep in mind that any forward-looking statement made by us speaks only as of the date on which we make it. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict these events or how they may affect us. We have no duty to, and do not intend to, and disclaim any obligation to, update or revise any industry information or forward-looking statements after the date on which they are made. In light of these risks and uncertainties, you should keep in mind that any forward-looking statement made in this document or elsewhere might not reflect actual results and may prove unreliable.

PART I

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless we state otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “our,” “us,” “the Company” and “Capital” refer to Capital Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Capital Bank, N.A., which we sometimes refer to as “Capital Bank,” “the Bank” or “our Bank,” Church Street Capital, LLC. “Church Street Capital” or “CSC” refers to our wholly owned subsidiary, Church Street Capital, LLC and “Windsor Advantage” or “Windsor” refers to our wholly owned subsidiary, Windsor Advantage, LLC.

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS

We are Capital Bancorp, Inc., a bank holding company and a Maryland corporation incorporated in 1998, operating primarily through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Capital Bank, N.A., a commercial-focused community bank based in the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas. The Bank is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, received its charter in 1999 and began operations the same year. We serve businesses, not-for-profit associations, entrepreneurs and others throughout the Washington, D.C. Baltimore, other Maryland metropolitan areas, Florida, and Illinois through six commercial bank branches, one mortgage banking office, two loan production offices, three government loan servicing offices, and one credit card operations office.

On October 1, 2024, the Company completed its previously announced merger (the “Merger”) with Integrated Financial Holdings, Inc., a North Carolina corporation (“IFH”) pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization (the “Merger Agreement”), dated as of March 27, 2024. At the effective time of the merger, IFH merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation in the merger. IFH was the holding company of West Town Bank & Trust, an Illinois state-chartered bank which provides banking services through its full-service office located in the greater Chicago area and is a nationwide originator of U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) and SBA government guaranteed loans. IFH was also the parent company of Windsor Advantage, LLC (“Windsor Advantage”), a loan service provider that offers community banks and credit unions with a comprehensive outsourced SBA 7(a) and USDA lending platform. Immediately following the Merger, West Town Bank & Trust, merged with and into Capital Bank, with Capital Bank as the surviving bank. Windsor Advantage now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Capital Bancorp, Inc.

The Company currently operates four divisions: Commercial Banking, Capital Bank Home Loans, OpenSky™, and Windsor Advantage. The Company reports its activities in five business segments: commercial banking; mortgage banking; credit cards; government loan servicing; and corporate activities. In determining the appropriateness of segment definition, the Company considers components of the business about which financial information is available and regularly evaluated relative to resource allocation and performance assessment. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, and conform to general practices within the banking industry.

Our Commercial Banking division operates primarily in the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas and focuses on providing personalized service to commercial clients throughout our area of operations supplemented by lending outside of our primary market, and nationwide deposit verticals. Additionally, the commercial bank engages in government-guaranteed lending on a national basis. Capital Bank Home Loans and OpenSky™ both leverage Capital Bank’s national banking charter to operate national consumer business lines; Capital Bank Home Loans acts as our residential mortgage origination platform and OpenSky™ provides nationwide, digitally-originated and served, secured, partially-secured, and unsecured credit cards to under-banked populations and those looking to rebuild their credit scores. Windsor Advantage generates fee income for the Company through its servicing, processing and packaging of SBA and USDA loans for its financial institution clients.

In addition to the four divisions of Capital Bank, Church Street Capital also operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Capital Bancorp, Inc. CSC originates and services a portfolio of primarily mezzanine loans with certain characteristics that do not meet Capital Bank’s general underwriting standards, but command a higher rate of return.

In addition to its subsidiaries discussed above, Capital Bank, N.A. and Church Street Capital, Capital Bancorp, Inc. owns all of the stock of Capital Bancorp (MD) Statutory Trust I (the “Trust”). The Trust is a special purpose, non-consolidated entity organized for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities.

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Commercial Banking Division

The Commercial Banking division operates out of six full service banking locations, three of which are in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Statistical Area (“MSA”), and its full service banking locations in Columbia, Maryland in the Baltimore, Maryland MSA, in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida in the Miami Metro Area MSA, and in Chicago, Illinois in the Chicago MSA. Additionally, we have two loan production offices, one located in the Washington, D.C. area and one in Columbia, Maryland. Our Commercial Banking division’s commercial loan officers and commercial real estate loan officers provide commercial and industrial, or C&I, commercial real estate, including lender finance loans, and construction lending solutions to business clients in Capital Bank’s operating markets.

Government guaranteed lending serves customers throughout the country in need of, and qualifying for, USDA and SBA loans. We generally sell the government guaranteed portion of USDA and SBA loans into the secondary market while retaining the non-guaranteed portion of the loan and the servicing rights. This allows us to realize one time gain on sale income along with a recurring servicing and interest revenue stream. In addition to the business development officers upon whom we rely to generate new business, we also have a dedicated servicing, portfolio management and workout staff with specialized expertise in U.S. government guaranteed loans.

Construction lending is a core competency of our Commercial Banking division. Our construction loan portfolio provides Capital Bank with short duration, higher yield loans. Our construction lending is focused on commercial and residential construction projects within the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, Maryland metropolitan operating areas, with limited exposure to suburban subdivision tract development.

Lender finance loans are loans to companies used to purchase finance receivables or extend finance receivables to the underlying obligors and are secured primarily by the finance receivables held by our borrowers.

In addition to its loan officers, who have incentives and goals to drive core deposit growth, our Commercial Banking division currently has a team of business development officers concentrating on continuing to diversify and grow Capital Bank’s core deposit funding and lessen the dependency on wholesale funding. These officers seek to grow deposits generally across the commercial client customer base and through several specialized deposit channels serving multiple sectors nationwide including the homeowner’s association sector, the title insurance sector, political action committees and not-for-profits.

Capital Bank Home Loans Division

Capital Bank Home Loans (“CBHL”) originates conventional and government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans on a nationwide basis primarily for sale into the secondary market and, in certain circumstances, for our loan portfolio. Loans sold into the secondary market are sold servicing released. Our residential loan portfolio aims to retain high-quality, lower risk loans which support the Company’s business strategies. A portion of the retained residential portfolio is represented by mortgage loans on primary residences within Capital Bank’s operating markets to individuals who own businesses where Capital Bank may also pursue a commercial lending relationship and has a vested interest in maintaining the fullest possible banking relationship.

In 2024, as the mortgage refinance market continued to contract in response to elevated market interest rates, CBHL continued to focus on purchase originations. Purchase origination volume was 93.5% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 91.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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Approximately 62.8% of CBHL loan originations by volume occur within Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C. The remainder of originations are national in scope and originate primarily through a consumer direct-to-consumer model that utilizes consumer marketing, and social media applications.

OpenSky™ Secured Credit Card Division

The OpenSky™ Division provides secured, partially secured and unsecured credit cards on a nationwide basis.

The secured credit cards require a minimum initial deposit of $100 and permit maximum initial deposits of $3,000 per card and $10,000 per individual. OpenSky™ focuses on under-banked populations and those looking to rebuild their credit scores. In order to obtain a secured credit card from us, the customer must select a credit line amount that the customer secures with a matching deposit amount. A deposit equal to the full credit limit of the card is made into a noninterest-bearing demand account with the Bank. Once the account is opened, the deposit is required to be maintained throughout the life of the card. The customer’s funding of the deposit account is collateral and while it is not a consideration in the credit card approval process, it is a prerequisite to activating the credit line. Once the customer’s deposit account has been funded, the credit line is activated and the collateral funds are generally available to absorb potential losses on the account that may occur. Given the secured nature of the cards, credit history inquiries are not required at the time of application.

The partially secured credit card uses our proprietary scoring model, which considers among other things, credit score and repayment history (typically a minimum of six months of on-time repayments, but ultimately determined on a case-by-case basis), to offer certain existing customers an unsecured line supplementary to their secured line of credit. As each customer’s secured account ages, we obtain credit scores to baseline the customer’s improvement as an input into any decision to extend unsecured credit.

The unsecured credit card was added, for qualifying customers, in the fourth quarter of 2021 to expand the OpenSky™ product offering. The addition of the unsecured card allows for an uninterrupted experience for OpenSky™ customers who can now more easily transition from a secured to unsecured credit card.

OpenSky™ cards operate on a digital and mobile enabled platform with almost all marketing and application procedures being conducted through website and mobile applications. OpenSky™ credit cards have variable interest rates, which are beneficial to us in a rising rate environment. We believe the OpenSky™ secured credit card product may provide a counter-cyclical benefit as more people may enter our target segment of credit rebuilders during an economic downturn. Credit card eligibility for all product offerings is based on identity and income verification. Our prior experience has shown that approximately 30% of our secured credit cards will experience a charge-off within the first year of issuance primarily due to the relative inexperience of this under-banked population in effectively managing credit card debt.

Capital Bank evaluates OpenSky™ customers using analytics that track consumer behaviors and score each customer on risk and behavior metrics. These real-time monitoring capabilities give management insight into the credit trends of the portfolio on a consumer-by-consumer basis, enabling us to identify many potential fraud situations and mitigate associated losses, as well as to obtain insights into how to optimize the profitability and life cycle of each account. The model utilizes data proprietary to Capital Bank.

Windsor Advantage Division

Windsor Advantage is a loan service provider that offers community banks and credit unions a comprehensive outsourced SBA and USDA lending platform. Windsor Advantage generates fee income for the Company in through its servicing, processing and packaging of such loans for its financial institution clients, including Capital Bank. Gross government loan servicing revenue totaled $4.6 million,

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including $0.6 million of Capital Bank related servicing fees, during the fourth quarter 2024. Windsor Advantage's total servicing portfolio was $2.5 billion, including $1.1 billion attributable to Capital Bank at December 31, 2024.

Our Business Strategy

We believe that by using technology-enabled strategies and advice-based solutions, we can deliver attractive shareholder returns in excess of our cost of capital. While regulations, technology and competition have fundamentally impacted the economics of the banking sector, we continue to adopt strategies that we believe will drive growth while maintaining consistent profitability and enhancing shareholder value, including:

Deliver premium advice-based solutions that drive organic loan and core deposit growth with corresponding net interest income and fee revenues

•Serve as financial partners to our customers, helping them to grow their businesses through advice-based financial solutions;

•Endeavor to provide comprehensive loan and deposit solutions to our customers that are tailored to their needs, and leverage data, analytics and financial technology to improve the customer experience;

•Scale our consumer fee-based platforms by investing in fintech and other capabilities, while leveraging digital marketing to deliver high impact products and services and differentiated customer experience;

•Grow new loan and deposit verticals and products where we have a competitive advantage;

•Capitalize on market dislocation from recent in-market acquisitions to attract top sales talent, and acquire new commercial banking relationships from local competitors; and

•Selectively add banking centers where sales teams have already proved an ability to capture market share and leverage customer relationships.

Leverage technology to improve the customer experience and loyalty and deliver operational efficiencies

•Use solution structuring and customized technology implementation as differentiators to add value to clients with complex needs and enhance our relationships within our existing customer base;

•Deploy technologies that better support our lending associates and simplify our processes;

•Maximize the potential of web-based and mobile banking applications to drive core funding while maintaining our branch-lite business model; and

•Enhance cross-selling capabilities among our OpenSky™, Capital Bank Home Loans and Commercial Banking division customers.

Increase scale in our fee-based platforms through delivery of high value products and services

•Utilize our customer acquisition capabilities, and leverage our investment in our core processing systems, together with our expertise in data, analytics and marketing, to deliver new products and services and grow our secured credit card business;

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•Retain OpenSky™ customers that “graduate” from our secured credit product through the limited use of partially and fully unsecured credit products;

•Expand our purchase-oriented mortgage loan sales both in-market and in adjacent markets through the hiring of qualified mortgage originators and continue to enhance our direct to consumer marketing channels; and

•Utilize the systems, processes and technology within Windsor Advantage to participate in the processing and packaging of SBA and USDA loans originated by our financial institution clients and to grow associated servicing balances.

Pursue acquisitions opportunistically

•Seek strategic acquisitions that complement or supplement our existing product offerings and geographic footprint, advance our business strategies and diversify our revenue and balance sheet mix;

•Evaluate specialty finance and non-bank financial company opportunities where we can add value through increasing interest and fee income and leveraging our management’s expertise and existing strategic assets; and

•Use our management’s and Board’s expertise to structure transactions in ways that minimize the integration and execution risk for the Bank.

Sustainability

We aspire to be the most valued and trusted community bank within the markets we serve. We understand our obligation to both our shareholders and the communities we serve -- to be an institution that achieves superior financial performance, while contributing to the communities we serve by delivering products and services to our customers that enhance and strengthen access, equity and opportunity.

We focus our environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) efforts on issues that are important to our business and to our key stakeholders. Our mission is to support businesses, help people and strengthen communities, as well as to grow our operations and revenue. Essential to this mission is our commitment to provide long-term, sustainable financial and social value to our stakeholders, including the communities we serve, our shareholders and our employees.

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Employees and Human Capital Resources

At December 31, 2024, we employed 407 persons, of which 389 were employed on a full-time basis. None of our employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit or are a party to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe the relationship with our employees to be excellent and we have been named a Best Bank to Work For by American Banker for five of the past six years. Our ability to attract and retain employees is a key to our success. We believe we offer a competitive total compensation and benefits program and a congenial work environment to our employees.

The Company prides itself on being a values-driven organization, where employees are empowered to share ideas that keep the organization moving forward. Our company Core Values guide each team member to:

•Act as an Owner

•Practice Balanced Risk Management

•Challenge the Norm

•Leverage the Team

We believe that these values enable our success with our customers and have helped us build a fun, vibrant and accountability driven culture. In addition, we are committed to developing our staff through internal/external training programs, including the use of online training resources and by affording all levels of leadership within the organization an opportunity to participate in leadership development programs.

Available Information

The Company provides access to its SEC filings through its website at www.capitalbankmd.com. After accessing the website, the filings are available upon selecting “Investor Relations.” Reports available include the Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Further, the SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The information on, or accessible through, our website or any other website cited in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be relied upon in determining whether to make an investment decision.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

General

We are extensively regulated under both federal and state law. These laws restrict permissible activities and investments and require compliance with various consumer protection provisions applicable to lending, deposit, brokerage and fiduciary activities. They also impose capital adequacy requirements and conditions on a bank holding company’s (“BHC”) ability to repurchase stock or to receive dividends from its subsidiary banks. We are subject to examination and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve (“Federal Reserve”), and the Bank is subject to comprehensive examination and supervision by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). We are required to file with the Federal Reserve quarterly and annual reports and such additional information as the Federal Reserve may require pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (“BHC Act”). The Federal Reserve may conduct examinations of BHCs and their subsidiaries. The Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC, through the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”). As a result of this deposit insurance function, the FDIC also has certain supervisory authority and powers over the Bank as well as all other FDIC insured institutions.

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The Company’s and the Bank’s regulators generally have broad discretion to impose restrictions and limitations on our operations. Bank regulation is intended to protect depositors and consumers and not shareholders. This supervisory framework could materially and adversely impact the conduct and profitability of our activities.

To the extent that the following information describes statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by reference to the text of the applicable statutory and regulatory provisions. Legislative and regulatory initiatives, which necessarily impact the regulation of the financial services industry, are introduced from time to time. We cannot predict whether or when potential legislation or new regulations will be enacted, and if enacted, the effect that new legislation or any implemented regulations and supervisory policies would have on our financial condition and results of operations. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), by way of example, contains a comprehensive set of provisions designed to govern the practices and oversight of financial institutions and other participants in the financial markets. The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes in the regulation of financial institutions and their holding companies. Some of the changes brought about by the Dodd-Frank Act were modified by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (the “Regulatory Relief Act”), signed into law on May 24, 2018. The Dodd-Frank Act has increased the regulatory burden and compliance costs borne by the Company. The Dodd-Frank Act also modified the standard by which state consumer financial laws may be applied to national banking associations, such as the Bank. The application of that standard by state regulators and the courts may cause the Bank’s compliance burden and costs to increase. Moreover, bank regulatory agencies appear to be increasingly aggressive in responding to concerns and trends identified in examinations, which could result in higher frequency initiation of enforcement actions against financial institutions to address credit quality, liquidity, risk management and capital adequacy, as well as other safety and soundness concerns.

Regulation of Capital Bancorp, Inc.

We are registered as a BHC under the BHC Act and are subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve. The BHC Act requires us to secure the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before we own or control, directly or indirectly, more than 5% of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any bank or thrift, or merge or consolidate with another bank or thrift holding company. Further, under the BHC Act, our activities and those of any nonbank subsidiary are limited to: (i) those activities that the Federal Reserve determines to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto, and (ii) investments in companies not engaged in activities closely related to banking, subject to quantitative limitations on the value of such investments. Prior approval of the Federal Reserve may be required before engaging in certain activities. In making such determinations, the Federal Reserve is required to weigh the expected benefits to the public, such as greater convenience, increased competition and gains in efficiency, against the possible adverse effects, such as undue concentration of resources, decreased or unfair competition, conflicts of interest and unsound banking practices.

Regulation of Capital Bank

The operations and investments of our Bank are subject to the supervision, examination and reporting requirements of the National Bank Act and the regulations of the OCC as well as other federal banking statutes and regulations, including with respect to the level of reserves that our Bank must maintain against deposits, restrictions on the types, amount, and terms and conditions of loans it may originate, and limits on the types of other activities in which our Bank may engage and the investments that it may make. The OCC also has the power to prevent the continuance or development of unsafe or unsound banking practices and other violations of law. Because our Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC to the maximum extent provided by law, it is also subject to certain FDIC regulations, and the FDIC has backup examination authority and some enforcement powers over our Bank. If, as a result of an examination of our Bank, the regulators should determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of the Bank’s operations are unsatisfactory or

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that the Bank or our management is violating or has violated any law or regulation, various remedies are available to the regulators. Such remedies include the power to enjoin unsafe or unsound practices, require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, direct an increase in capital, restrict growth, assess civil monetary penalties and remove officers and directors. The regulators also may request the FDIC to terminate the Bank’s deposit insurance.

Capital Adequacy Guidelines

Bank holding companies and banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal agencies. See “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 14, Capital Standards” for additional regulatory capital information, including the Bank’s and Company’s Leverage Ratio as of December 31, 2024.

Community Reinvestment Act

The CRA requires the federal banking regulatory agencies to assess all financial institutions that they regulate to determine whether these institutions are meeting the credit needs of the communities they serve, including their assessment area(s) (as established for these purposes in accordance with applicable regulations based principally on the location of branch offices). In addition to substantial penalties and corrective measures that may be required for a violation of certain fair lending laws, the federal banking agencies may take compliance with such laws and CRA into account when regulating and supervising other activities. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve,” or “unsatisfactory.” A rating that is less than “satisfactory” may substantially inhibit the Bank’s opportunities for future growth. An institution’s record in meeting the requirements of the CRA is based on a performance-based evaluation system, and is made publicly available and is taken into consideration in evaluating any applications it files with federal regulators to engage in certain activities, including approval of a branch or other deposit facility, mergers and acquisitions, office relocations, and expansions into non-banking activities. Our Bank received an “outstanding” rating in its most recent CRA evaluation which was in 2024.

In October 2023, the OCC, together with the Federal Reserve and FDIC, issued a joint final rule to modernize the CRA regulatory framework. On March 29, 2024, a federal district court in Texas granted a preliminary injunction barring implementation of the final rule in response to a lawsuit filed by several trade groups. We will continue to monitor the litigation until resolved. We have also begun efforts to evaluate the impact of the new rule and to develop a strategy to ensure compliance.

Anti-Terrorism, Money Laundering Legislation and OFAC

The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”). These statutes and related rules and regulations impose requirements and limitations on specified financial transactions and accounts and other relationships intended to guard against money laundering and terrorism financing. The principal requirements for an insured depository institution include (i) establishment of an anti-money laundering program that includes training and audit components, (ii) establishment of a “know your customer” program involving due diligence to confirm the identities of persons seeking to open accounts and to decline to open accounts for those persons unable to demonstrate their identities, (iii) the filing of currency transaction reports for deposits and withdrawals of large amounts of cash and suspicious activities reports for activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion or other criminal activities, (iv) additional precautions for accounts sought and managed for non-U.S. persons and (v) verification and certification of money laundering risk with respect to private banking and foreign correspondent banking relationships. For many of these tasks, a bank must keep records to be made available to its primary federal regulator. Anti-money laundering rules and policies are

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developed by a bureau within the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, but compliance by individual institutions is overseen by its primary federal regulator.

The Bank has established anti-money laundering and customer identification programs and it maintains records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, files reports of certain cash transactions exceeding $10,000 (daily aggregate amount), and reports suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion or other criminal activities pursuant to the Bank Secrecy Act.

The Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries, persons, non-governmental organizations, associations, and criminal networks, among others, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. OFAC publishes lists of persons that are the target of sanctions, including the List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons. Financial institutions are responsible for, among other things, blocking accounts of and transactions with sanctioned persons and countries, prohibiting unlicensed trade and financial transactions with them and reporting blocked and rejected transactions after their occurrence. If the Company or the Bank finds a name or other information on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list or that otherwise indicates that the transaction involves a target of an OFAC-administered sanctions program, the Company or the Bank generally must freeze or block such account or transaction, file a suspicious activity report, and notify the appropriate authorities. Banking regulators examine banks for compliance with the economic sanctions regulations administered by OFAC.

The Bank has implemented policies and procedures to comply with the foregoing requirements.

Federal Home Loan Bank Membership

The Bank is a member of the FHLB. Each member of the FHLB is required to maintain a minimum investment in the Class B stock of the FHLB. The Board of Directors of the FHLB can increase the minimum investment requirements in the event it has concluded that additional capital is required to allow it to meet its own regulatory capital requirements. Any increase in the minimum investment requirements outside of specified ranges requires the approval of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Because the extent of any obligation to increase the level of investment in the FHLB depends entirely upon the occurrence of a future event, the Company is unable to determine the extent of future required potential payments to the FHLB. Additionally, if a member financial institution fails, the right of the FHLB to seek repayment of funds loaned to that institution will take priority (a super lien) over the rights of all other creditors.

Dividends and Share Repurchases

The ability of the Company to pay dividends or to repurchase its common stock, and the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company, may be restricted due to several factors including: (a) the Maryland General Corporate Law ("MGCL," in the case of the Company), (b) covenants contained in any subordinated debentures and borrowing agreements in existence now or that may exist in the future, (c) restrictions on the ability of the Bank to declare dividends under the National Bank Act and OCC regulations (in the case of the Bank), and (d) the general supervisory authority of the Federal Reserve and the OCC. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders or to repurchase shares of our common stock is subject to the restrictions set forth in the MGCL.

Notification to the Federal Reserve is required prior to our declaring and paying a cash dividend to our stockholders during any period in which our quarterly and/or cumulative twelve‑month net earnings are insufficient to fund the dividend amount, among other requirements. Under such circumstances, we may not pay a dividend should the Federal Reserve object until such time as we receive approval from the Federal Reserve or no longer need to provide notice under applicable regulations. In addition, prior

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approval of the Federal Reserve may be required in certain circumstances prior to our repurchasing shares of our common stock.

In connection with the decision regarding dividends and share repurchase programs, our Board will take into account general business conditions, our financial results, projected cash flows, capital requirements, contractual, legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company and such other factors as may be deemed relevant. We can provide no assurance that we will continue to declare dividends on a quarterly basis or otherwise or to repurchase shares of our common stock. The declaration of dividends by the Company is subject to the discretion of our Board.

Mergers and Acquisitions

Under the BHC Act, prior approval from the Federal Reserve System is required in order for any bank holding company to (i) acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any bank, (ii) acquire all or substantially all of the assets of a bank, or (iii) merge or consolidate with any other bank holding company. Generally, the Company is not required to obtain prior approval from the Federal Reserve System to acquire a non-bank that engages in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to activities that are financial in nature, as long as the Company meets the capital, managerial, and CRA requirements to qualify as a financial holding company. Pursuant to Section 18(c) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, more commonly known as the Bank Merger Act, and for national banks relying on certain other sources of merger authority, prior written approval from a bank's primary federal regulator is required before any insured depository institution may consummate a merger transaction, which includes a merger, consolidation, assumption of deposit liabilities, and certain asset transfers between or among two or more institutions. Prior written approval of a bank's primary federal regulator is also required for merger transactions between or among affiliated institutions, as well as for merger transactions between or among non-affiliated institutions. Transactions that do not involve a transfer of deposit liabilities typically do not require prior approval under the Bank Merger Act, unless the transaction involves the acquisition of all or substantially all of an institution's assets. When evaluating and acting on proposed merger transactions, regulators consider the extent of existing competition between and among the merging institutions, other depository institutions, and other providers of similar or equivalent services in the relevant product and geographic markets, the convenience and needs of the community to be served, capital adequacy and earnings prospects, and the effectiveness of the merger institutions in combating money-laundering activities, among other factors. Further, the Change in Bank Control Act of 1978 generally prohibits any person, acting directly or indirectly or in concert with other persons, from acquiring control of a covered institution without providing at least 60 days prior written notice to the FDIC or upon receipt of written notice that the FDIC does not disapprove of the acquisition.

On September 17, 2024, the FDIC, the OCC and the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ"), each announced new rules and policy statements impacting their bank merger review processes.

Among these actions, the FDIC approved a final statement of policy on bank merger transactions (the “2024 Statement”) and the OCC approved a final rule updating the agency’s regulations for business combinations involving national banks and federal savings associations. The OCC’s final rule modifies its procedures for reviewing bank merger applications under the Bank Merger Act, including the elimination of the expedited bank merger review and the streamlined application procedures. The OCC’s final rule also includes a new policy statement that addresses the substantive standards that it will use to evaluate bank merger applications, including indicators that point in favor of likely approval or rejection.

Concurrent with the FDIC and OCC announcements, the DOJ withdrew from its 1995 Bank Merger Guidelines and announced that it would consider bank mergers under its 2023 Merger Guidelines, which are not industry specific, as well as under a separate, recently adopted bank merger addendum.

On March 3, 2025, the FDIC approved a proposal to rescind the 2024 Statement and reinstate, on an interim basis, the statement of policy on bank merger transactions that was in effect prior to the 2024

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Statement. It remains unclear whether the OCC under anticipated new leadership will also reconsider its recent regulation and policy statement.

Customer Information Privacy and Cybersecurity

The Federal Reserve and other bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines for safeguarding confidential, personal, non‑public customer information. These guidelines require each financial institution, under the supervision and ongoing oversight of its board of directors or an appropriate committee thereof, to create, implement, and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazard to the security or integrity of such information, and protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. We have adopted a customer information security program to comply with these requirements.

The Gramm‑Leach‑Bliley Act of 1999 (the “GLBA”) requires financial institutions to implement policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of non-public personal information about consumers to non‑affiliated third parties. The GLBA requires disclosures to consumers on policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of such non-public personal information and, except as otherwise required by law, prohibits disclosing such information except as provided in the Bank’s policies and procedures. We have implemented privacy policies addressing these restrictions that are distributed regularly to all existing and new customers of the Bank.

In March 2015, federal regulators issued two related statements regarding cybersecurity. One statement indicates that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers accessing Internet-based services of the financial institution. The other statement indicates that a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. If we fail to observe the regulatory guidance, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

In November 2021, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a joint rule establishing computer-security incident notification requirements for banking organizations and their service providers. This rule requires new notification requirements when a banking organization experiences a computer-security incident.

State regulators have been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Recently, several states have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and providing detailed requirements with respect to these programs, including data encryption requirements. Many states have also recently implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements.

In July 2023, the SEC adopted rules requiring registrants to disclose material cybersecurity incidents experienced and describe the material aspects of their nature, scope and timing. The rules, which supersede previously issued guidance published in February 2018, also require annual disclosures describing a company’s cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance. These SEC rules, and any other regulatory guidance, are in addition to notification and disclosure requirements under state and federal banking law and regulations. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for a further discussion of risks related to

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cybersecurity and Item 1C. Cybersecurity for a further discussion of the Company’s risk management strategies and governance processes related to cybersecurity.

Interchange Fees

Under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve adopted rules establishing standards for assessing whether the interchange fees that may be charged with respect to certain electronic debit transactions are “reasonable and proportional” to the costs incurred by issuers for processing such transactions. Interchange fees or “swipe” fees are charges that merchants pay to the Company and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. The Federal Reserve has ruled that for financial institutions with assets of $10 billion or more the maximum permissible interchange fee for an electronic debit transaction is the sum of 21 cents per transaction and 5 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction. The Federal Reserve also has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product. In October 2023, the Federal Reserve issued a proposal under which the maximum permissible interchange fee for an electronic debit transaction would be the sum of 14.4 cents per transaction and 4 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction. While financial institutions with less than $10 billion in assets, like the Company, are exempt, there is concern that these requirements will eventually be pushed down to all financial institutions, which would negatively impact the Company’s non-interest income.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

The Dodd-Frank Act created a new, independent federal agency called the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), which is granted broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement powers under various federal consumer financial protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Truth in Lending Act, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, Fair Debt Collection Act, the Consumer Financial Privacy Provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and certain other statutes. The CFPB has examination and primary enforcement authority with respect to depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets. Smaller institutions are subject to rules promulgated by the CFPB but continue to be examined and supervised by federal banking regulators for consumer compliance purposes. The CFPB has authority to prevent unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices in connection with the offering of consumer financial products. On March 5, 2024, the CFPB issued a final rule amending provisions in Regulation Z that govern credit card late fee charges to lower the safe harbor amount for past due fees that a credit card issuer can charge on consumer credit card accounts from up to $41 to $8 and eliminates a higher safe harbor dollar amount for late fees for subsequent violations of the same type. This rule only applies to card issuers, that together with their affiliates, have one million or more open credit card accounts. Smaller card issuers, like the Bank, may continue to charge a higher safe harbor threshold for credit card late fees and automatically increase the safe harbor dollar amount based on the Consumer Price Index. Although the final rule exempts smaller card issuers, the Company will continue to monitor penalty fee policies, particularly as the CFPB and other regulators have demonstrated a focus on regulating so-called junk fees. In December 2024, the CFPB issued a final rule that subjects (with certain exceptions) overdraft services provided by financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets to the provisions of the Truth in Lending Act and other consumer financial protection laws. Although the CFPB excluded banks with under $10 billion in assets from this rule, the Company is currently evaluating this rule and assessing its potential impact on the Company and the Bank.

With the recent change in presidential administration and control of Congress, the scope of regulation by the CFPB and other federal agencies remains uncertain. In February 2025, the acting director of the CFPB directed the CFPB’s staff to cease all supervision and examination activity and stakeholder engagement, stop all work on proposed rulemaking, suspend the effective dates of any finalized but not yet effective rules, and halt other actions relating to investigations, enforcement, and litigation. The extent to which these recent or other future developments will ultimately impact the CFPB’s regulation of the Bank’s business remains uncertain.

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Deposit Insurance

The Bank is a national banking association, regulated by the OCC. The Bank accepts deposits, and those deposits have the benefit of FDIC insurance up to the applicable limits established by law. The applicable statutory limit for FDIC insurance for most types of accounts is $250,000.

Under the FDIC's risk-based deposit premium assessment system, the assessment rates for an insured depository institution are determined by an assessment rate calculator, which is based on a number of elements that measure the risk each institution poses to the Deposit Insurance Fund. The calculated assessment rate is applied to average consolidated assets less the average tangible equity of the insured depository institution during the assessment period to determine the dollar amount of the quarterly assessment. Under the current system, premiums are assessed quarterly and could increase if, for example, criticized loans and leases and/or other higher risk assets increase or balance sheet liquidity decreases.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. In the event any insured depository institution, such as the Bank, is placed into FDIC receivership due to the termination of deposit insurance, or for any other reason, and the institution is sold or liquidated, the chances of the institution's parent BHC's shareholders recovering any value is very unlikely.

Future Legislative Developments

Various legislative acts are from time to time introduced in Congress. This legislation may change banking statutes and the environment in which we operate in substantial and unpredictable ways. We cannot determine the ultimate effect that potential legislation, if enacted, or implementing regulations and interpretations with respect thereto, would have on our financial condition or results of operations.

The new presidential administration and many members of Congress have advocated for changes in financial services regulation, potentially including amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act and other federal banking laws, and structural changes to the CFPB. It is possible, though uncertain, that Congress and/or the relevant federal agencies may seek to roll back or modify some or much of the rulemaking and regulatory guidance issued under the previous presidential administration. Additionally, the full impact of the leadership changes at banking regulatory agencies on the enforcement and supervisory priorities of each agency is not fully known at this time. It is therefore unclear at the present time what effect the aforementioned changes will have on the banking industry as a whole or the Company specifically.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Ownership of our common stock involves certain risks. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Business

As a business operating in the financial services industry, our business and operations may be adversely affected in numerous and complex ways by weak economic conditions.

Our performance could be negatively impacted to the extent there is deterioration in business, and/or economic conditions, including persistent inflation, supply chain issues or labor shortages, which have direct or indirect impacts on us, our customers and/or our counterparties. All of these factors can individually or in the aggregate be detrimental to our business, and the interplay between these factors can be complex and unpredictable. Adverse economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, and/or the the financial condition of our customers and our results of operations.

Adverse developments affecting financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or non-performance, could adversely affect our operations and liquidity.

Actual events involving limited funding liquidity, customer defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about similar events, including the potential negative media coverage, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems and erode customer confidence in the banking system. For example, the high-profile bank failures in the first half of 2023 led to volatility and declines in the market for bank stocks and questions about depositor confidence in depository institutions.

Such high-profile bank failures also highlighted the speed at which deposits can be moved in the digital economy, as well as the speed and reach of media attention, including social media, and its ability to disseminate concerns or rumors, in each case potentially exacerbating liquidity concerns. In addition, the banking operating environment and public trading prices of banking institutions can be highly correlated, in particular during times of stress, which could materially and adversely impact the trading prices of our common stock and potentially our results of operations.

Additionally, negative news about us or the banking industry in general could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions of the Company, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among those with uninsured deposits. Furthermore, the failure of other financial institutions may cause deposit outflows as customers spread deposits among several different banks so as to maximize their amount of FDIC insurance, move deposits to banks deemed “too big to fail” or remove deposits from the banking system entirely. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 57.1% of our deposits were insured and protected and 42.9% of our deposits were uninsured and unprotected. We rely on these deposits for liquidity. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our commercial business and operations are concentrated in the greater Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas and we are sensitive to adverse changes in the local economy.

Our success depends upon the general economic conditions in the areas in which we operate, which we cannot predict with any degree of certainty. The presidential administration and certain governmental

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agencies have announced plans to reduce government spending and the size of the federal government workforce. The Washington, D.C. metropolitan area is characterized by a significant number of businesses that are federal government contractors or subcontractors, or which depend on such businesses for a significant portion of their revenues. In addition, federal government employees make up a significant proportion of the population of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Reductions in the federal workforce through layoffs and buyouts, furloughs of government employees or government contractors as well as cancelling government contracts and other impacts from declining government spending, lapses in appropriations, or changes in fiscal appropriations could have adverse impacts on other businesses in the Company’s market and the general economy of the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Such a downturn in the local economy generally could make it more difficult for our borrowers to repay their loans and may lead to loan losses that would not be offset by operations in other markets; it may also reduce the ability of our depositors to make or maintain deposits with us. For these reasons, any regional or local economic downturn that affects the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas, or existing or prospective borrowers or depositors in the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our customers and businesses in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area may be adversely impacted as a result of changes in government spending or government shutdown.

The presidential administration and certain governmental agencies have announced plans to reduce government spending and the size of the federal government workforce. These announcements could have an adverse effect on the economy of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, which in turn could adversely affect the Company.

The Washington, D.C. metropolitan area is characterized by a significant number of businesses that are federal government contractors or subcontractors, or which depend on such businesses for a significant portion of their revenues. In addition, federal government employees make up a significant proportion of the population of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The impact of a decline in federal government spending, a reallocation of government spending to different industries or different areas of the country or a delay in payments to such contractors could have a ripple effect. Temporary layoffs, staffing freezes, salary reductions and/or furloughs of government employees or government contractors could have adverse impacts on other businesses in the Company’s market and the general economy of the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, and may indirectly lead to a loss of revenues by the Company’s customers, including vendors and lessors to the federal government and government contractors or to their employees, as well as to a wide variety of commercial and retail businesses and the local housing market. Accordingly, such potential federal government activities could lead to increases in past due loans, nonperforming loans, loan loss reserves and charge-offs, and could adversely affect our liquidity position.

In addition, a significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, including construction and land development loans, all of which are in greater demand when interest rates are low and economic conditions are good. Accordingly, a decline in local economic conditions would likely have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations, and the impact on us would likely be greater than the impact felt by larger financial institutions whose loan portfolios are geographically diverse. We cannot guarantee that any risk management practices that we implement to address our geographic and loan concentrations will be effective in preventing losses relating to our loan portfolio.

We may not be able to measure and limit our credit risk adequately, which could lead to unexpected losses.

A primary component of our business involves making loans to customers. The business of lending is inherently risky, including risks that the principal of or interest on any loan will not be repaid in a timely manner or at all or that the value of any collateral supporting the loan will be insufficient to cover our

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outstanding exposure. A failure to measure and limit the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio effectively could lead to unexpected losses and have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) may prove to be insufficient to absorb life-time losses in our loan portfolio, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Under the current expected credit loss model (“CECL”), the ACL on loans is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. We estimate the ACL on loans based on the underlying assets’ amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the financing receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs. Expected credit losses are reflected in the ACL through a charge to the provision for credit loss expense. When we deem all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. We apply judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible; however, generally speaking, an asset will be considered uncollectible no later than when all efforts at collection have been exhausted. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received.

We measure expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis, when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Depending on the nature of the pool of financial assets with similar risk characteristics, we use a discounted cash flow method or a loss-rate method to estimate expected credit losses. Our methodologies for estimating the ACL consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodologies apply historical loss information, adjusted for asset-specific characteristics, economic conditions at the measurement date, and forecasts about future economic conditions expected to exist through the contractual lives of the financial assets that are reasonable and supportable, to the identified pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for which the historical loss experience was observed. Our methodologies revert back to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over eight quarters when the methodology can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent financial assets where we have determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and we expect repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized costs basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.

Additional credit losses will likely occur in the future and may occur at a rate greater than we have previously experienced. We may be required to take additional provisions for credit losses in the future to further supplement our ACL, either due to management’s decision to do so or requirements by our banking regulators. In addition, bank regulatory agencies will periodically review our ACL and the value attributed to nonaccrual loans or to real estate acquired through foreclosure. Such regulatory agencies may require us to recognize future charge-offs. These adjustments could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The small- to medium-sized businesses that we lend to may have fewer resources to weather adverse business developments, which may impair our borrowers’ ability to repay loans.

Small- to medium-sized businesses frequently have smaller market shares than their competition, may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, often need substantial additional capital to expand or compete and may experience substantial volatility in operating results, any of which may impair a borrower’s ability to repay a loan. If our borrowers are unable to repay their loans, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our commercial real estate and real estate construction loan portfolio exposes us to credit risks that may be greater than the risks related to other types of loans.

These loans typically involve repayment that depends upon income generated, or expected to be generated, by the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. Unexpected deterioration in the credit quality of our commercial real estate loan portfolio could require us to increase our ACL, which would reduce our profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Construction loans also involve risks because loan funds are secured by a project under construction and the project is of uncertain value prior to its completion. It can be difficult to accurately evaluate the total funds required to complete a project, and construction lending often involves the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the ultimate project rather than the ability of a borrower or guarantor to repay the loan. If we are forced to foreclose on a project prior to completion, we may be unable to recover the entire unpaid portion of the loan. In addition, we may be required to fund additional amounts to complete a project and, incur taxes, maintenance and compliance costs for a foreclosed property and we may have to hold the property for an indeterminate period of time, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio held for investment is comprised of real estate loans, negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing our real estate loans and result in loan and other losses.

Adverse developments affecting real estate values and the liquidity of real estate in our primary markets could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio, and could result in losses that adversely affect credit quality, financial condition and results of operations. If real estate values decline, it is likely that we would be required to increase our ACL, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of commercial loans secured by receivables, inventory, equipment or other commercial collateral, the deterioration in value of which could expose us to credit losses.

In general, these loans are collateralized by general business assets, including, among other things, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, and most are backed by a personal guaranty of the borrower or principal. Significant adverse changes in the economy or local market conditions in which our commercial lending customers operate could cause rapid declines in loan collectability and the values associated with general business assets resulting in inadequate collateral coverage that may expose us to credit losses and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Appraisals and other valuation techniques we use in evaluating and monitoring loans secured by real property, other real estate owned and repossessed personal property may not accurately describe the net value of the asset.

In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, we generally require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made and, as real estate values may change significantly in value in relatively short periods of time (especially in periods of heightened economic uncertainty), this estimate may not accurately describe the net value of the real property collateral after the loan is made. As a result, we may not be able to recover the full amount of any remaining indebtedness when we foreclose on and sell the relevant property. In addition, we rely on appraisals and other valuation techniques to establish the value of our other real estate owned (“OREO”) and personal property that we acquire through foreclosure proceedings and to determine certain loan impairments. If any of these valuations are inaccurate, our combined and consolidated financial statements may not reflect the correct value of our OREO, and our allowance for credit losses may not reflect accurate loan impairments. This could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition and/or results of operations.

We engage in lending secured by real estate and may be forced to foreclose on the collateral and own the underlying real estate, subjecting us to the costs and potential risks associated with the ownership of the real property, or consumer protection initiatives or changes in state or federal law may substantially raise the cost of foreclosure or prevent us from foreclosing at all.

Since we originate loans secured by real estate, we may have to foreclose on the collateral property to protect our investment and may thereafter own and operate such property, in which case we would be exposed to the risks inherent in the ownership of real estate. Our inability to manage the amount of costs or the risks associated with the ownership of real estate, or write-downs in the value of OREO, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, consumer protection initiatives or changes in state or federal law may substantially increase the time and expense associated with the foreclosure process or prevent us from foreclosing at all. If new state or federal laws or regulations are ultimately enacted that significantly raise the cost of foreclosure or impose outright barriers, such could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

A lack of liquidity could impair our ability to fund operations and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans and investment securities, respectively, to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, sales of our investment securities, sales of loans or other sources could materially and adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses or fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have several large depositor relationships, the loss of which could force us to fund our business through more expensive and less stable sources.

Withdrawals of deposits by any one of our largest depositors could force us to rely more heavily on borrowings and other sources of funding for our business, adversely affecting our net interest margin and results of operations. We may also be forced, as a result of any withdrawal of deposits, to rely more heavily on other, potentially more expensive and less stable funding sources. Consequently, the occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our mortgage banking division may not meaningfully contribute to noninterest income.

The residential mortgage banking business is highly competitive and highly susceptible to changes in market interest rates, consumer confidence levels, employment statistics, the capacity and willingness of secondary market purchasers to acquire and hold or securitize loans, and other factors beyond our control. Additionally, in many respects, the traditional mortgage origination business is relationship-based, and dependent on the services of individual mortgage loan officers. The loss of services of one or more loan officers could have the effect of reducing the level of our mortgage production, or the rate of growth of production. As a result of these various factors, we cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain or increase the volume or percentage of revenue or net income produced by our residential mortgage business.

We earn income by originating residential mortgage loans for resale in the secondary mortgage market, and disruptions in that market could reduce our operating income.

Historically, as part of our focus on loan origination and sales activities, we enter into formal commitments and informal agreements with larger banking companies and mortgage investors earning the Bank income from these sales. Under these arrangements, we originate single-family mortgages that are priced and underwritten to conform to previously agreed upon criteria before loan funding and are delivered to the investor shortly after funding.

Disruptions in the secondary market may not only affect us but also the ability and desire of mortgage investors and other banks to purchase residential mortgage loans that we originate. As a result, we may not be able to maintain or grow the income we receive from originating and reselling residential mortgage loans. Additionally, we hold certain mortgage loans that we originated for sale, increasing our exposure to interest rate risk and adverse changes in the value of the residential real estate that serves as collateral for the mortgage loan prior to sale.

Our financial condition, earnings and asset quality could be adversely affected if we are required to repurchase loans originated for sale by our mortgage banking division.

The Bank originates residential mortgage loans for sale to secondary market investors, subject to contractually specified recourse provisions. Because the loans are intended to be originated within investor guidelines, using designated automated underwriting and product-specific requirements as part of the loan application, the loans sold have a limited recourse provision. Should loan repurchases become a material issue, our earnings and asset quality could be adversely impacted, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Delinquencies and credit losses from our OpenSky™ credit card division could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our OpenSky™ Division provides secured, partially secured, and unsecured credit cards on a nationwide basis to under-banked populations and those looking to rebuild their credit scores. Although some OpenSky™ credit cards are fully or partially secured, losses may occur as a result of fraud, or when the account exceeds its established limit or if a cardholder ceases to maintain the account in good standing. Fraud, such as identity fraud, payment fraud and funding fraud (where, for example, an individual funds a card using information from someone they know well, such as a relative or roommate) can result in substantial losses. In the case of an OpenSky™ account that is funded through fraud on the part of an applicant, we are required by applicable laws to refund the amount of the original deposit, and we charge off balances which were subsequently charged on the card. Account balances in excess of established credit limits happen as a result of certain VISA membership policies that allow cardholders to incur certain charges even if they exceed their card limits, which include, but are not limited to, rental car charges, gas station charges and hotel deposits. If an OpenSky™ cardholder exceeds his or her credit limit as a result of purchases in one of these categories, we may incur losses for amounts in excess of the

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collateral deposited if the borrower fails to repay such excess amounts. Customers can also exceed their credit limit by making intra-period payments to replenish their available lines. If the payments are made via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) and were fraudulent, we could incur the cost of the payment. Losses to our credit card portfolio also arise when cardholders cease to maintain the account in good standing with timely payments. For example, in the event a secured card becomes more than 90 days past due, or an unsecured card becomes more than 150 days past due, the credit card balance is recovered against any corresponding deposit account and a charge-off is recorded for any related fees, accrued interest or other charges in excess of the deposit account balance. We have invested in technology and systems designed to detect fraudulent behavior and somewhat mitigate losses but such investments may not be adequate, and our systems may not adequately monitor or mitigate potential losses arising from these risks.

A high credit loss rate (the rate at which we charge off uncollectible loans) on either our secured, partially secured, or unsecured portfolio could materially and adversely impact our overall financial performance. We maintain an ACL, which we believe to be adequate to cover credit losses inherent in our OpenSky™ portfolio, but we cannot be certain that the allowance will be sufficient to cover actual credit losses. If credit losses from our OpenSky™ portfolio exceed our ACL, our net income will be reduced by the excess of such credit losses.

The inability of our OpenSky™ credit card division to continue its growth rate could adversely affect our earnings.

We do not know if we will be able to retain existing customers or attract new customers, or that we will be able to increase account balances for new or existing customers.

We hope the development and expansion of new credit card products and related cardholder service products will be an important contributor to our growth and earnings in the future; however, if we are unable to implement new cardholder products and features, our ability to grow will be negatively impacted. Declining sales of cardholder service products would likely result in reduced income from fees and interest.

Our participation in government guaranteed lending activities subjects us to additional risks.

As an approved participant in the SBA Preferred Lender Program, we are able to facilitate SBA loans for our customers without subjecting them to the potentially burdensome SBA approval process required for lenders that are not part of the program. The loss of our status as an SBA Preferred Lender could result in a loss of customers to other lenders who maintain this designation. Such a loss could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.

In situations where we sell the government guaranteed portion of SBA or USDA loans, we remain exposed to credit risk on the unguaranteed portion of the loan. Furthermore, if a bank sells a government guaranteed loan in the secondary market and the borrower subsequently defaults, the SBA or USDA may seek to recover the loss associated with the loan if it is determined that the default arose due to a significant technical deficiency in the origination, funding or servicing of the loan.

This creates a potential credit risk for us with respect to the guaranteed portion of SBA or USDA loans to the extent that we originated the loan in a manner that was not in compliance with applicable standard operating procedures. Additionally, technical defaults could lead to potential liability for Windsor if it assisted in the origination or servicing of the loan on behalf of another bank. Such technical defaults and associated losses could materially adversely affect our business. Furthermore, increased instances of technical defaults, particularly where Windsor Advantage acted as a lender service provider, could result in reputational damage to us.

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Any modification or reduction in the level of government support for government guaranteed loan programs could result in a significant impact to our results of operations.

A material part of our business consists of originating and servicing government guaranteed loans, in particular those guaranteed by the SBA and the USDA. Our government guaranteed lending program is substantially dependent on the continued support of the U.S. federal government. Under established and long-standing SBA and USDA programs, the federal government guarantees a portion of the loans originated by us or by clients we service through Windsor Advantage.

Any changes to the laws, regulations, procedures, or funding levels governing the SBA or USDA programs could impair our ability, as well as the ability of our clients through Windsor Advantage, to originate, process, and sell these loans in the secondary market. Such changes could have a material adverse impact on our business, including through a reduction in sales income and decreased revenue within Windsor Advantage.

Additionally, a substantial portion of our government guaranteed loan program is tied to the financing of renewable energy projects, including, but not limited to commercial solar farms. A significant portion of the committed equity in these projects is derived from investment tax credits and other forms of financial incentives provided through federal programs, legislative measures, and governmental support.

However, the availability and terms of these tax credits, and the continuation of other federal support programs, are subject to the actions of the U.S. federal government, which may evolve under the current administration.

If the new administration implements or advocates for reductions in renewable energy and related incentives, government guaranteed lending opportunities could be materially and adversely affected. Further, any expiration, phase-down, or reduction of key tax incentives or other federal programs, or delays in reauthorization or expansion of these programs, could materially and adversely impact the volume of government guaranteed lending opportunities within our USDA business and the renewable energy sector more broadly.

As a result, any adverse changes in the regulatory framework or governmental support for renewable energy could have a material and adverse impact on our financial performance, particularly in the renewable energy lending space, where government incentives are a critical element of project viability.

We are subject to interest rate risk as fluctuations in interest rates may adversely affect our earnings.

The majority of our banking assets and liabilities are monetary in nature and subject to risk from changes in interest rates. Like most financial institutions, our earnings are significantly dependent on our net interest income, the principal component of our earnings, which is the difference between interest earned by us from our interest earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest paid by us on our interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. We expect that we will periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-bearing liabilities will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest earning assets, or vice versa. In either case, if market interest rates move contrary to our position, this gap will negatively impact our earnings. The impact on earnings is more adverse when short-term interest rates increase more than long-term interest rates or when long-term interest rates decrease more than short-term interest rates, or in circumstances of a flattened or inverted yield curve. Many factors impact interest rates, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply, international economic weakness and disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets.

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Interest rate increases often result in larger payment requirements for our borrowers, which increases the potential for default and could result in a decrease in the demand for loans. At the same time, the marketability of the property securing a loan may be adversely affected by any reduced demand resulting from a higher interest rate environment. In a declining interest rate environment, there may be an increase in prepayments on loans as borrowers refinance their loans at lower rates. In addition, in a low interest rate environment, loan customers often pursue long-term fixed rate credits, which could adversely affect our earnings and net interest margin if rates later increase. Changes in interest rates also can affect the value of loans, securities and other assets. An increase in interest rates that adversely affects the ability of borrowers to pay the principal or interest on loans may lead to an increase in nonperforming assets and a reduction of income recognized, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Further, when we place a loan on nonaccrual status, we reverse any accrued but unpaid interest receivable, which decreases interest income. At the same time, we continue to incur costs to fund the loan, which is reflected as interest expense, without any interest income to offset the associated funding expense. Thus, an increase in the amount of nonperforming assets would have a material adverse impact on net interest income.

We could recognize losses on investment securities held in our securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate.

We invest a portion of our total assets in investment securities with the primary objectives of providing a source of liquidity, providing an appropriate return on funds invested and managing interest rate risk. Factors beyond our control can significantly and adversely influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio. Because of changing economic and market conditions affecting interest rates, the financial condition of issuers of the securities and the performance of the underlying collateral, we may recognize realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Net unrealized losses related to available-for-sale investment securities are reflected in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and reduce the level of our tangible common equity. Such unrealized losses do not affect our regulatory capital ratios.

We face strong competition from financial services companies and other companies that offer banking services.

We operate in the highly competitive financial services industry and face significant competition for customers from financial institutions located both within and beyond our principal markets. We compete with commercial banks, savings banks, credit unions, nonbank financial services companies and other financial institutions operating within or near the areas we serve. In addition, many of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations that govern our activities and may have greater flexibility in competing for business. Our inability to compete successfully in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

System failure or cybersecurity breaches of our network security could subject us to increased operating costs as well as litigation and other potential losses and regulatory implications.

Our computer systems and network infrastructure could be vulnerable to hardware and cybersecurity issues. Any damage or failure that causes an interruption in our operations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations are also dependent upon our ability to protect our computer systems and network infrastructure, including our digital, mobile and internet banking activities, against damage from physical break-ins, cybersecurity breaches and other disruptive problems. Such computer break-ins and other disruptions would jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through our computer systems and network infrastructure, which may result in significant liability, damage our reputation and

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inhibit the use of our internet banking services by current and potential customers. A breach of our security that results in unauthorized access to our data could expose us to a disruption or challenges relating to our daily operations, as well as to data loss, litigation, damages, fines and penalties, significant increases in compliance costs and reputational damage, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may need to take our systems off-line if they become infected with malware or a computer virus or as a result of another form of cyber-attack. In the event that backup systems are utilized, they may not process data as quickly as our primary systems and some data might not have been saved to backup systems, potentially resulting in a temporary or permanent loss of such data. In addition, our ability to implement backup systems and other safeguards with respect to third-party systems is more limited than with respect to our own systems. We frequently update our systems to support our operations and growth and to remain compliant with applicable laws, rules and regulations. These updates entail significant costs and create risks associated with implementing new systems and integrating them with existing ones, including business interruptions. Implementation and testing of controls related to our computer systems, security monitoring, and retaining and training personnel required to operate our systems also entail significant costs.

We face security risks, including denial of service attacks, hacking, malware intrusion and data corruption attempts, and identity theft that could result in the disclosure of confidential information, materially and adversely affect our business or reputation, and create significant legal and financial exposure.

Our business relies on the secure processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary, and other information in our computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. In addition, to access our network, products and services, our customers and other third parties may use personal mobile devices or computing devices that are outside of our network environment and are subject to their own cybersecurity risks.

We, our customers, regulators, and other third parties, including other financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing, have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be the target of, cyber-attacks. These cyber-attacks include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information, ransomware, improper access by employees or vendors, attacks on personal email of employees, ransom demands to not exploit security vulnerabilities in our systems or the systems of third parties, and other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of ours, our employees, our customers, or of third parties, and damage to our systems that could otherwise materially disrupt our or our customers’ or other third parties’ network access or business operations. As cyber-threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents. Despite efforts to ensure the integrity of our systems and implement controls, processes, policies and other protective measures, we may not be able to anticipate all security breaches, nor may we be able to implement sufficient preventive measures against such security breaches, which may expose us to material losses and other material adverse consequences.

Cybersecurity risks for banking organizations have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, including artificial intelligence, and the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions. Even the most advanced internal control environment may be vulnerable to compromise. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and may not be recognized until well after a breach has occurred. The speed at which new vulnerabilities are discovered and exploited, often before security patches are published, continues to rise. The risk of a security breach caused by a cyber-attack on a vendor or by unauthorized vendor access has also increased in recent years.

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Cyber-attacks or other security breaches, whether directed at us or third parties, may result in a material loss or have other material adverse consequences. Furthermore, the public perception that a cyber-attack on our systems has been successful, whether or not this perception is correct, may damage our reputation with customers and third parties with whom we do business. Hacking of personal information and identity theft risks, in particular, could cause serious reputational harm. A successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause us serious negative consequences, including a loss of customers and business opportunities, costs associated with maintaining business relationships after an attack or breach, significant business disruption to our operations and business, misappropriation, exposure or destruction of our confidential information, intellectual property, funds and/or those of our customers; or damage to our or our customers’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs, and could materially and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a cybersecurity event.

Risks Related to Our Operations and the Regulation of Our Industry

We operate in a highly regulated environment and the laws and regulations that govern our operations, corporate governance, executive compensation and accounting principles, or changes in them, or our failure to comply with them, could adversely affect us.

Banking is highly regulated under federal and state law. As such, we are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and legal requirements that govern almost all aspects of our operations. Compliance with laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations, including potential changes in federal policy and at regulatory agencies as a result of changes in U.S. Presidential administrations that have different regulatory agendas than their predecessors, often impose additional operating costs. We expect the Trump administration will seek to implement a regulatory reform agenda that is significantly different than that of the Biden administration. We expect there will be changes in rulemaking, supervision, examination, and enforcement priorities of the federal banking agencies. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, even if the failure follows good faith efforts or reflects a difference in interpretation, could subject us to restrictions on our business activities, enforcement actions and fines and other penalties, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, regulatory capital levels and the price of our securities. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Federal banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with any supervisory actions to which we are or become subject as a result of such examinations could adversely affect us.

As part of the bank regulatory process, the OCC and the Federal Reserve, periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, one of these federal banking agencies were to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, asset sensitivity, risk management or other aspects of any of our operations have become unsatisfactory, or that the Company, the Bank or their respective management were in violation of any law or regulation, it may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital levels, to restrict our growth, to assess civil monetary penalties against us, the Bank or their respective officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate the Bank’s deposit insurance. If we become

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subject to such regulatory actions, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation would be materially and adversely affected.

Regulatory requirements affecting our loans secured by commercial real estate could limit our ability to leverage our capital and adversely affect our growth and profitability.

The federal bank regulatory agencies have indicated their view that banks with high concentrations of loans secured by commercial real estate are subject to increased risk and should implement robust risk management policies and maintain higher capital than regulatory minimums to maintain an appropriate cushion against loss that is commensurate with the perceived risk. Federal bank regulatory guidelines identify institutions potentially exposed to commercial real estate concentration risk as those that have (i) experienced rapid growth in commercial real estate lending, (ii) notable exposure to a specific type of commercial real estate, (iii) total reported loans for construction, land development and other land loans representing 100% or more of the institution’s capital, or (iv) total non-owner-occupied commercial real estate (including construction) loans representing 300% or more of the institution’s capital if the outstanding balance of the institution’s non-owner-occupied commercial real estate (including construction) loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s construction to total capital ratio was 99% and the Bank’s non-owner-occupied commercial real estate (including construction) loans to total capital ratio was 298%. Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio depends on commercial real estate, a change in the regulatory capital requirements applicable to us or a decline in our regulatory capital could limit our ability to leverage our capital as a result of these policies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, management has implemented controls to monitor our commercial real estate lending concentrations, but we cannot predict the extent to which regulatory guidelines will impact our operations or capital requirements.

Severe weather, earthquakes, other natural disasters, climate change, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism and other external and geopolitical events could significantly impact the business.

Severe weather, earthquakes, other natural disasters, pandemics, climate change, acts of war or terrorism and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to conduct business. Such events could affect the stability of its deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue, cause us to incur additional expenses or disrupt the Company’s operations. Climate change has the potential to increase the frequency and severity of severe weather events in the future. Although management has established disaster recovery policies and procedures, the occurrence of any such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or profitability.

Risks Related to Strategic Growth

A merger or acquisition requires us to make estimates, including the fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

GAAP requires us to record the assets and liabilities of an acquired business to their fair values at the time of the acquisition. With larger transactions, such as our recent merger with IFH, fair value and other estimates can take up to one year to finalize. These estimates, and their revisions, can have a substantial effect on the presentation of our financial condition and operating results after the transaction closes. In addition, the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed, is recorded as goodwill. If the estimates that we have used at any financial statement date are

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significantly revised in the future, there could be a negative impact to our goodwill or other acquisition-related intangibles and our results of operations for the period in which the revisions are made.

If our goodwill were determined to be impaired, it could have a negative impact on our profitability.

GAAP requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the unit level on at least an annual basis or more frequently upon the occurrence of a triggering event. An impairment loss is to be recognized if the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. A significant decline in our expected future cash flows, a continued period of economic disruption, changes to financial markets, slower growth rates, or other external factors, all of which can be highly unpredictable, may impact fair value calculations and require us to recognize an impairment loss in the future. While goodwill is excluded from regulatory capital, such an impairment may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of our operations.

Acquisitions may disrupt our business.

The success of our recent merger with IFH or any future acquisition we may consummate will depend on, among other things, our ability to realize anticipated revenue enhancements and efficiencies and to combine our business with the business of the target institution in a manner that does not materially disrupt the existing customer relationships of either institution, or result in decreased revenues resulting from any loss of customers, and that permits growth opportunities to occur. If we are not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the subject acquisition may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected.

It is possible that the integration process associated with any pending or future acquisition could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisitions. Integration efforts could also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on the combined Company.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may be subject to substantial fluctuations, which may make it difficult for you to sell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, which may make it difficult for you to resell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired. There are many factors that may affect the market price and trading volume of our common stock, most of which are outside of our control.

The stock market and the market for financial institution stocks has experienced substantial fluctuations in recent years, which in some cases have been unrelated to the operating performance and prospects of particular companies. In addition, significant fluctuations in the trading volume in our common stock may cause significant price variations to occur. Increased market volatility may materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock, which could make it difficult for you to sell your shares in the volume and at prices and times desired.

The market price of our common stock could decline significantly and you may experience future dilution due to actual or anticipated issuances or sales of our common stock in the future.

Our board of directors may determine from time to time that we need to raise additional capital by issuing additional shares of our common stock or other securities. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our common stock

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will have on the market price of our common stock. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common stock, you may experience substantial dilution.

Our management and board of directors have significant control over our business.

As of December 31, 2024, our directors, directors of the Bank, our named executive officers and their respective family members and affiliated entities beneficially owned an aggregate of 5,452,014 shares, or approximately 32.7% of our issued and outstanding common stock. Consequently, our management and board of directors may be able to significantly affect the outcome of the election of directors and the potential outcome of other matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, such as mergers, the sale of substantially all of our assets and other extraordinary corporate matters. The interests of these insiders could conflict with the interests of our other shareholders.

Our common stock is subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and preferred stock.

Our common stock ranks junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness and other non-equity claims with respect to assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in the event of our liquidation. As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding approximately $10.0 million in aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes and $2.1 million in aggregate principal amount of junior subordinated debentures. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future to increase our capital resources or if our total capital ratio or the total capital ratio of the Bank falls below the required minimums. Furthermore, our common stock is subordinate to any series of preferred stock we may issue in the future.

Provisions in our governing documents and Maryland law may have an anti-takeover effect, and there are substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies.

Our corporate organizational documents and provisions of federal and state law to which we are subject contain certain provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, make more difficult or prevent an attempted acquisition that you may favor or an attempted replacement of our board of directors or management.

In addition, certain provisions of Maryland law may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change in control. Furthermore, banking laws impose notice, approval, and ongoing regulatory requirements on any shareholder or other party that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or its holding company. These laws include the BHC Act and the Change in Bank Control Act (“CBCA”). These laws could delay or prevent an acquisition.

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ITEM 1B UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C CYBERSECURITY

As a publicly-traded financial institution, we are subject to various cybersecurity risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation, including, but not limited to, cyber-attacks against us or our critical third-party service providers. These cyber-attackers can attempt to gain unauthorized access to our digital systems for malicious purposes including, but not limited to: misappropriation of company assets, accessing Company confidential or sensitive customer non-public information, corrupting data, causing operational disruptions, or as part of a ransom demand for payment. As described below, we believe we have appropriate risk management processes, governance policies, standards, and procedures, a system of internal controls designed to address and mitigate these risks, and experienced internal resources to execute our information security and cybersecurity risk management programs.

In 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the hiring of a full time Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) reporting to the Company’s Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) to support a focus on information security and support the three lines of defense enterprise risk management framework. Our defense enterprise risk management framework includes processes and procedures used to identify, assess, mitigate, and monitor the risks faced by the Company, including cybersecurity risk.

Within the three lines of defense framework for cybersecurity risk, the first line of defense is provided by the Information Technology department and business lines, which are responsible for the design and execution of information security practices and risk mitigation.

The second line of defense is provided by the Enterprise Risk Management department (led by the Company’s Independent Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”)) and the CISO (reporting to the CIO). The second line of defense seeks to identify, assess, and monitor cyber risk, in collaboration with our first line, while maintaining independence in the oversight of our information security program. The CISO has dotted-line reporting to the CRO. The CRO is independent of management and reports to the Board Risk Committee Chair.

The third line of defense is independent Internal Audit, led by our Head of Internal Audit, who is responsible for ensuring that the first and second lines of defense are both designed and operationally effective in mitigating cybersecurity risk through internal audits of including but not limited to: cybersecurity, electronic banking, GLBA/Privacy, information security, information technology, and vendor risk management. The Head of Internal Audit is independent of management and reports to the Board Audit Committee Chair.

Our CISO, CRO, CIO, and Head of Internal Audit have nearly seven decades of combined work experience, including six decades in banking and financial services risk management and information security roles, and maintain several industry licenses and certifications through continuing professional education.

The Company’s information security program is designed to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of Company confidential information, customer non-public personal information, and other data on our systems as well as securing our interfaces with our critical third-party service providers. Our information security program takes a risk-based approach to identifying and assessing the cybersecurity risks that exist within our business and information technology systems. The program addresses the roles and responsibilities of the Board, its committees, management, management’s committees, as well as each individual Company employee.

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The Board of Directors is ultimately responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity risk management, with the Board Risk Committee assisting the Board with oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk program and reporting. The Board of Directors appoints the CISO, and the CISO is given the full authority of the Board for administering and executing the Company’s written information security program. The CRO and CISO deliver reports to the full Board of Directors on the status and effectiveness of the Company’s written information security program, and reports to the Board Risk Committee any emerging threats or cyber risks on a periodic basis throughout the year. The Board Risk Committee has also approved an Information Security and Cybersecurity Risk Appetite Statement.

At the management level, the Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERMC”) is primarily responsible for cybersecurity risk management. The Committee is comprised of senior executives with risk management and information security expertise. The Information Technology Steering Committee (“ITSC”) is a sub-committee of ERMC and is also comprised of senior executives and staff with risk management and information security expertise. ITSC governs the first line of defense cybersecurity risk management activities and furnishes approval items, status reports, and approved Committee minutes to ERMC following a meeting. ERMC governs the second line of defense cybersecurity risk management activities and furnishes key risk indicators, risk assessments, reports, issues and committee minutes to the Board Risk Committee. The CISO assigns quarterly cyber security training to all Company employees and ERMC reviews and approves the training curriculum on an annual basis. Additionally, the CISO ensures the Board receives annual cyber security training.

We strive to minimize the occurrence of cybersecurity incidents and the risks resulting from such incidents. However, when a cybersecurity incident does occur, the Company has in place an incident response program to guide our assessment of and response to the incident. The CISO coordinates the Company’s response to a cybersecurity incident, including investigating, recording and evaluating any potential, suspected or confirmed incidents involving non-public customer information or Company confidential information. The CRO informs senior management and the Board Risk Chair and Board Audit Committee Chair as soon as practical if a significant security incident occurs. Formal incident reports, if/when applicable, are reviewed by ITSC, ERMC, and the Board Risk Committee.

The Company employs third parties in fulfilling certain aspects of its information security and cybersecurity programs. For example, we engage third parties to: monitor our network 24/7/365, escalate security alerts, when applicable, perform penetration testing, conduct social engineering tests and assist management with technology upgrades/installations. The CISO monitors information risks posed by third parties and any non-compliance with the controls created to address such risks. With respect to cybersecurity incidents affecting our third-party service providers, the CISO, CRO, and their respective teams, work with our service providers to understand and document any incidents, along with managing the impact to us and reporting such significant incidents to senior management, ITSC, ERMC, and the Board Risk Committee.

While we believe that our cybersecurity programs are appropriate to our risks, cybersecurity threats are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, as well as due to the expanding use of Internet banking, mobile banking and other technology-based products and services by us and our customers.

Notwithstanding the investments made in mitigating our cybersecurity risks, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on the Company. As of the date of this filing, the Company is not aware of any cybersecurity threats or incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For further discussion, please see Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our headquarters are currently located at 2275 Research Boulevard, Suite 600, Rockville, Maryland 20850. The following table summarizes pertinent details of our commercial bank branch locations, mortgage banking offices, loan production offices (“LPO”), government loan servicing offices, and our credit card operations office. Our mortgage offices typically contain both origination and operations professionals.

Location

Owned/Leased

Lease Expiration

Type of office

One Church Street Suite 100 Rockville, MD 20850

Leased

12/31/2026

Commercial Branch

2275 Research Blvd. Suites 600 & 700 Rockville, MD 20850

Leased

12/31/2026

Corporate

6711 Columbia Gateway Drive Suite 170 Columbia, MD 21046

Leased

11/30/2027

Commercial Branch/LPO

110 Gibraltar Road Suite 130 Horsham, PA 19044

Leased

8/31/2026

OpenSky™ Operations

185 Harry S. Truman Parkway Suite 100 Annapolis, MD 21401

Leased

11/30/2026

Mortgage Office

1400 W Street, NW Suite 170 Washington, DC 20009

Leased

2/28/2033

Commercial Branch

1900 Campus Commons Drive Suite 130 Reston, VA 20191

Leased

1/31/2032

Commercial Branch, Mortgage Office, and OpenSky™ Headquarters

1104 Kenilworth Drive Suite 210 Towson, MD 21204

Leased

1/31/2027

LPO

550 South Andrews Avenue Suite 640 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301

Leased

8/31/2029

Commercial Branch

8450 Falls of Neuse Road Suite 204 Raleigh, NC 27615

Owned

West Town Bank & Trust Operations Headquarters

7820 West 26th Street North Riverside, IL 60546

Owned

Commercial Branch

320 North Meridian Street Suite 212 Indianapolis, IN 46204

Leased

6/30/2026

Windsor Advantage Office

444 North Wells Street Suites 205 & 206 Chicago, IL 60654

Leased

7/31/2030

Windsor Advantage Office

997 Morrison Drive Suite 503 Charleston, SC 29403

Leased

6/30/2027

Windsor Advantage Office

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time, we are a party to various litigation matters incidental to the ordinary conduct of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings likely to result in a material adverse effect on our financial statements.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shareholder Information

The common stock of the Company has been publicly traded since September 2018 and is currently traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol CBNK. As of March 13, 2025, there were approximately 244 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividends

Commencing with the third quarter of 2021, shareholders have received quarterly cash dividends on shares of common stock. Dividends paid in 2024 totaled $5.3 million. As a general matter, the payment of dividends is at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors, based on such factors as operating results, financial condition, capital adequacy and regulatory requirements. Although we have no obligation to pay dividends and we may change our dividend policy at any time without notice to shareholders, the Company anticipates continuing a regular quarterly cash dividend. Any future determination to pay dividends to holders of our common stock will depend on our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, banking regulations, contractual restrictions and any other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

Our ability to pay dividends on our common stock is dependent on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company. Various statutory provisions restrict the amount of dividends that the Bank can pay without regulatory approval.

Repurchases of Common Stock

On July 25, 2022, the Company announced a stock repurchase program. Under the program, the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $10.0 million of its outstanding common stock, or 500,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”). On April 13, 2023, the Company announced approval of up to an additional $5.0 million or 175,000 shares of Common Stock incremental to the July 2022 announcement. In connection with the acquisition of IFH, the Company temporarily suspended repurchases under its stock program during the first quarter of 2024. The Company repurchased 543,215 shares of Common Stock under the stock repurchase program, which expired on December 31, 2024.

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any Common Stock under the stock repurchase program.

On February 21, 2025, the Company announced a new stock repurchase program. Under the new stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $15 million of its Common Stock, or an aggregate of 483,559 shares of Common Stock. The new stock repurchase program will expire on February 28, 2026, but may be limited or terminated at any time without prior notice.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2024, with respect to options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding and shares available for future awards under the Company’s active equity incentive plans.

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Plan Category			Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights			Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights			Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
			(a)			(b)			(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:
Capital Bancorp, Inc. Amended and Restated 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan			614,360			$	21.02		446,794
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders			—			—			—
Total			614,360			$	21.02		446,794

Unregistered Sales of Common Stock

There were no unregistered sales of the Company’s stock during the year ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Introduction

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended as a review of significant factors affecting the Company’s financial condition and results of operations for the periods indicated. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related notes.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This document contains non-GAAP financial measures denoted throughout our MD&A by reference to “non-GAAP.” We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors because they are used by management to evaluate our operating performance and to make day-to-day operating decisions. In addition, we believe our non-GAAP results in any given reporting period reflect our on-going financial performance in that period and, accordingly, are useful to consider in addition to our GAAP financial results. We further believe the presentation of non-GAAP results increases comparability of period-to-period results.

Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that may be calculated differently from the way we calculate such measures. Accordingly, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by such companies. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on such non-GAAP financial measures, but to consider them with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our results reported under GAAP.

For more information on the computation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

Financial Performance

The following summary should be read in conjunction with the MD&A section in its entirety.

Net income of $31.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $4.9 million, or 13.7% when compared to the prior year. Net income of $40.1 million as adjusted excludes the impact of $3.3 million after-tax merger-related expenses, $3.2 million after-tax impact from the Initial IFH ACL Provision on non-PCD loans and a $2.6 million non-recurring equity and debt investment write-down that was nondeductible for tax purposes (non-GAAP) for the year ended December 31, 2024. There were no adjustments made to net income for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net interest income of $154.7 million increased $13.2 million from the prior year primarily due to increased average balances of $325.7 million in portfolio loans, partially offset by higher funding costs primarily resulting from the additional average deposit volume funding the loan growth. Interest income included $0.7 million and interest expense included $1.4 million from net purchase accounting amortization resulting from the IFH acquisition. For more information on the computation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

The net interest margin decreased 38 basis points to 6.22% for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 6.60% for the prior year. The elevated interest rate environment increased the yield on cash, investments, and commercial bank loan yields but was offset by a slightly lower loan yield from OpenSky credit card loans. The overall cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased the net interest spread to 4.81% for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 5.25% for the prior year. Core net interest margin, excluding credit card loans (as adjusted, non-GAAP), was 4.00% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 3.96% for the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2024, average interest earning

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assets increased $342.4 million, or 16.0%, to $2.5 billion as compared to the same period in 2023, and the average yield on interest earning assets increased 3 basis points. The yield on portfolio loans, as adjusted (non-GAAP, excluding credit card loans) was 7.03% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 6.65% for the prior year. Compared to the same period in the prior year, average interest-bearing liabilities increased $288.5 million, or 22.7%, while the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 47 basis points to 3.76% from 3.29%. For additional details, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the provision for credit losses was $17.7 million, an increase of $8.1 million from the prior year. The variance included the Initial IFH non-PCD ACL Provision of $4.2 million and $4.5 million from organic commercial portfolio loan growth, partially offset by a $0.6 million reduction from the OpenSkyTM credit card portfolio. Net charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $9.0 million, or 0.42% of average portfolio loans, compared to $8.5 million, or 0.47% of average portfolio loans, for the same period in 2023. The $9.0 million in net charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2024 was comprised primarily of credit card portfolio net charge-offs, with $3.6 million related to secured and partially secured cards while $3.4 million was related to unsecured cards.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, noninterest income of $31.4 million increased $6.4 million, or 25.8%, from the same period in 2023. This increase was primarily driven by contributions from the IFH acquisition, including government loan servicing revenue (Windsor) of $4.0 million, government lending revenue (gain on sale) of $2.3 million and revenue from loan servicing rights of $1.0 million, offset by a non-recurring equity and debt write-down of $2.6 million related to an IFH investment. Other income increased $0.9 million primarily related to a previous investment in an SBIC, while credit card fees declined $1.3 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, noninterest expense of $126.2 million increased $15.5 million, or 14.0%, from the same period in 2023, largely due to the IFH acquisition. The increase was primarily driven by a $7.3 million, or 14.9%, increase in salaries and employee benefits, a $3.9 million increase in merger-related expenses, a $2.6 million, or 45.3%, increase in occupancy and equipment primarily related to increased contract expense from the IFH acquisition, and a $2.0 million, or 7.8%, increase in data processing expense, partially offset by a $1.4 million, or 15.4%, decrease in professional fees due to a reduction in third party consulting fees.

On October 1, 2024, in connection with the IFH acquisition, the Company acquired total assets of $559.4 million, net of purchase accounting adjustments, including gross loans of $373.5 million, loans held for sale of $41.7 million and goodwill and intangible assets of $37.2 million while liabilities assumed totaled $475.9 million including total deposits of $459.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the acquisition of IFH resulted in an increase in average assets of $134.3 million, an increase in average interest earning assets of $121.8 million, an increase in average gross loans of $105.0 million, and an increase in average total deposits of $117.4 million.

Total assets at December 31, 2024 were $3.2 billion, an increase of $980.7 million, or 44.1%, from the balance at December 31, 2023. Net portfolio loans, which exclude mortgage loans held for sale, totaled $2.6 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $726.9 million, or 38.2%, compared to $1.9 billion at December 31, 2023. Total liabilities at December 31, 2024 were $2.9 billion, an increase of $880.5 million, or 44.7%, from the balance at December 31, 2023. Total liability growth was primarily due to a $865.9 million increase in deposits partially offset by a decrease in other borrowed funds of $15.0 million when comparing December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2023. Stockholders’ equity increased to $355.1 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $254.9 million at December 31, 2023.

Deposits were $2.8 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $865.9 million, or 45.7%, from the balance at December 31, 2023. Average deposits of $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $304.4 million, or 16.3%, as compared to the prior year. Average noninterest-bearing deposit

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balances increased $20.3 million to $675.4 million, or 31.1% of total average deposits for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $655.0 million, or 35.1% of total average deposits for the prior year.

The Bank’s OpenSky™ Division, including shared service and corporate allocations contributed $17.3 million of income before taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.8 million for the segment from the prior year. Average OpenSky™ loan balances, net of reserves and deferred fees of $115.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $1.1 million, or 1.0%, as compared to the prior year. OpenSky™ loan balances, net of reserves, of $127.8 million at December 31, 2024 increased by $4.4 million, or 3.6%, compared to $123.3 million at December 31, 2023. Corresponding non-interest bearing deposit balances of $166.4 million at December 31, 2024 decreased $7.5 million, or 4.3%, compared to $173.9 million at December 31, 2023. Gross unsecured loan balances of $42.4 million at December 31, 2024 increased $11.6 million, or 37.7%, compared to $30.8 million at December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, noninterest income of $16.1 million decreased $1.2 million due primarily to a decline in credit card fees as compared to the prior year.

The Bank’s Capital Bank Home Loans division including shared service and corporate allocations contributed a net loss before taxes of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to a net loss before taxes of $3.0 million in the prior year. The Bank’s Capital Bank Home Loans division saw an increase in mortgage originations during the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the prior year. An elevated interest rate environment dampened home loan sales and home loan refinances. Gain on sale margins were down from 2.76% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 to 2.59% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024.

The Bank’s Windsor Advantage division, including shared service and corporate allocations, contributed net income before taxes of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 following the acquisition of IFH on October 1, 2024. Gross government loan servicing revenue (Windsor) totaled $4.6 million, including $0.6 million of Capital Bank related servicing fees, during the fourth quarter 2024. Windsor's total servicing portfolio was $2.5 billion at December 31, 2024.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. The Company’s financial position and results of operations are affected by management’s application of accounting policies, including estimates, assumptions, and judgments made to arrive at the carrying value of assets and liabilities and amounts reported for revenues, expenses, and related disclosures. Different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes in the Company’s consolidated financial position and/or results of operations. The Company evaluates its critical accounting estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and updates them, as deemed necessary. Management has discussed the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company.

The Company’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding the Company’s consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations. Accordingly, the Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in detail in “Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

The critical accounting and reporting estimates include the Company’s accounting for the ACL. The Company provides additional information on its ACL in “Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

We account for business combinations under ASC 805, Business Combinations using the acquisition method of accounting and record the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and consideration

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paid at fair value at the acquisition date. The excess of consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The fair values are preliminary estimates subject to adjustments during the measurement period, which does not exceed one year after acquisition. The application of business combination principles, including the determination of the fair value of net assets acquired, requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. See Note 2 - Business Combination in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Determining estimated fair value requires a significant amount of judgment and estimates. If our assumptions change, or errors are determined in its calculations, the fair value could materially change resulting in an adjustment to our goodwill or identifiable net assets acquired, including identified intangible assets. As of December 31, 2024, the Company believes that the fair value of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and consideration paid at fair value at the acquisition date was appropriately determined in accordance with GAAP.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of Recent Accounting Pronouncements, see “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Financial Statements - Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net Income

The following table sets forth the principal components of net income for the periods indicated.

			Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						% Change
Interest income			$	213,301					$	183,206					16.4		%
Interest expense			58,555						41,680						40.5		%
Net interest income			154,746						141,526						9.3		%
Provision for credit losses			17,720						9,610						84.4		%
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments			385						(101)						(481.2)		%
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			136,641						132,017						3.5		%
Noninterest income			31,410						24,975						25.8		%
Noninterest expense			126,219						110,767						14.0		%
Net income before income taxes			41,832						46,225						-9.5		%
Income tax expense			10,860						10,354						4.9		%
Net income			$	30,972					$	35,871					-13.7		%

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $31.0 million compared to net income of $35.9 million for the same period in 2023, a 13.7% decrease. Net income was $40.1 million as adjusted to exclude the impact of $3.3 million after-tax merger-related expenses, $3.2 million after-tax impact from the Initial IFH ACL Provision on non-PCD loans and a $2.6 million non-recurring equity and debt investment write-down that was nondeductible for tax purposes (non-GAAP), for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net interest income increased $13.2 million, or 9.3%, to $154.7 million when comparing the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to increased average balances of $325.7 million in portfolio loans, partially offset by higher funding costs primarily resulting from the additional average deposit volume funding loan growth. For more information on the computation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $17.7 million, an increase of $8.1 million, or 84.4%, from the provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2023. The

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variance included the initial IFH ACL provision of $4.2 million on non-PCD loans and $4.5 million from organic commercial portfolio loan growth, partially offset by $0.6 million from OpenSky credit card portfolio. Net charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $9.0 million, or 0.42% of average portfolio loans, compared to $8.5 million, or 0.47% of average loans for the same period in 2023. Net charge-offs were comprised, in part, of OpenSky credit card portfolio loans of $3.6 million related to secured and partially secured while $3.4 million was related to unsecured cards.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, noninterest income was $31.4 million, an increase of $6.4 million, or 25.8%, from $25.0 million in the prior year period primarily driven by contributions from the IFH acquisition. Government loan servicing revenue (Windsor) totaled $4.0 million, government lending revenue totaled $2.3 million and loan servicing rights totaled $1.0 million, offset by a non-recurring equity and debt write-down of $2.6 million related to an IFH investment. Mortgage banking revenue of $7.1 million increased $2.3 million, primarily due to an increase in home loan sales while credit card fees of $16.0 million declined $1.3 million from lower interchange and other fee income recognized compared to the prior year.

Noninterest expense was $126.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $110.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $15.5 million, or 14.0% largely due to the IFH acquisition. The change includes increases in salaries and employee benefits expenses of $7.3 million, or 14.9%, merger-related expenses of $3.9 million, advertising expenses of $0.2 million, other operating expenses of $0.8 million and data processing expense of $2.0 million, partially offset by decreases in professional fees of $1.4 million and other operational losses of $0.9 million.

Net Interest Income and Net Margin Analysis

Net interest income is our largest component of revenue and driver of net income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets and the cost of funds supporting those assets.

We analyze our ability to maximize income generated from interest earning assets and control the interest expenses associated with our liabilities, measured as net interest income, through our net interest margin and net interest spread. Net interest margin is a ratio calculated as net interest income divided by average interest earning assets for the same period. Net interest spread is the difference between average interest rates earned on interest earning assets and average interest rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities.

The table below presents the average balances and weighted average rates of the major categories of the Company’s assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Weighted average yields are derived by dividing income by the average balance of the related assets, and weighted average rates are derived by dividing expense by the average balance of the related liabilities, for the periods shown. Average outstanding balances are derived by utilizing average daily balances for the time periods shown. The weighted average yields and rates include amortization of fees, costs, premiums and discounts, which are considered adjustments to yield/rates. Weighted average yields on tax-exempt securities are not calculated on a fully taxable equivalent basis.

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AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET AND NET INTEREST ANALYSIS

			Years Ended December 31,
			2024																		2023
($ in thousands)			Average Outstanding Balance						Interest Income/ Expense						Average Yield/ Rate						Average Outstanding Balance						Interest Income/ Expense						Average Yield/ Rate
Assets
Interest earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits			$	98,319					$	4,569					4.65		%				$	70,407					$	3,211					4.56		%
Federal funds sold			57						3						5.26						1,597						74						4.63
Investment securities available-for-sale			228,909						5,441						2.38						245,466						4,815						1.96
Restricted investments			5,563						373						6.71						5,016						346						6.90
Loans held for sale			12,121						569						4.69						5,755						382						6.64
Portfolio loans receivable(1)(2)			2,142,638						202,346						9.44						1,816,968						174,378						9.60
Total interest earning assets			2,487,607						213,301						8.57						2,145,209						183,206						8.54
Noninterest earning assets			66,442																		43,090
Total assets			$	2,554,049																	$	2,188,299
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand accounts			$	221,437					$	1,003					0.45		%				$	201,194					$	298					0.15		%
Savings			6,732						27						0.40						5,768						8						0.14
Money market accounts			704,002						28,741						4.08						642,013						23,510						3.66
Time deposits			561,369						26,399						4.70						360,464						15,809						4.39
Borrowed funds			63,686						2,385						3.74						59,302						2,055						3.47
Total interest-bearing liabilities			1,557,226						58,555						3.76						1,268,741						41,680						3.29
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing liabilities			34,043																		24,026
Noninterest-bearing deposits			675,360																		655,013
Stockholders’ equity			287,420																		240,519
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	2,554,049																	$	2,188,299
Net interest spread															4.81		%																5.25		%
Net interest income									$	154,746																	$	141,526
Net interest margin (3)															6.22		%																6.60		%

_______________

(1)Includes nonaccrual loans.

(2)For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, portfolio loans yield excluding credit card loans was 7.03% and 6.65%, respectively.

(3)For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, credit card loans accounted for 222 and 264 basis points of the reported net interest margin, respectively.

The net interest margin decreased 38 basis points to 6.22% for the year ended December 31, 2024 from the same period in 2023. Net interest margin, excluding credit card loans, was 4.00% and 3.96%, respectively, for years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For more information on the computation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”

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For the year ended December 31, 2024, average interest earning assets increased $342.4 million, or 16.0%, to $2.5 billion as compared to the same period in 2023, and the average yield on interest earning assets increased 3 basis points. Compared to the same period in the prior year, average interest-bearing liabilities increased $288.5 million, or 22.7%, while the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 47 basis points to 3.76% from 3.29%.

Rate/Volume Analysis of Net Interest Income

The rate/volume table below presents the composition of the change in net interest income for the periods indicated, as allocated between the change in net interest income due to changes in the volume of average earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates.

			Year Ended December 31, 2024																		Year Ended December 31, 2023
			Compared to																		Compared to
			December 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
			Change Due To												Interest Variance						Change Due To												Interest Variance
(In thousands)			Volume						Rate												Volume						Rate
Interest Income:
Interest-bearing deposits			$	1,295					$	63					$	1,358					$	(3,937)					$	5,141					$	1,204
Federal funds sold			(81)						10						(71)						(63)						93						30
Investment securities available-for-sale			(394)						1,020						626						(67)						970						903
Restricted investments			37						(10)						27						(32)						103						71
Loans held for sale			299						(112)						187						(261)						208						(53)
Portfolio loans receivable excluding credit card loans			22,773						6,470						29,243						14,597						18,060						32,657
Credit card loans			585						(1,860)						(1,275)						(6,413)						4,161						(2,252)
Total interest income			24,514						5,581						30,095						3,824						28,736						32,560
Interest Expense:
Interest-bearing demand accounts			91						614						705						(79)						203						124
Savings			4						15						19						(4)						7						3
Money market accounts			2,529						2,702						5,231						3,244						15,737						18,981
Time deposits			9,473						1,117						10,590						8,527						4,379						12,906
Borrowed funds			170						160						330						(637)						264						(373)
Total interest expense			12,267						4,608						16,875						11,051						20,590						31,641
Net interest income			$	12,247					$	973					$	13,220					$	(7,227)					$	8,146					$	919

When comparing the years ended December 31, 2024 to 2023, the largest positive impact to total interest income was the growth in interest earning assets, strengthened in part by the IFH acquisition. Growth (change due to volume) in the loan portfolio, excluding credit cards, contributed $22.8 million to the increase in interest income, while elevated interest rates on portfolio loans contributed $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. On a standalone basis, interest income attributable to the credit card portfolio declined by $1.3 million year over year primarily due to a reduction in yield. The variance in interest expense year over year was primarily impacted by growth in interest-bearing liabilities, augmented in part by the IFH acquisition. Growth in interest bearing liabilities contributed $12.3 million to increased interest expense, including $9.5 million from growth in time deposits, partially offsetting the increase in total interest income.

Provision for Credit Losses

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The provision for credit losses represents the amount of expense charged to current earnings to fund the ACL. For a description of the factors taken into account by our management in determining the ACL, see “Financial Condition— Allowance for Credit Losses.”

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the provision for credit losses was $17.7 million, an increase of $8.1 million from the recorded provision for credit losses of $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The variance included the Initial IFH ACL provision on non-PCD loans of $4.2 million and $4.5 million from organic commercial portfolio loan growth, partially offset by a $0.6 million reduction from the OpenSkyTM credit card portfolio. Net charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $9.0 million, or 0.42% of average portfolio loans, compared to $8.5 million, or 0.47% of average portfolio loans, for the same period in 2023. The $9.0 million in net charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2024 was comprised primarily of credit card portfolio net charge-offs, with $3.6 million related to secured and partially secured cards while $3.4 million was related to unsecured cards.

The ACL as a percent of portfolio loans was 1.85% at December 31, 2024 as compared to 1.50% at December 31, 2023. While the legacy Capital Bank portfolio credit metrics are relatively consistent with prior year, the increase in the ACL provision year-over-year is attributable to the IFH acquisition, most notably a few PCD loans that required elevated ACL coverage and are not consistent with the current product offering and stronger underwriting at IFH at the time of the acquisition. The maintenance of a high-quality loan portfolio, with an adequate allowance for expected credit losses, will continue to be a primary objective for the Company. See additional discussion regarding the Company’s ACL and reserve for unfunded commitments credit exposures at December 31, 2024 in “Financial Condition - Allowance for Credit Losses.”

Noninterest Income

A primary source of recurring noninterest income are credit card fees, such as interchange fees and statement fees, mortgage banking revenue and Windsor Advantage fee income in connection with its servicing, processing and packaging of SBA and USDA loans for its financial institution clients. Noninterest income does not include (i) loan origination fees to the extent they exceed the direct loan origination costs, which are generally recognized over the life of the related loan as an adjustment to yield using the interest method or (ii) annual, renewal and late fees related to our credit card portfolio, which are generally recognized over the twelve month life of the related loan as an adjustment to yield using the interest method.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest income:

			Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						% Change
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts			$	883					$	964					(8.4)		%
Credit card fees			15,999						17,273						(7.4)
Mortgage banking revenue			7,146						4,896						46.0
Government lending revenue			2,301						—
Government loan servicing and packaging revenue			3,993						—
Loan servicing rights (government guaranteed)			1,013						—
Non-recurring equity and debt investment write-down			(2,620)						—
Other income			2,695						1,842						46.3
Total noninterest income			$	31,410					$	24,975					25.8		%

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For the year ended December 31, 2024, noninterest income of $31.4 million increased $6.4 million, or 25.8%, from the same period in 2023 primarily due to contributions from the IFH acquisition. Government loan servicing revenue (Windsor Advantage) totaled $4.0 million, government lending revenue totaled $2.3 million and revenue from loan servicing rights totaled $1.0 million, offset by a non-recurring equity and debt write-down of $2.6 million related to a legacy IFH investment. In December of 2024 the Company became aware of certain financial conditions at a legacy IFH investment which indicated the need to evaluate the investment for impairment. Based upon the Company’s financial evaluation of a legacy IFH investment it was determined that the value of the Company’s investment in a legacy IFH investment was impaired and a write-down of the investment value was required. The Company does not hold any additional equity securities nor does the Company plan to enter into equity security arrangements in the future, therefore the Company does not expect any future deferred tax benefits associated with the impairment.

Mortgage banking revenue of $7.1 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased $2.3 million due to an increase in home loan sales as compared to the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2024, credit card fees of $16.0 million declined $1.3 million as a result of lower interchange and other fee income recognized compared to the prior year.

The Bank’s Capital Bank Home Loans division experienced an increase of 48.7% in mortgage originations during the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the same period in the prior year. Origination volumes increased $98.0 million, to $299.1 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024, when compared to $201.1 million for the same period in the prior year. Gain on sale margins were down from 2.76% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 to 2.59% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Mortgage loans sold are subject to repurchase in circumstances where documentation is deficient or the underlying loan becomes delinquent or pays off within a specified period following loan funding and sale. The Bank has established a reserve under generally accepted accounting principles for possible repurchases. The reserve was $2.3 million at December 31, 2024 and $1.0 million at December 31, 2023. The Bank repurchased one loan totaling $296 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Bank repurchased one loan totaling $597 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Bank does not originate “sub-prime” mortgage loans and has no exposure to this market segment.

Noninterest Expense

Generally, noninterest expense is comprised of all employee expenses and costs associated with operating our facilities, obtaining and retaining customer relationships and providing bank services, with the largest component being salaries and employee benefits expenses. Noninterest expense also includes operational expenses, such as occupancy and equipment expenses, professional fees, advertising expenses, loan processing expenses and other general and administrative expenses, including FDIC assessments, communications, travel, meals, training, supplies and postage.

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The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest expense:

			Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						% Change
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits			$	56,037					$	48,754					14.9		%
Occupancy and equipment			8,244						5,673						45.3
Professional fees			7,846						9,270						(15.4)
Data processing			27,689						25,686						7.8
Advertising			6,359						6,161						3.2
Loan processing			2,431						1,633						48.9
Foreclosed real estate expenses, net			2						7						(71.4)
Merger-related expenses			3,930						—
Operational losses			3,714						4,613						(19.5)
Outside service providers			1,878						1,932						(2.8)
Regulatory assessment expenses			1,937						1,649						17.5
Other operating			6,152						5,389						14.2
Total noninterest expense			$	126,219					$	110,767					14.0		%

For the year ended December 31, 2024, noninterest expense of $126.2 million increased $15.5 million, or 14.0%, from the same period in 2023, primarily from the IFH acquisition. The increase was primarily driven by a $7.3 million, or 14.9%, increase in salaries and employee benefits due largely to the acquisition of IFH. Merger-related expenses were $3.9 million. Occupancy and equipment expense increased $2.6 million, or 45.3%, primarily related to increased contract expense from the IFH acquisition of $0.5 million and software depreciation of $0.4 million. Other operating expenses increased $0.8 million including an increase in insurance related expenses and other miscellaneous expenses. Data processing expense increased $2.0 million, or 7.8%, outside service providers expense decreased $0.1 million, or 2.8% and professional fees decreased $1.4 million, or 15.4%, due to a reduction in third party consulting fees.

Income Tax Expense

The amount of income tax expense we incur is influenced by our pre-tax income, our tax exempt revenue and our nondeductible expenses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected at enacted tax rates in effect for the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

Income tax expense was $10.9 million for 2024 compared to $10.4 million for 2023. Our effective tax rates for those periods were 26.0% and 22.4%, respectively. The elevated tax rate in 2024 resulted from the non-deductibility of a non-recurring equity and debt investment write down, in a legacy IFH investment, along with certain merger-related expenses. In December of 2024 the Company became aware of certain financial conditions in a legacy IFH investment which indicated the need to evaluate the investment for impairment. Based upon the Company’s financial evaluation of a legacy IFH investment it was determined that the value of the Company’s investment in a legacy IFH investment was impaired and a write-down of the investment value was required. The Company does not hold any additional equity securities, therefore the Company does not expect any future deferred tax benefits associated with the impairment.

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Financial Condition

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial condition at the dates indicated.

			December 31,												Change expressed in:
(in thousands, except per share data)			2024						2023						Dollars						Percent
Total assets			$	3,206,911					$	2,226,176					$	980,735					44.1		%
Investment securities available-for-sale			223,630						208,329						15,301						7.3
Mortgage loans held for sale			21,270						7,481						13,789						184.3
Portfolio loans receivable, net of deferred fees and costs			2,630,163						1,903,288						726,875						38.2
Allowance for credit losses			48,652						28,610						20,042						70.1
Deposits			2,761,939						1,895,996						865,943						45.7
FHLB borrowings			22,000						22,000						—						—
Other borrowed funds			12,062						27,062						(15,000)						(55.4)
Total stockholders’ equity			355,139						254,860						100,279						39.3
Tangible common equity(1)			312,685						254,860						57,825						22.7
Equity to total assets at end of period			11.07		%				11.45		%										(3.3)
Weighted average number of basic shares outstanding			14,584						14,003												4.1
Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding			14,640						14,081												4.0
Common shares outstanding			16,663						13,923												19.7
Book value per share			$	21.31					$	18.31											16.4
Tangible book value per share(1)			$	18.77					$	18.31											2.5
Dividends per share			$	0.36					$	0.28											28.6

(1) See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.

Total assets at December 31, 2024 increased $980.7 million from the balance at December 31, 2023. On October 1, 2024, in connection with the IFH acquisition, the Company acquired total assets of $559.4 million, net of purchase accounting adjustments, including gross loans of $373.5 million, loans held for sale of $41.7 million and goodwill and intangible assets of $37.2 million while liabilities assumed totaled $475.9 million including total deposits of $459.0 million. Net portfolio loans, which exclude mortgage loans held for sale, totaled $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $726.9 million, or 38.2%, from $1.9 billion at December 31, 2023.

Investment Securities

To manage liquidity and supplement interest income earned on our loan portfolio, the Company invests in U.S. Treasuries, high-quality mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), government agency bonds, asset-backed securities and high-quality municipal and corporate bonds. The asset-backed securities are comprised of student loan collateral issued by the Federal Family Education Loan Program, which includes a minimum of a 97% government repayment guarantee, as well as additional support in excess of the government guaranteed portion.

The following tables summarize the contractual maturities, without consideration of call features or pre-refunding dates, and weighted-average yields of investment securities at December 31, 2024 and the amortized cost and carrying value of those securities as of the indicated dates. The weighted average yields were calculated by multiplying the amortized cost of each individual security by its yield, dividing that figure by the portfolio total, and then summing the value of these results to arrive at the weighted

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average yield. Yields on tax-exempt investments are not calculated on a fully tax equivalent basis.

						One Year or Less												More Than One Year Through Five Years												More Than Five Years Through Ten Years												More Than Ten Years												Total
At December 31, 2024						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Yield						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Weighted Average Yield
(in thousands)
Securities Available-for-Sale:
U.S Treasuries						$	20,003					1.60		%				$	96,147					1.56		%				$	20,681					1.47		%				$	—					—		%				$	136,831					$	126,835					1.55		%
Municipal						—						—						905						4.85						4,104						4.47						6,689						1.91						11,698						9,283						3.04
Corporate						—						—						—						—						5,000						4.31						—						—						5,000						4,711						4.31
Asset-backed securities						—						—						—						—						—						—						5,501						6.35						5,501						5,526						6.35
Mortgage-backed securities						5,908						4.96						38,835						4.14						1,890						4.49						33,306						4.15						79,939						77,275						4.21
Total						$	25,911					2.37		%				$	135,887					2.32		%				$	31,675					2.49		%				$	45,496					4.09		%				$	238,969					$	223,630					2.71		%

As described in “Note 3 - Investment Securities” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” at December 31, 2024, management determined the Company does not have the intent to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024 before it is able to recover the amortized cost basis. Further, management reviewed the Company’s holdings as of December 31, 2024 and concluded there were no credit-related declines in fair value. Additional information related to the types of securities held at December 31, 2024, other than securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government entities or agencies, is as follows:

Corporate Securities – There have been no payment defaults on any of the Company’s holdings of corporate debt securities. There are 5 securities all of which are subordinated debt of other financial institutions with face amounts ranging from $0.5 million to $2 million.

Municipal Securities – All of the Company’s holdings of municipal bonds were investment grade and there have been no payment defaults. Summary ratings information at December 31, 2024, based on the amortized cost basis and reflecting the lowest enhanced or underlying rating by Moody’s, Standard & Poors or Fitch, is as follows: AAA – 82% of the portfolio; AA+ – 8%; AA – 10%.

Asset-backed Securities – There were 3 investment grade asset-backed securities, and there have been no payment defaults on these securities.

As such, it is deemed the above listed securities are not in an unrealized loss position due to credit-related issues and no further analysis is warranted as of December 31, 2024.

Portfolio Loans Receivable

Our primary source of income is derived from interest earned on loans. Our portfolio loans consist of loans secured by real estate as well as commercial business loans, credit card loans secured by corresponding deposits at the Bank and, to a limited extent, other consumer loans. Our loan customers primarily consist of small- to medium-sized businesses, professionals, real estate investors, small residential builders and individuals. Our owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, residential construction loans and commercial business and investment loans provide us with higher risk-adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, and are complemented by our relatively lower risk residential real estate loans to individuals. Our credit card portfolio supplements our traditional lending products with enhanced yields. Our lending activities, outside of credit cards, are principally directed to our market area consisting of the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan areas.

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Residential Real Estate Loans. One-to-four family mortgage loans are primarily secured by owner-occupied primary and secondary residences and, to a lesser extent, investor-owned residences. Residential loans are originated through the commercial sales teams and Capital Bank Home Loans division. Residential loans also include home equity lines of credit. Owner-occupied residential real estate loans usually have fixed rates for five or seven years and adjust on an annual basis after the initial term based on a typical maturity of 30 years. Investor residential real estate loans are generally based on 25-year terms with a balloon payment due after five years. Generally, the required minimum debt service coverage ratio is 115%.

Commercial Real Estate Loans. Commercial real estate loans are originated on owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied properties. These loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Business equity lines of credit totaling $3.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and $14.1 million as of December 31, 2023, are included in the commercial real estate loan category. Business equity lines of credit are commercial purpose lines of credit primarily secured by the business owners residential properties. Lender finance loans totaling $28.6 million as of December 31, 2024 are also included in the commercial real estate loan category. Lender finance loans are loans to companies used to purchase finance receivables or extend finance receivables to the underlying obligors and are secured primarily by the finance receivables held by our borrowers. The primary sources of repayment are the operating incomes of the borrowers and the collection of the finance receivables securing the loans. Commercial loans that are secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate and primarily collateralized by operating cash flows are included in the commercial real estate loan category. Commercial real estate loan terms are generally extended for 10 years or less and amortize generally over 25 years or less. The interest rates on commercial real estate loans generally have initial fixed rate terms that adjust typically at five years. Origination fees are routinely charged for services. Personal guarantees from the principal owners of the business are generally required, supported by a review of the principal owners’ personal financial statements and global debt service obligations. The properties securing the portfolio are diverse in type. This diversity may help reduce the exposure to adverse economic events that affect any single industry.

Construction Loans. Construction loans are offered within the Company’s Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan operating areas to builders, primarily for the construction of single-family homes and condominium and townhouse conversions or renovations and, to a lesser extent, to individuals. Construction loans typically have terms of 12 to 18 months. The Company frequently transitions the end purchaser to permanent financing or re-underwriting and sale into the secondary market through Capital Bank Home Loans. According to underwriting standards, the ratio of loan principal to collateral value, as established by an independent appraisal, cannot exceed 75% for investor-owned and 80% for owner-occupied properties, although exceptions are sometimes made. The Company performs a stress test of the construction loan portfolio at least once a year, and underlying real estate conditions are monitored as well as trends in sales outcomes versus underwriting valuations as part of ongoing risk management efforts. The borrowers’ progress in construction buildout is monitored against the original underwriting guidelines for construction milestones and completion timelines.

Commercial and Industrial. In addition to other loan products, general commercial loans, including commercial lines of credit, working capital loans, term loans, equipment financing, letters of credit, government guaranteed loans and solar energy related loans and other loan products, are offered, primarily in target markets, and underwritten based on each borrower’s ability to service debt from income. These loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily, on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Most commercial business loans are secured by a lien on general business assets including, among other things, available real estate, accounts receivable, promissory notes, inventory and equipment. Personal guaranties from the borrower or other principal are generally obtained.

Credit Cards. Through the OpenSky™ credit card division, the Company offers secured, partially secured, and unsecured credit cards on a nationwide basis to under-banked populations and those

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looking to rebuild their credit scores through a fully digital and mobile platform. The secured lines of credit are secured by a noninterest-bearing demand account at the Bank in an amount equal to the full credit limit of the credit card. For the partially secured lines of credit, the Bank offers certain customers an unsecured line in excess of their secured line of credit by using a proprietary scoring model, which considers credit score and repayment history (typically a minimum of six months of on-time payments, but ultimately determined on a case-by-case basis). Partially secured and unsecured credit cards are only extended to existing secured card customers who have demonstrated sound credit behaviors. Approximately $87.2 million and $95.3 million in secured and partially secured credit card balances were protected by savings deposits held by the Company as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Unsecured balances were $42.4 million and $30.8 million, respectively, at the same dates.

Other Consumer Loans. To a limited extent and typically as an accommodation to existing customers, personal consumer loans, such as term loans, car loans and boat loans are offered.

Purchased Credit Deterioration. Acquired loans, including those acquired in a business combination, are evaluated to determine if they have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. When the condition exists, these loans are referred to as purchased credit deteriorated, or PCD. An allowance is recognized for a PCD loan by adding it to the purchase price or fair value in a business combination. There is no provision for credit losses recognized upon acquisition of a PCD loan since the initial allowance is established through purchase accounting. After initial recognition, the accounting for a PCD loan follows the credit loss model that applies to the loan category. Purchased financial loans that do not have a more-than-significant deterioration in credit quality since origination are accounted for in a manner consistent with originated loans. An allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding charge to provision for credit losses. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the methods utilized to estimate the required ACL for these loans is similar to the method used for organically originated loans.

Nonperforming Assets

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due. In general, we place loans on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due. We also place loans on nonaccrual status if they are less than 90 days past due if the collection of principal or interest is in doubt. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed from income. Loans are returned to accrual status when all of the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are, in management’s opinion, reasonably assured.

Loans are generally charged-off in part or in full when management determines the loan to be uncollectible. Factors for charge-off that may be considered include: repayments deemed to be extended out beyond reasonable time frames, customer bankruptcy and lack of assets, and/or collateral deficiencies. Consumer credit card balances are moved into the charge off queue after they become more than 90 days past due and are charged off not later than 120 days after they become past due. Otherwise, loans that are past due for 180 days or more are charged off unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection.

The Company believes its approach to lending and the management of nonperforming assets has resulted in sound asset quality and timely resolution of problem assets. The Company has established underwriting guidelines to be followed by our bankers, and routinely monitors our delinquency levels for any negative or adverse trends. There can be no assurance, however, that our loan portfolio will not become subject to increasing pressures from deteriorating borrower credit.

From a credit risk standpoint, we grade watchlist and problem loans into one of five credit quality indicators: pass/watch, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss. The classifications of loans reflect

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a judgment about the risks of default and loss associated with each loan. Credit ratings are reviewed regularly and then adjusted regularly to reflect the degree of risk and loss that our management believes to be appropriate for each credit. Our lending policy requires the routine monitoring of past due reports, daily overdraft reports, monthly maturing loans, monthly risk rating reports and internal loan review reports. The lending and credit management of the Bank meet periodically to review loans rated pass/watch. The focus of each meeting is to identify and promptly determine any necessary required action within this loan population, which consists of loans that, although considered satisfactory and performing to terms, may exhibit special risk features that warrant management’s attention.

Management is intent on maintaining a strong credit review function and risk rating process. The Company has an experienced credit administration function, which provides independent analysis of credit requests and the management of problem credits. The credit department has developed and implemented analytical procedures for evaluating credit requests, has refined the Company’s risk rating system, and continually endeavors to adapt and enhance the monitoring of the loan portfolio. The loan portfolio analysis process is intended to contribute to the identification of weaknesses before they become more severe.

A special mention loan has potential weaknesses deserving of management’s attention. If uncorrected, such weaknesses may, at a future date, impair the repayment prospects for the asset or our credit position.

Loans that are deemed special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss are listed in the Bank’s Problem Loan Status Report. The Problem Loan Status Report provides a detailed summary of the borrower and guarantor status, loan accrual status, collateral evaluation and includes a description of the planned collection and administration program designed to mitigate the Bank’s risk of loss and remove the loan from problem status. The Special Asset Committee reviews the Problem Loan Status Report on a quarterly basis for borrowers with an overall loan exposure in excess of $250,000.

At December 31, 2024, the recorded investment in individually assessed loans was $34.9 million, requiring a specific reserve of $9.3 million. At December 31, 2023, the recorded investment in individually assessed loans was $16.0 million, requiring a specific reserve of $0.4 million. The $34.9 million of individually assessed loans at December 31, 2024 included a single multi-unit residential real estate loan secured by four properties with a balance of $7.6 million at December 31, 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We maintain an ACL that represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses and risks inherent in our loan portfolio. The balance of the ACL is based on internally assigned risk classifications of loans, historical loss rates, changes in the nature of our loan portfolio, overall portfolio quality, industry concentrations, delinquency trends, current economic factors and the estimated impact of current economic conditions on certain historical loss rates.

A major consideration in the determination of the allowance for credit loss on the credit card portfolio is based on historical loss experience in that portfolio. The Company calculates the credit card ACL collectively, applying segmentation based on collateral positions: secured, partially secured and unsecured.

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The following table presents key ratios for the ACL and nonaccrual loans for the periods indicated:

						For the Years Ended December 31,
						2024						2023						2024						2023						2024						2023
(in thousands)						Allowance for credit losses to period end portfolio loans												Nonaccrual loans to total portfolio loans												Allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans
Real estate:
Residential						1.01		%				0.96		%				1.26		%				1.99		%				80		%				48		%
Commercial						1.70						1.51						1.52						0.09						112						1,773
Construction						0.93						0.78						1.34						1.13						69						69
Commercial and Industrial						2.95						1.84						0.54						0.32						552						569
Credit card						4.93						4.94						—						—						—						—
Other consumer						0.72						1.26						—						—						—						—
Total						1.85		%				1.50		%				1.15		%				0.84		%				161		%				178		%

Total charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were primarily comprised of credit card charge-offs resulting both from the aging of the portfolio and the shift from an almost exclusively secured card portfolio to a portfolio that also includes partially secured and unsecured exposures. The following table presents a summary of the net charge-offs (recovery) of loans as a percentage of average loans for the periods indicated:

						For the Years Ended December 31,
						2024																		2023
(in thousands)						Net Charge-offs						Average Loans						Percent of average portfolio loans						Net Charge-offs						Average Loans						Percent of average portfolio loans
Real estate:
Residential						$	907					$	616,739					0.15		%				$	670					$	544,552					0.12		%
Commercial						559						756,662						0.07						841						665,535						0.13
Construction						—						299,282						—						—						266,274						—
Commercial and Industrial						513						352,606						0.15						77						224,229						0.03
Credit card						7,024						115,581						6.08						6,885						114,450						6.02
Other consumer						—						1,768						—						—						1,928						—
Total						$	9,003					$	2,142,638					0.42		%				$	8,473					$	1,816,968					0.47		%

As the loan portfolio and ACL review processes continue to evolve, there may be changes to elements of the allowance and this may influence the overall level of the allowance maintained. Historically, the Bank has enjoyed a high-quality loan portfolio with relatively low levels of net charge-offs and low delinquency rates. The maintenance of a high-quality portfolio will continue to be a priority.

Although we believe we have established our ACL in accordance with GAAP and that the ACL is currently adequate to provide for known and inherent losses in the portfolio at all times shown above, future provisions for credit losses will be subject to ongoing evaluations of the risks in our loan portfolio.

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The following table shows the allocation of the ACL among loan categories as of the dates indicated. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any loan category.

			December 31,
			2024												2023
(in thousands)			Amount						Percent(1)						Amount						Percent(1)
Real estate:
Residential			$	6,945					14		%				$	5,518					19		%
Commercial			16,041						33						10,316						36
Construction			2,973						6						2,271						8
Commercial and Industrial			16,377						33						4,406						16
Credit card			6,301						14						6,087						21
Other consumer			15						—						12						—
Total allowance for credit losses			$	48,652					100		%				$	28,610					100		%

_______________

(1) Loan category as a percentage of total portfolio loans.

Total Liabilities

Total liabilities at December 31, 2024 increased $880.5 million from December 31, 2023, primarily due to the IFH acquisition.

Deposits

Deposits are a major source of funding for the Company. We offer a variety of deposit products including interest-bearing demand, savings, money market and time accounts, all of which we actively market at competitive pricing. We generate deposits from our customers on a relationship basis and through the efforts of our commercial and business banking officers. Our credit card customers are a significant source of low cost deposits. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our credit card customers accounted for $166.4 million and $173.9 million, or 20.5% and 28.2%, respectively, of our total noninterest-bearing deposit balances.

Major categories of interest-bearing deposits are as follows:

Interest-Bearing Deposits
						At December 31,
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Interest-bearing demand accounts						$	238,881					$	199,308
Savings						13,488						5,211
Money market accounts						816,708						663,129
Customer time deposits						548,901						268,619
Brokered time deposits						333,033						142,356
Total Interest-bearing deposits						$	1,951,011					$	1,278,623

The Company had $333.0 million in brokered deposits at December 31, 2024 compared to $142.4 million at December 31, 2023.

Deposits securing our OpenSky™ card lines of credit and deposits from title companies represent the largest concentrations in the deposit portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, these concentrations represented 6% and 11% of deposits, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, these deposits represented 9% and 12% of deposits, respectively.

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The following table presents the average balances and average rates paid on deposits for the periods indicated:

			For the years Ended December 31,
			2024												2023
(in thousands)			Average Balance						Average Rate						Average Balance						Average Rate
Interest-bearing demand accounts			$	221,437					0.45		%				$	201,194					0.15		%
Savings			6,732						0.40						5,768						0.14
Money market accounts			704,002						4.08						642,013						3.66
Time deposits			561,369						4.70						360,464						4.39
Total Interest-bearing deposits			1,493,540						3.76		%				1,209,439						3.28		%
Noninterest-bearing demand accounts			675,360												655,013
Total deposits			$	2,168,900					2.59		%				$	1,864,452					2.13		%

Deposit costs increased 46 basis points during the year ended December 31, 2024 due, in large part, to a series of interest rate increases implemented by the Federal Reserve beginning in early 2022 and continuing into 2023 and the corresponding mix shift from low and no interest bearing deposits to higher rate money market accounts and time deposits. However, average noninterest-bearing deposit balances increased $20.3 million when compared to December 31, 2023, as growth in the number of customer accounts and corresponding balances outpaced the decision by some depositors to move balances from noninterest-bearing deposit accounts to interest-bearing deposit accounts.

Noninterest-bearing deposits represented 29.4% of total deposits at December 31, 2024 compared to 32.6% at December 31, 2023. Uninsured deposits were approximately $703.2 million as of December 31, 2024, representing 25.5% of the Company's deposit portfolio, compared to $789.4 million, or 41.6%, at December 31, 2023. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting requirements.

The following table presents the maturities of our certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2024.

(in thousands)			Three Months or Less						Over Three Through Six Months						Over Six Through Twelve Months						Over Twelve Months						Total
$250,000 or more			$	36,888					$	55,085					$	150,059					$	8,808					$	250,840
Less than $250,000			142,933						218,241						123,786						146,134						631,094
Total			$	179,821					$	273,326					$	273,845					$	154,942					$	881,934

Borrowings

We utilize short-term and long-term borrowings to supplement deposits to fund our lending and investment activities, each of which is discussed below. Total borrowings decreased during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $34.1 million from $49.1 million at December 31, 2023.

FHLB Advances. The FHLB allows us to borrow up to 25% of our assets on a blanket floating lien status collateralized by certain securities and loans. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $625.0 million in real estate loans were pledged as collateral to the FHLB and our total borrowing capacity from the FHLB was $507.5 million. As of December 31, 2024, no investment securities were pledged with the FHLB. We utilize these borrowings to meet liquidity needs and to fund certain fixed rate loans in our portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, we had $22.0 million in outstanding advances and $485.5 million in available borrowing capacity from the FHLB.

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Other borrowed funds. The Company has also issued junior subordinated debentures and other subordinated notes. At December 31, 2024, these other borrowings amounted to $12.1 million, consisting of Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures and subordinated notes.

At December 31, 2024, our Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures amounted to $2.1 million. The Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (the “Floating Rate Debentures”) were issued in June of 2006, mature on June 15, 2036, and may be redeemed prior to that date under certain circumstances. The principal amount of the Floating Rate Debentures has not changed since issuance, and they accrue interest at a floating rate equal to the three-month CME Term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26161% (or 26.161 basis points) plus 187 basis points, payable quarterly. As of December 31, 2024, the rate for the Floating Rate Debentures was 6.49%.

On November 30, 2020, the Company issued $10.0 million in subordinated notes due in 2030 (the “Notes”). The Notes have a ten year term and have a fixed rate of 5.00% for the first five years; thereafter, the rate resets quarterly to a benchmark rate, which is expected to be the three-month SOFR, plus 490 basis points. The Notes may be redeemed in part or in whole, upon the occurrence of certain events.

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond has an available borrower in custody arrangement which allows us to borrow on a collateralized basis. The Company’s borrowing capacity under the Federal Reserve’s discount window program was $110.2 million as of December 31, 2024. Certain commercial loans are pledged under this arrangement. During the first quarter of 2023, we established a line of credit under the Federal Reserve Bank’s Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”). As of March 31, 2024, participation in the BTFP had concluded and the Company had no outstanding balances under the BTFP at December 31, 2024.

Other Borrowings. The Company also has available lines of credit of $76.0 million with other correspondent banks at December 31, 2024, as well as access to certificate of deposit funding through financial intermediaries. There were no outstanding balances on the lines of credit from correspondent banks at December 31, 2024.

Liquidity

Liquidity is defined as the Bank’s capacity to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the Bank’s ability to meet both expected and unexpected cash flows and collateral needs efficiently and without adversely affecting either daily operations or the financial condition of the Bank. Liquidity risk is the risk that we will be unable to meet our obligations as they become due because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding. The Bank’s obligations, and the funding sources used to meet them, depend significantly on our business mix, balance sheet structure and the cash flow profiles of our on- and off-balance sheet obligations. In managing our cash flows, management endeavors to anticipate situations that can give rise to increased liquidity risk. These include funding mismatches, market constraints on the ability to convert assets into cash or in accessing sources of funds (i.e., market liquidity) and contingent liquidity events. Changes in economic conditions or exposure to credit, market, operational, legal and reputational risks also could affect the Bank’s liquidity risk profile and are considered in the assessment of liquidity and asset/liability management.

Management has established a risk management process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk. Because of its critical importance to the viability of the Bank, liquidity risk management is integrated into our risk management processes. Critical elements of our liquidity risk management include: corporate governance consisting of oversight by the board of directors and active involvement by management; strategies, policies, procedures, and limits used to manage and mitigate liquidity risk; liquidity risk measurement and monitoring systems (including assessments of the current and prospective cash flows or sources and uses of funds) that are believed to be commensurate with the

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complexity and business activities of the Bank; active management of intraday liquidity and collateral; a diverse mix of existing and potential future funding sources; holding liquid marketable securities that can be used to meet liquidity needs in situations of stress; contingency funding plans that address potential adverse liquidity events and emergency cash flow requirements; and internal controls and internal audit processes believed to be sufficient to assure the adequacy of the institution’s liquidity risk management process.

We expect funds to be available from a number of basic banking activity sources, including the core deposit base, the repayment and maturity of loans and investment security cash flows. Other potential funding sources include brokered certificates of deposit, deposit listing services, CDARS, borrowings from the FHLB and other lines of credit.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $485.5 million of available borrowing capacity from the FHLB, $20.6 million of available borrowing capacity from the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Borrower in Custody program and available lines of credit of $76.0 million with other correspondent banks. Further, unpledged investment securities available as collateral for potential additional borrowings totaled $131.4 million at December 31, 2024. Cash and cash equivalents were $205.3 million at December 31, 2024.

Capital Resources

Stockholders’ equity increased $100.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 largely due to the common stock issued in connection with the IFH acquisition of $70.9 million and net income of $31.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. In connection with the acquisition of IFH, the Company temporarily suspended repurchases under its stock repurchase program during the first quarter of 2024. Shares repurchased and retired for the year ended December 31, 2024, as part of the Company's stock repurchase program, totaled 67,869 shares at an average price of $20.62, for a total cost of $1.4 million including commissions.

The Company’s total stockholders’ equity is affected by fluctuations in the fair values of investment securities available-for-sale. The difference between amortized cost and fair value of investment securities, net of deferred income tax, is included in accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity. Accumulated other comprehensive loss is excluded from the Bank’s and Company’s regulatory capital ratios. The balance in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities, net of deferred income tax, amounted to $11.5 million at December 31, 2024 and $13.1 million at December 31, 2023. Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss are excluded from earnings and directly increase or decrease stockholders’ equity. To the extent unrealized losses on investment securities available-for-sale result from credit losses, unrealized losses are recorded as a charge against earnings. The investment securities section of the MD&A and Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements provide additional information concerning management’s evaluation of investment securities available-for-sale for credit losses at December 31, 2024.

The Company uses several indicators of capital strength. The most commonly used measure is common equity to total assets (computed as equity divided by total assets), which was 11.07% at December 31, 2024 and 11.45% at December 31, 2023.

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can precipitate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory

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accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum ratios of common equity Tier 1, Tier 1, and total capital as a percentage of assets and off-balance sheet exposures, adjusted for risk weights ranging from 0% to 1,250%. The Bank is also required to maintain capital at a minimum level based on quarterly average assets, which is known as the leverage ratio.

The ability of the Company to continue to grow is dependent on its earnings and those of the Bank, and the ability to obtain additional funds for contribution to the Bank’s capital, through additional borrowings, through the sale of additional common stock or preferred stock, or through the issuance of additional qualifying capital instruments, such as subordinated debt. The capital levels required to be maintained by the Company and Bank may be impacted as a result of the Bank’s concentrations in commercial real estate loans. See “Risks Related to Our Operations and the Regulation of Our Industry” in Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital requirements to which it was subject, and the Bank was classified as “well capitalized” for purposes of the prompt corrective action regulations. As we deploy our capital and continue to grow our operations, our regulatory capital levels may decrease depending on our level of earnings. However, we intend to monitor and control our growth relative to our earnings in order to remain in compliance with all regulatory capital standards applicable to us.

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The following table presents the regulatory capital ratios for the Company and the Bank as of the dates indicated.

(in thousands)						Actual												Minimum Capital Adequacy												To Be Well Capitalized
December 31, 2024						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio
The Company
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	346,840					11.07		%				$	125,348					4.00		%				$	156,685					5.00		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						346,840						13.83						150,512						6.00						200,683						8.00
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						344,778						13.74						112,884						4.50						163,055						6.50
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						388,425						15.48						200,683						8.00						250,853						10.00
The Bank
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	283,828					9.17		%				$	123,818					4.00		%				$	154,772					5.00		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						281,563						11.54						146,451						6.00						195,268						8.00
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						281,563						11.54						109,838						4.50						158,655						6.50
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						312,304						12.79						195,268						8.00						244,085						10.00
December 31, 2023
The Company
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	270,019					12.14		%				$	89,004					4.00		%				N/A						N/A
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						270,019						15.55						104,175						6.00						N/A						N/A
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						267,957						15.43						78,132						4.50						N/A						N/A
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						301,817						17.38						138,900						8.00						N/A						N/A
The Bank
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	228,794					10.51		%				$	87,068					4.00		%				$	108,835					5.00		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						228,794						13.56						101,251						6.00						135,001						8.00
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						228,794						13.56						75,938						4.50						109,688						6.50
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						249,984						14.81						135,001						8.00						168,751						10.00

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Contractual Obligations

We have contractual obligations to make future payments on debt and lease agreements. Our liquidity monitoring and management consider both present and future demands for and sources of liquidity. The following table of contractual commitments focuses only on future obligations and summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024.

(in thousands)			Due in One Year or Less						Due After One Through Three Years						Due After Three Through Five Years						Due After 5 Years						Total
FHLB advances			$	22,000					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	22,000
Certificates of deposit $250,000 or more			265,073						9,144						—						—						274,217
Certificates of deposit less than $250,000			461,919						116,430						29,348						20						607,717
Lease payments			2,030						2,559						890						1,188						6,667
Subordinated debt			—						—						—						12,062						12,062
Total			$	751,022					$	128,133					$	30,238					$	13,270					$	922,663

Off-Balance Sheet Items

In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions that, in accordance with GAAP, are not included in our consolidated balance sheets. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and issue letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in our consolidated balance sheets. Our exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amounts of these commitments. The same credit policies and procedures are generally used in making these commitments as for on-balance sheet instruments. We are not aware of any accounting loss to be incurred by funding these commitments; however, we maintain a reserve for unfunded commitments and certain off-balance sheet credit risks, which is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

Our commitments associated with outstanding letters of credit and commitments to extend credit expiring by period as of the date indicated are summarized below. Since commitments associated with letters of credit and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the amounts shown do not necessarily reflect actual future cash funding requirements.

			December 31,
(in thousands)			2024						2023
Unfunded lines of credit			$	403,029					$	336,472
Letters of credit			3,122						4,641
Commitment to fund other investments			2,714						3,874
Total credit extension commitments			$	408,865					$	344,987

Unfunded lines of credit represent unused credit facilities to our current borrowers. Lines of credit generally have variable interest rates. Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. In the event of nonperformance by the customer in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third party, we would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. If the commitment is funded, we would be entitled to seek recovery from the customer from the underlying collateral, which can include commercial real estate, physical plant and property, inventory, receivables, cash and/or marketable securities. Our policies generally require that letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan agreements. We believe the credit risk associated with issuing letters of credit is substantially the same as the risk involved in extending loan facilities to our customers.

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We seek to minimize our exposure to loss under letters of credit and credit commitments by subjecting them to the same credit approval and monitoring procedures as we do for on-balance sheet instruments. The effect on our revenue, expenses, cash flows and liquidity of the unused portions of these letters of credit commitments cannot be precisely predicted because we do not control the extent to which the lines of credit may be used.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend funds to a customer, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have variable interest rates, fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being fully drawn, the total commitment amounts disclosed above do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if considered necessary by us, upon extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.

The commitment to fund other investments reflects an obligation to make an investment in a Small Business Investment Company.

Impact of Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative value of money over time due to inflation or recession.

Unlike many industrial companies, substantially all of the Company’s assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on our performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates may not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services. However, most other operating expenses are sensitive to changes in levels of inflation.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations

The Company has presented the following non-GAAP financial measures because it believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors because they are used by management to evaluate our operating performance and make day-to-day operating decisions. In addition, we believe our non-GAAP results in any given reporting period reflect our on-going financial performance in that period and, accordingly, are useful to consider in addition to our GAAP financial results. We further believe the presentation of non-GAAP results increases comparability of period-to-period results.

Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that may be calculated differently from the way we calculate such measures. Accordingly, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by such companies. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on such non-GAAP financial measures, but to consider them with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our results reported under GAAP.

Earnings Metrics, as Adjusted			Year Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Net Income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Add: Merger-Related Expenses, net of tax			3,308						—
Add: Non-Recurring Equity and Debt Investment Write-Down			2,620						—
Add: IFH Non-PCD ACL Provision, Net of Tax			3,169						—
Net Income, as Adjusted			$	40,069					$	35,871
Weighted Average Common Shares - Diluted			14,640						14,081
Earnings per Share - Diluted			$	2.12					$	2.55
Earnings per share - Diluted, as Adjusted			$	2.74					$	2.55
Average Assets			$	2,554,049					$	2,188,299
Return on Average Assets			1.21		%				1.64		%
Return on Average Assets, as Adjusted			1.57		%				1.64		%
Average Equity			$	287,420					$	240,519
Return on Average Equity			10.78		%				14.91		%
Return on Average Equity, as Adjusted			13.94		%				14.91		%
Net Interest Income (a)			$	154,746					$	141,526
Noninterest Income			31,410						24,975
Total Revenue			$	186,156					$	166,501
Noninterest Expense			$	126,219					$	110,767
Efficiency Ratio(1)			67.80		%				66.53		%
Noninterest Income			$	31,410					$	24,975
Add: Non-Recurring Equity and Debt Investment Write-Down			2,620						—
Noninterest Income, as Adjusted (b)			$	34,030					$	24,975
Total Revenue, as Adjusted (a) + (b)			$	188,776					$	166,501
Noninterest Expense			$	126,219					$	110,767
Less: Merger-Related Expenses			3,930						—
Noninterest Expense, as Adjusted			$	122,289					$	110,767
Efficiency Ratio, as Adjusted(1)			64.78		%				66.53		%

_______________

(1)The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing noninterest expense by total revenue (net interest income plus noninterest income).

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Net Interest Margin, as Adjusted			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Net Interest Income			$	154,746					$	141,526
Less: Credit Card Loan Income			59,821						61,096
Net Interest Income, as Adjusted			$	94,925					$	80,430
Average Interest Earning Assets			2,487,607						2,145,209
Less: Average Credit Card Loans			115,581						114,450
Total Average Interest Earning Assets, as Adjusted			$	2,372,026					$	2,030,759
Net Interest Margin, as Adjusted			4.00%						3.96%

Portfolio Loans Receivable Yield, as Adjusted			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Portfolio Loans Receivable Interest Income			$	202,346					$	174,378
Less: Credit Card Loan Income			59,821						61,096
Portfolio Loans Receivable Interest Income, as Adjusted			$	142,525					$	113,282
Average Portfolio Loans Receivable			2,142,638						1,816,968
Less: Average Credit Card Loans			115,581						114,450
Total Average Portfolio Loans Receivable, as Adjusted			$	2,027,057					$	1,702,518
Portfolio Loans Receivable Yield, as Adjusted			7.03%						6.65%

Pre-tax, Pre-Provision Net Revenue ("PPNR")			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Net Income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Add: Income Tax Expense			10,860						10,354
Add: Provision for Credit Losses			17,720						9,610
Add: Provision for (Release of) Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments			385						(101)
PPNR			$	59,937					$	55,734

PPNR, as Adjusted			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Net Income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Add: Income Tax Expense			10,860						10,354
Add: Provision for Credit Losses			17,720						9,610
Add: Provision for (Release of) Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments			385						(101)
Add: Merger-Related Expenses			3,930						—
Add: Non-Recurring Equity and Debt Investment Write-Down			2,620						—
PPNR, as Adjusted			$	66,487					$	55,734

Allowance for Credit Losses to Total Portfolio Loans			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Allowance for Credit Losses			$	48,652					$	28,610
Total Portfolio Loans			$	2,630,163					$	1,903,288
Allowance for Credit Losses to Total Portfolio Loans			1.85%						1.50%

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Nonperforming Assets to Total Assets			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Total Nonperforming Assets			$	30,241					$	16,042
Total Assets			$	3,206,911					$	2,226,176
Nonperforming Assets to Total Assets			0.94%						0.72%

Nonperforming Loans to Total Portfolio Loans			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Total Nonperforming Loans			$	30,241					$	16,042
Total Portfolio Loans			$	2,630,163					$	1,903,288
Nonperforming Loans to Total Portfolio Loans			1.15%						0.84%

Net Charge-Offs to Average Portfolio Loans			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Total Net Charge-Offs			$	9,003					$	8,473
Total Average Portfolio Loans			$	2,142,638					$	1,816,968
Net Charge-Offs to Average Portfolio Loans			0.42%						0.47%

Tangible Book Value per Share			Year Ended
(in thousands, except share and per share data)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Total Stockholders' Equity			$	355,139					$	254,860
Less: Preferred Equity			—						—
Less: Intangible Assets			42,454						—
Tangible Common Equity			$	312,685					$	254,860
Period End Shares Outstanding			16,662,626						13,922,532
Tangible Book Value per Share			$	18.77					$	18.31

Return on Average Tangible Common Equity			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Net Income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Add: Intangible Amortization, Net of Tax			198						—
Net Tangible Income			$	31,170					$	35,871
Average Equity			287,420						240,519
Less: Average Intangible Assets			6,951						—
Net Average Tangible Common Equity			$	280,469					$	240,519
Return on Average Equity			10.78		%				14.91		%
Return on Average Tangible Common Equity			11.11		%				14.91		%

Core Return on Average Tangible Common Equity			Year Ended
(in thousands)			December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Net Income, as Adjusted			$	40,069					$	35,871
Add: Intangible Amortization, Net of Tax			198						—
Net Tangible Income, as Adjusted			$	40,267					$	35,871
Core Return on Average Equity, as Adjusted			14.01		%				14.91		%
Core Return on Average Tangible Common Equity, as Adjusted			14.36		%				14.91		%

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Many assumptions are used to calculate the impact of interest rate fluctuations on our net interest income, such as asset prepayments, non-maturity deposit price sensitivity and decay rates, and key rate drivers. Because of the inherent use of these estimates and assumptions in the model, our actual results may, and very likely will, differ from our static earnings at risk (“EAR”) results. In addition, static EAR results do not include actions that our management may undertake to manage the risks in response to anticipated changes in interest rates or client behavior. For example, as part of our asset/liability management strategy, management has the ability to increase asset duration and decrease liability duration in order to reduce asset sensitivity, or to decrease asset duration and increase liability duration in order to increase asset sensitivity.

The following table summarizes the results of our EAR analysis in simulating the change in net interest income and fair value of equity over a 12-month horizon as of December 31, 2024:

IMPACT ON NET INTEREST INCOME UNDER A STATIC BALANCE SHEET, PARALLEL INTEREST RATE SHOCK

Earnings at Risk						-400 bps						-300 bps						-200 bps						-100 bps						Flat						+100 bps						+200 bps						+300 bps						+400 bps
December 31, 2024						(7.8)		%				(7.1)		%				(5.4)		%				(2.8)		%				0.0		%				3.0		%				5.9		%				8.7		%				11.5		%

Utilizing an economic value of equity (“EVE”) approach, we analyze the risk to capital from the effects of various interest rate scenarios through a long-term discounted cash flow model. This measures the difference between the economic value of our assets and the economic value of our liabilities, which is a proxy for our liquidation value. While this provides some value as a risk measurement tool, management believes EAR is more appropriate in accordance with the going concern principle.

The following table illustrates the results of our EVE analysis as of December 31, 2024.

ECONOMIC VALUE OF EQUITY ANALYSIS UNDER A STATIC BALANCE SHEET, PARALLEL INTEREST RATE SHOCK

Economic Value of Equity						-400 bps						-300 bps						-200 bps						-100 bps						Flat						+100 bps						+200 bps						+300 bps						+400 bps
December 31, 2024						(14.8)		%				(7.7)		%				(3.1)		%				(0.9)		%				0.0		%				(0.2)		%				(1.3)		%				(1.8)		%				(2.5)		%

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Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk

As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our asset liability and funds management policy provides management with the guidelines for funds management, and we have established a measurement system for monitoring our net interest rate sensitivity position. We endeavor to manage our sensitivity position within our established guidelines.

Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and the market value of all interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those that have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.

We endeavor to manage our exposure to interest rates by structuring our balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. We do not enter into instruments such as leveraged derivatives, financial options or financial futures contracts for the purpose of reducing interest rate risk. We endeavor to hedge the interest rate risks of our available-for-sale mortgage pipeline by using MBS, and short positions. Based on the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk. We do not own any trading assets.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the Bank’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) in accordance with policies approved by our board of directors. The ALCO formulates strategies based on perceived levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, the committee considers the impact on earnings and capital of the current outlook for interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors. The ALCO meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, purchase and sale activities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, the ALCO reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity. Management employs methodologies to manage interest rate risk, which include an analysis of relationships between interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and an interest rate shock simulation model.

The following table indicates that, for periods less than one year, rate-sensitive assets exceeded rate-sensitive liabilities, resulting in an asset-sensitive position. For a bank with an asset-sensitive position, or positive gap, rising interest rates would generally be expected to have a positive effect on net interest income, and falling interest rates would generally be expected to have the opposite effect.

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INTEREST SENSITIVITY GAP

December 31, 2024			Within One Month						After One Month Through Three Months						After Three Through Twelve Months						Within One Year						Greater Than One Year or Non-Sensitive						Total
(in thousands)
Assets
Interest earning assets
Loans (1)			$	497,272					$	624,734					$	486,389					$	1,608,395					$	1,043,038					$	2,651,433
Securities			11,183						28,283						49,212						88,678						139,431						228,109
Interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions			179,841						—						—						179,841						—						179,841
Federal funds sold			58						—						—						58						—						58
Total earning assets			$	688,354					$	653,017					$	535,601					$	1,876,972					$	1,182,469					$	3,059,441
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits			$	16,144					$	32,288					$	145,296					$	193,728					$	875,349					$	1,069,077
Time deposits			94,797						85,458						546,751						727,006						154,928						881,934
Total Interest-bearing deposits			110,941						117,746						692,047						920,734						1,030,277						1,951,011
FHLB Advances			—						—						22,000						22,000						—						22,000
Other borrowed funds			—						—						10,000						10,000						2,062						12,062
Total Interest-bearing liabilities			$	110,941					$	117,746					$	724,047					$	952,734					$	1,032,339					$	1,985,073
Period gap			$	577,413					$	535,271					$	(188,446)					$	924,238					$	150,130					$	1,074,368
Cumulative gap			$	577,413					$	1,112,684					$	924,238					$	924,238					$	1,074,368
Ratio of cumulative gap to total earning assets			18.87		%				36.37		%				30.21		%				30.21		%				35.12		%

_______________

(1)Includes loans held for sale.

We use quarterly EAR simulations to assess the impact of changing interest rates on our earnings under a variety of scenarios and time horizons. These simulations utilize both instantaneous and parallel changes in the level of interest rates, as well as non-parallel changes such as changing slopes and twists of the yield curve. Static simulation models are based on current exposures and assume a constant balance sheet with no new growth. Dynamic simulation models are also utilized that rely on assumptions regarding changes in existing lines of business, new business, and changes in management and client behavior.

We also use economic value-based methodologies to measure the degree to which the economic values of the Bank’s positions change under different interest rate scenarios. The economic-value approach focuses on a longer-term time horizon and endeavors to capture all future cash flows expected from existing assets and liabilities. The economic value model utilizes a static approach in that the analysis does not incorporate new business; rather, the analysis shows a snapshot in time of the risk inherent in the balance sheet.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 17, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

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Critical Audit Matters, Continued

Allowance for Credit Losses

As described in Note 5 to the Company’s financial statements, the Company has a gross loan portfolio of $2.6 billion and related allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) of $48.7 million as of December 31, 2024. As described by the Company in Note 1, in order to measure expected credit losses on a collective basis, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow methodology for all segments, except for the credit card and other consumer portfolio segments, which apply a simplified, non‐discounted cash flow calculation. Loans not sharing similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis.

Management also collectively evaluates purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans that do not meet the individually evaluated criteria. For these loans, management uses an adverse “through-the-cycle” (“TTC”) probably of default and loss given default to reflect the “greater-than-insignificant” credit deterioration. These loans are separated from the non-PCD and originated pools to ensure that these loans receive a reserve that is calculated based on unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) and not amortized cost.

Within the collectively evaluated component, the Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers in order to incorporate a reasonable and supportable forecast of losses within the modeled future expected credit loss.

Additionally, a qualitative scorecard is used by management to assess the need for adjustments to expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. The qualitative scorecard evaluates certain risks such as lending policies and procedures, economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of portfolios, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in volume and severity of past due loans, quality of loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral, concentrations of credit, and other external factors.

We identified the Company’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination of the ACL as a critical audit matter relate to the high degree of complexity and judgment in the determination of significant model assumptions, specifically, the qualitative factor adjustments to quantitative loss rates. Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions made by the Company involves challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed.

The primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter include the following:

■We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s determination of the allowance for credit losses, including controls over management’s review and approval of qualitative factors.

■We evaluated the relevance and the reasonableness of assumptions related to the evaluation of the loan portfolio, current and forecasted economic conditions, and other risk factors used within the qualitative factors.

■We tested the completeness and accuracy of significant inputs to the model including the underlying data used to develop the qualitative factors.

■We validated the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.

■We evaluated the reasonableness of assumptions and data used by the Company in developing the qualitative factors by comparing these data points to internally developed and third‐party sources, and other audit evidence gathered.

■We performed analytical procedures to evaluate the directional consistency of changes that occurred in the allowance for credit losses for loans.

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Critical Audit Matters, Continued

Business Combination - Valuation of Acquired Loan Portfolio

As described in Note 2 to the Company’s financial statements, on October 1, 2024, the Company acquired Integrated Financial Holdings, Inc. (“IFH”). The transaction has been accounted for as a business combination and accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed from IFH were recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The fair value of acquired loans held for investments was $362.2 million. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. The market rate adjustment represents the movement in market interest rates, irrespective of credit adjustments, compared to the contractual rates of the acquired loans. The credit adjustment made on pools of homogeneous loans represents the changes in credit quality of the underlying borrowers from loan inception to the merger date.

We identified the fair value of acquired loans held for investment as a critical audit matter due to the high degree of complexity and auditor judgment involved and the extent of effort involved, including the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge, in testing the Company’s estimates and assumptions, including the discount rates and prepayment rates used in the discounted cash flow methodology.

The primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter include the following:

■We tested the design and operating effectiveness of the Company’s process for estimating the acquired loans fair value, including management’s controls over establishing the discount rate used in the discounted cash flow methodology; and evaluating the completeness and accuracy of key inputs and assumptions used in the discounted cash flow methodology, including loan data.

■We tested the completeness and accuracy of certain underlying loan data provided by management that was significant to the discounted cash flow model.

■We utilized internal valuation specialists to assist in evaluating management’s valuation methodologies and significant assumptions, including application of discount rates and prepayment rates by comparing management’s selected assumptions to independently developed ranges based on third party market data.

/s/ Elliott Davis, PLLC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

Raleigh, North Carolina

March 17, 2025

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Capital Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024 of the Company and our report dated March 17, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.

As described in the Report by Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Integrated Financial Holdings, Inc. (“IFH”) from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, because it was acquired by the Company in a business combination in the fourth quarter of 2024. We have also excluded IFH from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Total assets and net interest income and noninterest income of IFH represent approximately 14.6% and 6.8%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Report by Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Elliott Davis, PLLC

Raleigh, North Carolina

March 17, 2025

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets As of December 31, 2024 and 2023

(dollars in thousands, except share data)			2024						2023
Assets
Cash and due from banks			$	25,433					$	14,513
Interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions			179,841						39,044
Federal funds sold			58						407
Total cash and cash equivalents			205,332						53,964
Investment securities available-for-sale			223,630						208,329
Restricted investments			4,479						4,353
Loans held for sale			21,270						7,481
Portfolio loans receivable, net of deferred fees and costs			2,630,163						1,903,288
Less allowance for credit losses			(48,652)						(28,610)
Total portfolio loans held for investment, net			2,581,511						1,874,678
Premises and equipment, net			15,525						5,069
Accrued interest receivable			16,664						11,494
Goodwill			21,126						—
Intangible assets			14,072						—
Core deposit intangibles			1,745						—
Loan servicing assets			5,511						—
Deferred tax asset			16,670						12,252
Bank owned life insurance			43,956						37,711
Other assets			35,420						10,845
Total assets			$	3,206,911					$	2,226,176
Liabilities
Deposits
Noninterest-bearing			$	810,928					$	617,373
Interest-bearing			1,951,011						1,278,623
Total deposits			2,761,939						1,895,996
Federal Home Loan Bank advances			22,000						22,000
Other borrowed funds			12,062						27,062
Accrued interest payable			9,393						5,583
Other liabilities			46,378						20,675
Total liabilities			2,851,772						1,971,316
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $.01 par value; 49,000,000 shares authorized; 16,662,626 and 13,922,532 issued and outstanding			167						139
Additional paid-in capital			128,598						54,473
Retained earnings			237,843						213,345
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(11,469)						(13,097)
Total stockholders' equity			355,139						254,860
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity			$	3,206,911					$	2,226,176

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Income For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)															2024						2023
Interest income
Loans, including fees															$	202,915					$	174,760
Investment securities available-for-sale															5,441						4,815
Federal funds sold and other															4,945						3,631
Total interest income															213,301						183,206
Interest expense
Deposits															56,170						39,625
Borrowed funds															2,385						2,055
Total interest expense															58,555						41,680
Net interest income															154,746						141,526
Provision for credit losses															17,720						9,610
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments															385						(101)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses															136,641						132,017
Noninterest income
Service charges on deposits															883						964
Credit card fees															15,999						17,273
Mortgage banking revenue															7,146						4,896
Government lending revenue															2,301						—
Government loan servicing revenue															3,993						—
Loan servicing rights (government guaranteed)															1,013						—
Non-recurring equity and debt investment write-down															(2,620)						—
Other income															2,695						1,842
Total noninterest income															31,410						24,975
Noninterest expenses
Salaries and employee benefits															56,037						48,754
Occupancy and equipment															8,244						5,673
Professional fees															7,846						9,270
Data processing															27,689						25,686
Advertising															6,359						6,161
Loan processing															2,431						1,633
Foreclosed real estate expenses, net															2						7
Merger-related expenses															3,930						—
Operational losses															3,714						4,613
Outside service providers															1,878						1,932
Regulatory assessment expenses															1,937						1,649
Other operating															6,152						5,389
Total noninterest expenses															126,219						110,767
Income before income taxes															41,832						46,225
Income tax expense															10,860						10,354
Net income															$	30,972					$	35,871
Basic earnings per share															$	2.12					$	2.56
Diluted earnings per share															$	2.12					$	2.55
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic															14,584,303						14,002,556
Diluted															14,640,177						14,080,547

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
76

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

(in thousands)			2024						2023
Net income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on investment securities available-for-sale			2,194						5,066
Income tax expense relating to the items above			(566)						(1,412)
Other comprehensive income			1,628						3,654
Comprehensive income			$	32,600					$	39,525

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
77

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

			Common Stock												Additional Paid-in Capital						Retained Earnings						Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)						Total Stockholders' Equity
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)			Shares						Amount
Balance, December 31, 2022			14,138,829						$	141					$	58,190					$	182,435					$	(16,751)					$	224,015
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of the CECL standard			—						—						—						(29)						—						(29)
Net income			—						—						—						35,871						—						35,871
Unrealized gain on investment securities available-for-sale, net of income taxes			—						—						—						—						3,654						3,654
Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for purchase price			228,405						2						2,726						(937)						—						1,791
Shares issued as compensation			30,644						—						622						(75)						—						547
Stock-based compensation			—						—						1,757						—						—						1,757
Cash dividends to stockholders ($0.28 per share)			—						—						—						(3,920)						—						(3,920)
Shares repurchased and retired			(475,346)						(4)						(8,822)						—						—						(8,826)
Balance, December 31, 2023			13,922,532						139						54,473						213,345						(13,097)						254,860
Net income			—						—						—						30,972						—						30,972
Unrealized gain on investment securities available-for-sale, net of income taxes			—						—						—						—						1,628						1,628
Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld for purchase price			150,239						1						2,232						(1,156)						—						1,077
Shares issued as compensation			25,877						—						560						(43)						—						517
Stock-based compensation			—						—						1,895						—						—						1,895
Cash dividends to stockholders ($0.36 per share)			—						—						—						(5,275)						—						(5,275)
Shares repurchased and retired			(67,869)						—						(1,399)						—						—						(1,399)
Issuance of common stock in acquisition of IFH			2,631,847						27						70,837						—						—						70,864
Balance, December 31, 2024			16,662,626						$	167					$	128,598					$	237,843					$	(11,469)					$	355,139

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
78

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

(in thousands)			2024						2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses			17,720						9,610
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments			385						(101)
Release of mortgage put-back reserve, net			(68)						(188)
Net amortization on investment securities available-for-sale			100						188
Premises and equipment depreciation			737						324
Lease asset amortization			1,215						149
Amortization of intangible assets			262						—
Extinguishment of leases			(2,881)						—
Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI			(1,466)						(1,187)
Net change in loan servicing assets			(996)						—
Executive long-term incentive plan expense			516						148
Stock-based compensation expense			1,895						1,757
Director and employee compensation paid in Company stock			517						547
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense			(1,814)						142
Valuation allowance on derivatives			—						8
Decrease in valuation of loans held for sale carried at fair value			32						6
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale			281,384						176,373
Originations of loans held for sale			(292,872)						(176,444)
Government lending revenue			(2,301)						—
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable			(762)						(2,005)
Taxes payable			3,358						179
Other assets			(15,517)						(2,448)
Accrued interest payable			2,533						4,552
Other liabilities			11,977						(63)
Net cash provided by operating activities			34,926						47,418
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of securities available-for-sale			(65,396)						(6,960)
Proceeds from calls and maturities of securities available-for-sale			53,208						55,991
Net (purchases) sales of restricted investments			(126)						3,009
Net increase in portfolio loans receivable			(320,651)						(180,722)
Net purchases of premises and equipment			(2,157)						(2,156)
Cash received from acquisitions, net			65,170						—

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
79

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

(in thousands)			2024						2023
Net cash used in investing activities			(269,952)						(130,838)
Cash flows from financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in:
Noninterest-bearing deposits			107,946						(56,940)
Interest-bearing deposits			299,045						194,864
Federal Home Loan Bank repayments, net			—						(85,000)
Other borrowed funds			(15,000)						15,000
Dividends paid			(5,275)						(3,920)
Repurchase of common stock			(1,399)						(8,826)
Net proceeds from exercise of stock options			1,077						1,791
Net cash provided by financing activities			386,394						56,969
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents			151,368						(26,451)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year			53,964						80,415
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year			$	205,332					$	53,964
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments			$	2,194					$	5,066
Fair value of assets acquired, net of cash received			460,455						—
Goodwill from acquisition			21,126						—
Fair value of liabilities assumed			475,886						—
Common Stock issued related to acquisition			27						—
Cash paid during the period for:
Taxes			$	9,098					$	7,704
Interest			$	54,745					$	37,128

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
80

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Nature of operations:

Capital Bancorp, Inc. is a Maryland corporation and bank holding company (the “Company”) for Capital Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”). The Company's primary operations are conducted by the Bank, which is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland. The Company serves businesses, not-for-profit associations, entrepreneurs and others throughout Washington D.C., Baltimore, other Maryland metropolitan areas, Florida, Illinois and North Carolina through six commercial bank branches, one mortgage banking office, two loan production offices, three government loan servicing offices, and one credit card operations office. The Bank is principally engaged in the business of investing in commercial, real estate, and credit card loans and attracting deposits. The Company originates residential mortgages for sale in the secondary market through Capital Bank Home Loans (“CBHL”), the Bank’s residential mortgage banking arm, and issues credit cards through OpenSky™, a digitally-driven, nationwide credit card platform providing secured, partially secured, and unsecured credit solutions. As discussed further in Note 2, on October 1, 2024 the Company completed its previously announced merger (the “Merger”) with Integrated Financial Holdings, Inc., a North Carolina corporation (“IFH”). IFH was the holding company of West Town Bank & Trust, an Illinois state-chartered bank which provides banking services through its full-service office located in the greater Chicago area and is a nationwide originator of U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) and U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) government guaranteed loans. IFH was also the parent company of Windsor Advantage, LLC (“Windsor Advantage”), a loan service provider that offers community banks and credit unions a comprehensive outsourced SBA 7(a) and USDA lending platform. Immediately following the Merger, West Town Bank & Trust merged with and into the Bank, with the Bank as the surviving bank.

The Company formed Church Street Capital, LLC (“Church Street Capital”) in 2014 to provide short-term secured real estate financing to Washington, D.C. area investors and developers that may not meet all Bank credit criteria. At December 31, 2024, Church Street Capital had loans totaling $6.8 million with a collectively assessed allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) of $184 thousand. Refer to Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the consolidated ACL.

In addition, the Company owns all of the stock of Capital Bancorp (MD) Statutory Trust I (the “Trust”). The Trust is a special purpose non-consolidated entity organized for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities.

Basis of presentation:

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the activity of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank, Windsor Advantage, and Church Street Capital. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company reports its activities as five business segments: commercial banking; mortgage banking; credit cards; government loan servicing; and corporate activities. In determining the appropriateness of segment definition, the Company considers components of the business about which financial information is available and regularly evaluated relative to resource allocation and performance assessment. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and conform to general practices within the banking industry.

Significant accounting policies:

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

The primary reference point for the estimates is on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable regarding the value of certain assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources. Estimates are evaluated on an ongoing basis. Actual results may materially differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for its acquisitions under the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. This method requires the use of fair values in determining the carrying values of the purchased assets and assumed liabilities, which are recorded at fair value at acquisition date, and identifiable intangible assets which are recorded at fair value. Costs directly related to the business combinations are recorded as expenses as they are incurred. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of an acquisition as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available.

Cash and cash equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from financial institutions, interest-bearing deposits with financial institutions and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods.

Investment securities

Investment securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in stockholders’ equity on an after-tax basis. Premiums and discounts on investment securities are amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Changes in the fair value of debt securities available-for-sale are included in stockholder’s equity as unrealized gains and losses, net of the related tax effect.

Management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an ACL, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes an AFS security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At December 31, 2024, there was no ACL related to the AFS portfolio.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

Loans held for sale

Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale are recorded at fair value, determined individually, as of the balance sheet date. The fair value of mortgage loans are determined based on outstanding investor commitments, or in the absence of such commitments, based on current investor yield requirements.

Gains or losses on sales of government guaranteed loans are recognized based on the difference between the net sales proceeds and the carrying value of the sold portion of the loan, less the fair value of the servicing asset recognized, and are reflected as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The difference between the initial carrying balance of the retained portion of the loan and the relative fair value of the sold portion is recorded as a discount to the retained portion of the loan, establishing a new carrying balance. The recorded discount is accreted to earnings on a level yield basis. Government guaranteed loans are generally sold with servicing retained.

Gains and losses on loan sales are determined by the specific-identification method. The Company’s current practice is to sell residential mortgage loans on a servicing released basis. Interest on loans held for sale is credited to income based on the principal amounts outstanding.

Upon sale and delivery, loans are legally isolated from the Company and the Company has no ability to restrict or constrain the ability of third‑party investors to pledge or exchange the mortgage loans. The Company does not have the entitlement or ability to repurchase the mortgage loans or unilaterally cause third‑party investors to put the mortgage loans back to the Company. Unrealized and realized gains on loan sales are determined using the specific-identification method and are recognized through mortgage banking activity in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Company elects to measure loans held for sale at fair value to better align reported results with the underlying economic changes in value of the loans on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Portfolio loans and the ACL

Loans are stated at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for deferred origination fees and costs, discounts on loans acquired, and the ACL. Interest is accrued based on the loan principal balances and stated interest rates. Origination fees and costs are recognized as an adjustment to the related loan yield using approximate interest methods. For credit card loans, loan origination fees and direct loan origination costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over a 12 or 24 month period.

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. The Company discontinues the accrual of interest at the earlier of the date any portion of the principal and/or interest is 90 days past due, or at such time as we determine that it is probable that not all principal and interest payments will be collected, and that collateral is insufficient to discharge the debt in full. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed from income. Generally, interest payments on nonaccrual loans are recorded as a reduction of the principal balance. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due.

Loans are generally charged-off in part or in full when management determines the loan, or a portion of the loan is expected, to be uncollectible. Factors for charge-off that may be considered include: repayments deemed to be extended out beyond reasonable time frames, customer bankruptcy and lack of assets, and/or collateral deficiencies.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

On January 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which replaces the incurred loss methodology for determining our provision for credit losses and ACL with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss model (“CECL”). The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans receivable and held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments) and net investments in leases recognized by a lessor in accordance with ASU 2016-02 “Leases (Topic 842)”.

In addition, ASU 2016-13 made changes to the accounting for AFS debt securities. One such change is to require credit-related impairments to be recognized as an ACL rather than as a write-down of the security’s amortized cost basis when the Company does not intend to sell or believes that the Company will be required to sell the securities prior to recovery of the security’s amortized cost basis. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASU 2016-13 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The Company does not own HTM debt securities. There was no ACL on available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2024 or at December 31, 2023.

The following table illustrates the impact of the adoption of ASC 326, or the CECL standard. The adoption of the standard required an $804 thousand increase in the ACL and a $775 thousand reduction to the reserve for unfunded commitments (“RUC”). The improved precision of the calculation of the historical utilization of unfunded commitments gave rise to the reduction. The net impact of the adoption of the CECL standard to retained earnings was $29 thousand.

						January 1, 2023
(in thousands)						Pre-adoption of the CECL standard						As Reported Under ASC 326						Impact of adoption of the CECL standard
Assets:
Real estate:
Residential						$	484,735					$	484,735					$	—
Commercial						664,551						664,551						—
Construction						238,099						238,099						—
Commercial and Industrial						220,221						220,221						—
Credit card, net of reserve						128,434						128,434						—
Other consumer						1,179						1,179						—
Portfolio loans receivable, gross						$	1,737,219					$	1,737,219					$	—
Deferred origination fees, net						(8,627)						(8,627)						—
Allowance for credit losses						(26,385)						(27,189)						(804)
Portfolio loans receivable, net						$	1,702,207					$	1,701,403					$	(804)
Liabilities: Reserve for unfunded commitments						$	1,682					$	907					$	(775)

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

We maintain an ACL that represents management’s estimate of the expected credit losses and risks inherent in our loan portfolio. The amount of the ACL should not be interpreted as an indication that charge-offs in future periods will necessarily occur in those amounts, or at all. The allowance immediately recognizes lifetime expected credit losses when a financial asset is originated or purchased. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged-off against the allowance when they are deemed uncollectible. Factors for charge-off that may be considered include: repayments deemed to be extended out beyond reasonable time frames, customer bankruptcy and lack of assets, and/or collateral deficiencies. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

In determining the ACL, we estimate losses collectively based on quantitative analysis of historical credit losses adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of collectability of future cash flows over the remaining term of each financial instrument. The Company has elected to utilize a discounted cash flow methodology for all segments, except for the credit card and other consumer portfolio segments, which apply a simplified, non-discounted cash flow calculation. Management also collectively evaluates purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") loans that do not meet the individually evaluated criteria. For those loans, management uses an adverse "through the cycle" probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) to reflect the "greater than insignificant" credit deterioration. These loans are separated from the non-PCD and originated pools to ensure that these loans receive a reserve that is calculated based on unpaid principal balance (UPB) and not amortized costs. See further detail regarding our forecasting methodology in the “Cash Flow Method” section below.

Quarterly, the Company utilizes a Qualitative Scorecard to consider the need to qualitatively adjust expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation process, which may impact expected credit losses. The Qualitative Scorecard evaluates certain risk environments such as economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of portfolios, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in volume and severity of past due loans and similar conditions, and changes in the value of underlying collateral. The scorecard results help the Company analyze directional consistency to risk conditions and circumstances that should be considered for each loan segment and to refine its estimates of expected credit losses. As of December 31, 2024, there have been no significant changes applied through the Qualitative Scorecard subsequent to implementation on January 1, 2023.

Purchased Credit Deterioration

Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, loans which were previously identified as Purchase Credit Impaired under the incurred loss model are identified as Purchased Credit Deteriorated (“PCD”) loans at January 1, 2023 without reassessment. When acquiring loans, some may have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. In those cases, the Company will consider certain criteria including days past due, accrual status, risk rating, credit mark, and other relevant factors in assessing whether purchased loans are PCD. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid and the Company will determine the initial ACL required for PCD assets with no impact to earnings. The loan’s purchase price and ACL is then the initial amortized cost basis for PCD loans. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent to initial recognition, PCD loans are subject to the same interest income recognition and impairment model as non-PCD loans, with changes to the ACL recorded through provision expense. In connection with the business combination with IFH, the Company acquired PCD and non-PCD loans. Information regarding the PCD and non-PCD activity can be found within Note 2 - Business Combination and Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses, respectively.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

Cash Flow Method

The Company uses the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method to estimate expected credit losses for each portfolio loan segment, with the exception of credit card and other consumer loans, which use a non-discounted cash flow calculation. For each of these loan segments, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level. Payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayments and for probability and severity of a loss. The expected credit losses derived from the cash flow calculations are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds is primarily based on historical internal data. Industry benchmark data is utilized when a statistically insufficient history exists. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications.

The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable portfolio segment level loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default, lifetime loss given default, and lifetime loss rates. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default, loss given default, and lifetime loss rates will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers.

For the credit card portfolio, the Company calculates the credit card ACL collectively, applying segmentation based on collateral positions: secured, partially secured, and unsecured.

For all DCF and loss rate models, the Company has elected to use a four quarter forecast period across all portfolio segments. After the forecasted period, the models will revert to a long run average of each economic factor over the following four quarters. The Company uses economic projections from reputable and independent third parties to inform its loss driver forecast over the forecast period.

For the non-credit card and consumer portfolios, the combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. An effective interest rate is calculated by the Company, adjusted for any net deferred fees or costs, premium, or discount existing at the origination or acquisition, to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows. The ACL reflects the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the expected cash flows. During 2024, as part of the Company's ongoing model monitoring procedures, the annual loss driver analysis was performed. In addition, the Company performed new rates studies for prepayment rates, and funding rates. These changes were part of the Company's standard process and included updates to the peer group and incorporated more recent historical data.

Individual Evaluation

The Company will evaluate individual instruments for expected credit losses when those instruments do not share similar risk characteristics with instruments evaluated on a collective basis. Instruments may be evaluated whether or not there is an expectation of collectability in place. Instruments evaluated individually are not included in the Company’s collective analysis. Collateral dependent or secured loans with respect to which the Company expects repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral utilize a collateral-based methodology in which ACL is measured based on the difference between the net realizable value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. If the collateral valuation is equal to or greater than amortized cost, no reserve is applied. If a loan is not collateral dependent, the loan will be analyzed based on a forecast of future cash flows.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company’s financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments such as unfunded commitments to originate loans, commercial letters of credit issued, and commitments to fund other investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of the credit commitment. Loan commitments and lines of credit are generally made on the same terms, including with regard to collateral, as outstanding loans.

The Company maintains a RUC on off-balance sheet credit exposures through a provision reflected in other liabilities. Increases or decreases in the reserve are charged to or released from the provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments in the consolidated statements of income. The provision for (recovery of) credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures prior to January 1, 2023 was included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income. The RUC for off-balance credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date under the current expected credit loss model based on the segment loss factor and the estimated utilization rate of the unfunded commitments. The Company has analyzed its historic funding behavior at the segment level to determine an expected utilization rate.

The above methodology for determining an appropriate ACL is based on a comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio in accordance with ASC 326. The analysis considers all significant factors that affect the expected collectability of the portfolio and supports the expected credit losses estimated by this process. It is important to recognize that the related process, methodology, and underlying assumptions require a substantial degree of judgment. Additional disclosure on the ACL, and qualitative factors can be found in Part II, Item 1A - Risk Factors and Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses.

Loan modifications

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. From time to time, the Company may elect to modify the contractual terms of loans to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a way to mitigate loss, to proactively work with borrowers in financial difficulty, or to comply with regulations regarding the treatment of certain bankruptcy filing and discharge situations. These modifications may include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions. Under ASU 2022-02, modifications to a loan for a borrower experiencing financial difficulty that have occurred in the current reporting period are disclosed along with the impact of the modifications. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as disclosed in Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

Loan servicing assets

When loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect included in noninterest income. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable servicing contracts, when available, or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. Under the fair value measurement method, the Company measures servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and reports changes in fair value of servicing assets in earnings in the period in which the changes occur and are included with noninterest income on the income statement. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Servicing fee income, which is reported in the consolidated statements of income as loan servicing rights (government guaranteed), is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal; or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned. Late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing are not material.

Premises and equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related property, generally over two to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the estimated term of the respective leases, which may include renewal options where management has the positive intent to exercise such options, or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is less. The costs of major renewals and improvements are capitalized with the corresponding costs associated with amortization or depreciation included as a component of occupancy and equipment expenses. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs, and minor replacements are charged to noninterest expenses as incurred.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases according to ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and applies a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record, for all leases with a lease term of more than 12 months, an asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a liability to make lease payments. The Company elected to apply the package of practical expedients permitting entities to not reassess: 1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; 2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and 3) initial direct costs for any existing leases. Additionally, as provided by ASU 2016-02, the Company elected not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to short-term leases, defined as leases with a term of 12 months or less, and to recognize the lease payments in net income on short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Fair value measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The degree of management judgment involved in determining the fair value of a financial instrument is dependent upon the availability of quoted market prices or observable market inputs. For financial instruments that are traded actively and have quoted market prices or observable market inputs, there is minimal subjectivity involved in measuring fair value. However, when quoted market prices or observable market inputs are not fully available, significant management judgment may be necessary to estimate fair value. In developing our fair value estimates, we strive to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

The fair value hierarchy defines Level 1 valuations as those based on quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 valuations include inputs based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 valuations are based on at least one significant assumption not observable in the market, or significant management judgment or estimation, some of which may be internally developed.

Financial assets that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis include investment securities available-for-sale, and loans held for sale. See Note 17 - Fair Value.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired consists primarily of goodwill. The Company reviews long-lived assets and other intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, in which case an impairment charge would be recorded.

Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The impairment testing process is conducted by assigning net assets and goodwill to each reporting unit. An initial qualitative evaluation is made to assess the likelihood of impairment and determine whether further quantitative testing to calculate the fair value is necessary. When the qualitative evaluation indicates that impairment is more likely than not, quantitative testing is required whereby the fair value of each reporting unit is calculated and compared to the recorded book value. If the calculated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further testing is considered necessary. If a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, the Company will record an impairment charge based on the difference. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

Other intangible assets are intangible assets with finite useful lives, consisting primarily of customer list, trade name and core deposit intangibles. Intangible assets are amortized using straight-line or accelerated methods over their estimated weighted average useful lives, ranging from 10 to 17 years years. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Revenue Recognition

In addition to lending and related activities, the Company offers various services to customers that generate revenue, certain of which are governed by ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company's services that fall within the scope of this topic are presented within noninterest income and include service charges and fees and other transaction-based fees. Revenue is recognized when the transactions occur or as services are preformed over primarily monthly or quarterly periods. Payment is typically received in the period the transactions occur. Fees may be fixed or, where applicable, based on a percentage of transaction size.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

Bank-owned life insurance

The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain current and past key employees where the insurance policy benefits and ownership are retained by the employer. These policies are recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

The Company had $44.0 million of bank-owned life insurance at December 31, 2024 and $37.7 million at December 31, 2023. The Company recognized income on bank-owned life insurance, which is included in other noninterest income, of $1.5 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Income taxes

The Company employs the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities (i.e., temporary timing differences) and are measured at the enacted rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. The Company utilizes statutory requirements for its income tax accounting, and limits risks associated with potentially problematic tax positions that may incur challenge upon audit, where an adverse outcome is more likely than not. Therefore, no provisions are necessary for either uncertain tax positions nor accompanying potential tax penalties and interest for underpayments of income taxes in the Company’s tax reserves. In accordance with ASC Topic 740, the Company may establish a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in those cases where realization is less than certain.

Earnings per share

Earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock using the treasury stock method. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 417,045 and 277,066 stock options, respectively, excluded from the calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

The following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators used in computing basic and diluted earnings per common share:

						For the Years Ended December 31,
						2024																		2023
(dollars in thousands)						Income						Weighted Average Shares						Per Share Amount						Income						Weighted Average Shares						Per Share Amount
Basic EPS
Net income available to common stockholders						$	30,972					14,584,303						$	2.12					$	35,871					14,002,556						$	2.56
Effect of dilutive securities						—						55,874												—						77,991
Dilutive EPS per common share						$	30,972					14,640,177						$	2.12					$	35,871					14,080,547						$	2.55

Comprehensive loss

The Company reports as comprehensive income (loss) all changes in stockholders' equity during the year from non-stockholder sources. Other comprehensive loss refers to all components (income, expenses, gains, and losses) of comprehensive loss that are excluded from net income.

The Company's only component of other comprehensive loss is unrealized losses on investment securities available-for-sale, net of income taxes. Information concerning the Company's accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

						As of December 31,
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale						$	(15,156)					$	(17,350)
Deferred tax benefit						3,687						4,253
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss						$	(11,469)					$	(13,097)

Reportable segments

The Company currently operates four divisions: Commercial Banking, Capital Bank Home Loans, OpenSky™, and Windsor Advantage. The Company reports its activities in five business segments: commercial banking; mortgage banking; credit cards; government loan servicing; and corporate activities. In determining the appropriateness of segment definition, the Company considers components of the business about which financial information is available and regularly evaluated relative to resource allocation and performance assessment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer of Capital Bancorp, Inc. For further discussion of management’s operating segments, see Note 18 - Segments.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (continued)

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses, an amount and description for other segment items, the title and position of the entity’s chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of profit or loss to assess segment performance, and, on an interim basis, certain segment related disclosures that previously were required only on an annual basis. ASU 2023-07 also clarifies that entities with a single reportable segment are subject to both new and existing segment reporting requirements and that an entity is permitted to disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss, provided that certain criteria are met. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective December 31, 2024. See Note 18 - Segments for new disclosures required by ASU 2023-07.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements:

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 requires public entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 also requires all entities to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes for annual periods and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold, among other things. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The Company will update its income tax disclosures upon adoption.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)" ("ASU 2024-03"). ASU 2024-03 requires public entities to provide disaggregated disclosures, in the notes to the financial statements, of certain categories of expenses that are included in expense line items on the face of the income statement. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company will update its expense disclosures upon adoption.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Reclassifications:

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts reported in prior periods to conform to the current period presentation. The reclassifications had no material effect on net income or total stockholders' equity.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 2 - Business Combination

On October 1, 2024, the Company completed its Merger with IFH, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2024. On October 1 2024, IFH merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation in the Merger. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each share of IFH Common Stock was converted into the right to receive (a) 1.115 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”); and (b) $5.36 in cash per share of IFH Common Stock held immediately prior to the Merger, in addition to cash in lieu of fractional shares. In addition, each stock option granted by IFH to purchase shares of IFH Common Stock, whether vested or unvested, outstanding immediately prior to the Merger, was assumed by the Company and converted into an equivalent option to purchase the Company’s Common Stock, with the same terms and conditions as applied to the IFH stock option.

The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair value as of the acquisition date and have been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The determination of fair value requires management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change. Goodwill is established when the fair value of consideration paid exceeds the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Fair values are considered preliminary for a period not to exceed one year after the acquisition date and are subject to refinement as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used to estimate the fair value of major categories of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In many cases, the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were determined by estimating the cash flows expected to result from those assets and liabilities and applying the appropriate market discount rates.

Cash and cash equivalents: The estimated fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximate their stated value.

Loans: The Company recorded $403.9 million of net acquired loans, including $41.7 million of loans held for sale. The fair value for loans was based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered credit loss and prepayment expectations, market interest rates and other market factors. Loan cash flows were generated on an individual loan basis. The probability of default, loss given default, exposure at default and prepayment assumptions are the key factors driving credit losses which are embedded into the estimated cash flows.

Deferred tax asset: The Company recorded a deferred tax asset of $9.3 million related to tax attributes of IFH along with the effects of fair value adjustments resulting from acquisition accounting for the combination. The deferred tax assets recorded were based on the expected federal and state tax benefits of when the acquired tax attributes and purchase accounting adjustments will reverse. In recording the deferred tax asset, consideration was given to potential limitations on the realizability of such acquired tax attributes.

Deposits: The Company recorded $459.0 million of assumed deposits. The approximate fair value for deposits was determined by the acquisition date outstanding balance for nonmaturity deposits and by the contractual cash flows of the deposit accounts using prevailing market interest rates for time deposit accounts of similar type and duration for time deposits.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 2 - Business Combination (continued)

The following table summarizes the consideration paid for IFH and the amounts of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

Purchase Price Consideration and Net Assets Acquired
(dollars in thousands, except shares issued and price per share)
Common share consideration
Shares of common stock issued			2,631,847
Price per share on September 30, 2024			$	25.71
Common stock consideration			$	67,665
Cash consideration			12,652
Consideration for other equity instruments			3,199
Purchase price consideration			$	83,516
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents			$	77,822
Investment securities available-for-sale			1,019
Loans held for sale			41,723
Portfolio loans held for investment, net			362,180
Premises and equipment, net			7,104
Customer list intangible			12,200
Trade name intangible			2,100
Core deposits intangible			1,779
Loan servicing assets			4,515
Deferred tax asset			9,324
Bank owned life insurance			4,779
Other assets			13,731
Total assets acquired			$	538,276
Liabilities
Deposits			$	458,952
Other liabilities			16,934
Total liabilities assumed			$	475,886
Total identifiable net assets			$	62,390
Goodwill			$	21,126

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Supplementary Information on Acquired Loans
			October 1, 2024
PCD loans:
Par value			$	124,566
ACL at acquisition			(11,325)
Non-credit discount			(5,797)
Purchase price			$	107,444
Non-PCD loans:
Fair value			$	254,736
Gross contractual amounts receivable			260,183
Estimate of contractual cash flows not expected to be collected			4,110

Goodwill represents the intangible value of IFH’s business and reputation within the markets it previously served and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The fair value of net assets acquired includes fair value adjustments to certain receivables that were not considered impaired as of the acquisition date. The fair value adjustments were determined using discounted contractual cash flows. The Company believes that all contractual cash flows related to these financial instruments will be collected. As such, these receivables were not considered impaired at the acquisition date and were not subject to the guidance relating to purchased credit deteriorated loans, which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination. Receivables acquired that were not subject to these requirements include non-impaired loans, including loans held for sale, with a fair value and gross contractual amounts receivable of $296.5 million and $301.9 million on the date of acquisition.

The fair value of purchased financial assets with more-than-insignificant credit deterioration was $107.4 million on the date of acquisition. The gross contractual amounts receivable relating to the purchased financial assets with more-than-insignificant credit deterioration was $124.6 million. The Company estimates, on the date of acquisition, that $11.3 million of the contractual cash flows specific to the purchased financial assets with credit deterioration will not be collected.

In connection with the business combination with IFH, the Company recorded $21.1 million of goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Information regarding the allocation of goodwill to the Company’s reportable segments, as well as the carrying amounts and amortization of other transaction related intangible assets, can be found within Note 18 – Segments and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, respectively.

The Company recorded $12.2 million of customer list intangible and $2.1 million of trade name intangible which is being amortized over its expected useful life of 17 years and 15 years, respectively, using the straight-line method. The $1.8 million of core deposit intangible will be amortized over its expected useful life of 10 years using the sum-of-the-years-digits method.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 2 - Business Combination (continued)

The following table presents supplemental pro forma information as if the acquisition had occurred at the beginning of 2024. The unaudited pro forma information includes adjustments for interest income on loans and securities acquired, amortization of intangibles arising from the transaction, depreciation expense on property acquired, interest expense on deposits acquired, and the related income tax effects. The pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had the transactions been effected on the assumed dates:

			(unaudited)						(unaudited)
(in thousands)			2024						2023
Total revenue(1)			$	225,443					$	215,161
Net income			$	52,991					$	46,322

(1) Total revenue is calculated by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income.

Note 3 - Investment Securities

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses of securities available-for-sale at December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income:

						Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Gross Unrealized Losses						Allowance for Credit Losses						Fair Value
(in thousands)
December 31, 2024
U.S. Treasuries						$	136,831					$	42					$	(10,038)					$	—					$	126,835
Municipal						11,698						5						(2,420)						—						9,283
Corporate						5,000						—						(289)						—						4,711
Asset-backed securities						5,501						25						—						—						5,526
Mortgage-backed securities						79,939						2						(2,666)						—						77,275
Total						$	238,969					$	74					$	(15,413)					$	—					$	223,630
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries						$	161,420					$	—					$	(12,192)					$	—					$	149,228
Municipal						11,699						4						(2,331)						—						9,372
Corporate						5,000						—						(587)						—						4,413
Asset-backed securities						7,069						13						(37)						—						7,045
Mortgage-backed securities						40,491						—						(2,220)						—						38,271
Total						$	225,679					$	17					$	(17,367)					$	—					$	208,329

There was no ACL required on available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024 or 2023.

There were no securities sold during the year ended December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 3 - Investment Securities (continued)

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities are shown by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

						For the Years Ended December 31,
						2024												2023
(in thousands)						Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Within one year						$	20,003					$	19,882					$	39,918					$	39,294
One to five years						97,052						90,570						101,688						93,218
Five to ten years						29,785						25,446						26,215						22,511
Beyond ten years						6,689						4,931						10,298						7,990
Asset-backed securities(1)						5,501						5,526						7,069						7,045
Mortgage-backed securities(1)						79,939						77,275						40,491						38,271
Total						$	238,969					$	223,630					$	225,679					$	208,329

(1) Asset-backed and Mortgage-backed securities are due in monthly installments.

There were no securities pledged at December 31, 2024 and 2023 to secure public deposits and repurchase agreements. Pledged securities at the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) totaled $170.7 million at par value at December 31, 2023 with no securities pledged as of December 31, 2024 as the program ended during the first quarter 2024.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

The following table summarizes debt securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at December 31, 2024 and 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

						Less than 12 months												12 months or longer												Total
						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses
(in thousands)
December 31, 2024
U.S. Treasuries						$	10,883					$	(93)					$	111,196					$	(9,945)					$	122,079					$	(10,038)
Municipal						—						—						8,373						(2,420)						8,373						(2,420)
Corporate						—						—						4,711						(289)						4,711						(289)
Asset-backed securities						—						—						—						—						—						—
Mortgage-backed securities						55,243						(901)						18,272						(1,765)						73,515						(2,666)
Total						$	66,126					$	(994)					$	142,552					$	(14,419)					$	208,678					$	(15,413)
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries						$	—					$	—					$	149,228					$	(12,192)					$	149,228					$	(12,192)
Municipal						—						—						8,473						(2,331)						8,473						(2,331)
Corporate						—						—						4,413						(587)						4,413						(587)
Asset-backed securities						—						—						5,154						(37)						5,154						(37)
Mortgage-backed securities						6,057						(8)						32,214						(2,212)						38,271						(2,220)
Total						$	6,057					$	(8)					$	199,482					$	(17,359)					$	205,539					$	(17,367)

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 3 - Investment Securities (continued)

At December 31, 2024 management determined the Company does not have the intent to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024 before it is able to recover the amortized cost basis. Further, management reviewed the Company’s holdings as of December 31, 2024 and concluded there were no credit-related declines in fair value. Additional information related to the types of securities held at December 31, 2024, other than securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government entities or agencies including U.S. Treasuries and substantially all of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities, is as follows:

Corporate Securities – There have been no payment defaults on any of the Company’s holdings of corporate debt securities. There are five securities all of which are subordinated debt of other financial institutions with face amounts ranging from $0.5 million to $2 million.

Municipal Securities – All of the Company’s holdings of municipal bonds were investment grade and there have been no payment defaults. Summary ratings information at December 31, 2024, based on the amortized cost basis and reflecting the lowest enhanced or underlying rating by Moody’s, Standard & Poors or Fitch, is as follows: AAA – 82% of the portfolio; AA+ – 8%; AA – 10%.

Asset-backed Securities – There were three investment grade asset-backed securities, and there have been no payment defaults on these securities.

As such, it is deemed the above listed securities are not in an unrealized loss position due to credit-related issues and no further analysis is warranted as of December 31, 2024.

Note 4 - Loan Servicing

Activity for loan servicing rights and the related valuation allowance follows:

Loan servicing rights:			2024			2023
Beginning of year			$	—		$	—
Additions			5,096			—
Disposals			—			—
Other changes in fair value			415			—
End of year			$	5,511		$	—

The fair value at December 31, 2024 was determined using a discount rate of 13.5%, prepayment speeds ranging from 12.8% to 18.2%, depending on the stratification of the specific right, and a weighted average default rate of 0.7%. There were no such loan servicing rights during 2023.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following is a summary of the major categories of total loans outstanding:

						December 31,
						2024												2023
(in thousands)						Amount						Percent						Amount						Percent
Real estate:
Residential						$	688,552					26		%				$	573,104					30		%
Commercial						943,019						36						684,229						35
Construction						321,252						12						290,108						15
Commercial and Industrial						554,550						21						239,208						13
Credit card, net of reserve(1)						127,766						5						123,331						7
Other consumer						2,089						—						950						—
Portfolio loans receivable, gross						2,637,228						100		%				1,910,930						100		%
Deferred origination fees, net						(7,065)												(7,642)
Allowance for credit losses						(48,652)												(28,610)
Portfolio loans receivable, net						$	2,581,511											$	1,874,678

(1) Credit card loans are presented net of reserve for interest and fees.

The following tables set forth the changes in the ACL and an allocation of the ACL by loan segment class for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a $284 thousand increase to the ACL, reflected in “Other,” from residual non-accretable discounts on acquired loans post CECL adoption.

The ACL on loans at December 31, 2024 included $11.3 million of allowance for credit losses on acquired PCD loans established through acquisition accounting adjustments on the IFH acquisition date. In addition, the provision for credit losses on loans in the year ended December 31, 2024 included $4.2 million to establish an ACL on non-PCD loans acquired in the IFH acquisition.

(in thousands)						Beginning Balance												Initial Allowance on Acquired PCD Loans						Provision for Credit Losses(1)						Charge-Offs						Recoveries						Ending Balance
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Real estate:
Residential						$	5,518											$	394					$	1,940					$	(907)					$	—					$	6,945
Commercial						10,316												4,007						2,277						(570)						11						16,041
Construction						2,271												—						702						—						—						2,973
Commercial and Industrial						4,406												6,924						5,560						(606)						93						16,377
Credit card						6,087												—						7,238						(7,145)						121						6,301
Other consumer						12												—						3						—						—						15
Total						$	28,610											$	11,325					$	17,720					$	(9,228)					$	225					$	48,652

(1) Includes $4.2 million initial provision for credit losses on non-PCD loans.

			99

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

(in thousands)						Beginning Balance, Prior to Adoption of the CECL Standard						Impact of Adopting the CECL Standard						Other						Provision (Release of Provision) for Credit Losses						Charge-Offs						Recoveries						Ending Balance
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Real estate:
Residential						$	5,481					$	(1,198)					$	91					$	1,814					$	(670)					$	—					$	5,518
Commercial						8,098						3,941						193						(1,075)						(943)						102						10,316
Construction						3,782						(1,973)						—						462						—						—						2,271
Commercial and Industrial						2,935						1,073						—						475						(98)						21						4,406
Credit card						6,078						(1,045)						—						7,939						(7,076)						191						6,087
Other consumer						11						6						—						(5)						—						—						12
Total						$	26,385					$	804					$	284					$	9,610					$	(8,787)					$	314					$	28,610

Past due loans, segregated by age and class of loans, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Portfolio Loans Past Due																		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due						Total Past Due Loans						Current Loans						Total Portfolio Loans						Accruing Loans 90 or More days Past Due						Nonaccrual Loans
						Loans 30-59 Days Past Due						Loans 60-89 Days Past Due
(in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Real estate:
Residential						$	1,656					$	4,913					$	6,644					$	13,213					$	675,339					$	688,552					$	—					$	8,652
Commercial						4,957						7,570						7,001						19,528						923,491						943,019						100						14,312
Construction						1,000						415						4,309						5,724						315,528						321,252						—						4,309
Commercial and Industrial						10,981						1,245						1,049						13,275						541,275						554,550						—						2,968
Credit card						6,923						6,561						1,544						15,028						112,738						127,766						1,544						—
Other consumer						—						—						—						—						2,089						2,089						—						—
Total						$	25,517					$	20,704					$	20,547					$	66,768					$	2,570,460					$	2,637,228					$	1,644					$	30,241
December 31, 2023
Real estate:
Residential						$	2,201					$	3,096					$	11,066					$	16,363					$	556,741					$	573,104					$	17					$	11,398
Commercial						1,577						322						582						2,481						681,748						684,229						—						582
Construction						—						1,165						3,296						4,461						285,647						290,108						—						3,288
Commercial and Industrial						1,356						74						454						1,884						237,324						239,208						—						774
Credit card						7,767						6,877						519						15,163						108,168						123,331						519						—
Other consumer						—						—						—						—						950						950						—						—
Total						$	12,901					$	11,534					$	15,917					$	40,352					$	1,870,578					$	1,910,930					$	536					$	16,042

There were $7.2 million and $8.1 million of loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The increase in loans 60-89 days past due at December 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 includes a single owner-occupied commercial real estate loan relationship with a total outstanding exposure amount of $11.6 million. The borrower fell behind in payments due to unexpected timing delays in the collection of outstanding receivables. Payments have resumed. The borrower remains actively engaged with the Company in resolving the past due status. Of the total outstanding exposure, $3.9 million is now considered current at December 31, 2024.

			100

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

The following presents the nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

						December 31, 2024
						Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Credit Loss						Nonaccrual with an Allowance for Credit Loss						Total Nonaccrual Loans						Interest Recognized on Nonaccrual Loans
(in thousands)
Real estate:
Residential						$	8,055					$	597					$	8,652					$	38
Commercial						3,205						11,107						14,312						122
Construction						4,309						—						4,309						144
Commercial and Industrial						247						2,721						2,968						106
Total						$	15,816					$	14,425					$	30,241					$	410
						December 31, 2023
						Nonaccrual with No Allowance for Credit Loss						Nonaccrual with an Allowance for Credit Loss						Total Nonaccrual Loans						Interest Recognized on Nonaccrual Loans
Real estate:
Residential						$	11,152					$	246					$	11,398					$	236
Commercial						582						—						582						46
Construction						3,288						—						3,288						185
Commercial and Industrial						407						367						774						71
Total						$	15,429					$	613					$	16,042					$	538

The Company has certain loans for which repayment is dependent upon the operation or sale of collateral, as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The underlying collateral can vary based upon the type of loan. The following provides more detail about the types of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:

•Residential real estate loans are primarily secured by owner-occupied primary residences and, to a lesser extent, investor-owned residences.

•Commercial real estate loans can be secured by either owner-occupied commercial real estate or non-owner-occupied investment commercial real estate. Typically, owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and other commercial and industrial properties occupied by operating companies. Non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, retail facilities, multifamily complexes, land under development and/or industrial properties, as well as other commercial or industrial real estate.

•Construction loans are typically secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate or non-owner-occupied investment real estate. Typically, owner occupied construction loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities, and other commercial and industrial properties that are in process of construction. Non-owner-occupied commercial construction loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, multi-family complexes, land under development and/or other commercial and industrial real estate in process of construction.

•Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and/or other commercial property.

			101

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Collateral dependent loans amortized cost
(in thousands)						December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Real estate:
Residential						$	8,780					$	11,152
Commercial						14,803						582
Construction						4,301						3,288
Commercial and Industrial						6,551						657
Total						$	34,435					$	15,679

Of the collateral dependent loans as of December 31, 2024, a specific reserve of $147 thousand, $4.1 million and $4.8 million was assessed for residential real estate, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans, respectively. Of the collateral dependent loans as of December 31, 2023, a specific reserve of $9.0 million was assessed for commercial and industrial loans.

The Company made 13 loan modifications on loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2024 as follows:

Modifications
(in thousands)						Amortized Cost Basis						% of Total Loan Type						Financial Effect
Real estate:
Residential						$	806					0.126		%				Payment recast based on new extended maturity to lower payments on one loan; Reduced contractual interest rate from 8.375% to 6.375% on one loan.
Residential - Home Equity						90						0.181		%				Reduced contractual interest rate from 10.490% to 6.375% on one loan.
Commercial						1,577						0.167		%				Provided 3 months, 6 months and 12 months payment deferral on three different loans through the Bank’s standard deferral program. The deferred payments were added to the end of the original loan terms.
Commercial and Industrial						2,530						0.456		%				Provided 9 months payment deferral on two loans and 12 months payment deferral on two loans through the Bank’s standard deferral program. The deferred payments were added to the end of the original loan terms; Extended maturity date of one loan which reduced monthly payment amount for the borrower; Reduced contractual floating interest rate based on Prime to 6.000% fixed rate and extended terms for 60 months on one loan; Reduced contractual floating interest rate based on Prime to 6.000% fixed rate, extended terms for 60 months and provided 3 months payment deferral on one loan with the deferred payments added to the end of the original loan terms.
Total						$	5,003

The Company did not make any modifications on loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023.

			102

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Credit quality indicators

As part of the ongoing monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to the risk grade of loans, the level of classified loans, net charge-offs, nonperforming loans, and general economic conditions in the Company’s market. From a credit risk standpoint, the Company utilizes a risk grading matrix to assign a risk grade to each of its loans. The classifications of loans reflect a judgment about the risk of expected credit loss associated with each loan. Credit quality indicators are reviewed and adjusted regularly to account for the degree of risk and expected credit loss that the Company believes to be appropriate for each financial asset.

A description of the general characteristics of loans characterized as classified is as follows:

Pass

Loans characterized as pass includes loans graded exceptional, very good, good, satisfactory and pass/watch. The Company believes that there is a low likelihood of credit deterioration related to those loans that are considered pass.

Special Mention

A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special mention loans are not adversely classified and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Borrowers may exhibit poor liquidity and leverage positions resulting from generally negative cash flow or negative trends in earnings. Access to alternative financing may be limited to finance companies for business borrowers and may be unavailable for commercial real estate borrowers.

Substandard

A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current financial condition and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Borrowers may exhibit recent or unexpected unprofitable operations, an inadequate debt service coverage ratio, or marginal liquidity and capitalization. These loans require more intense supervision by Company management.

Doubtful

A doubtful loan has all the weaknesses associated with a substandard loan with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following table presents the balances of classified loans based on the most recent credit quality indicator analysis. Classified loans include Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful loans. Pass classified loans include loans graded exceptional, very good, good, satisfactory, and pass/watch. Credit card loans are ungraded as they are not individually graded. Charge-offs presented represent gross charge-offs recognized in the current period:

			103

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

December 31, 2024						Term Loans by Origination Year
(in thousands)						2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior						Revolving						Total
Residential – Real estate
Pass						$	155,867					$	129,639					$	122,203					$	76,906					$	69,647					$	117,272					$	—					$	671,534
Special Mention						—						—						2,065						1,242						3,604						—						—						6,911
Substandard						—						—						—						3,422						189						6,496						—						10,107
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						155,867						129,639						124,268						81,570						73,440						123,768						—						688,552
Commercial – Real estate
Pass						235,929						61,372						170,611						146,642						92,038						207,631						—						914,223
Special Mention						—						2,300						10,747						5,052						—						788						—						18,887
Substandard						—						—						7,558						—						320						2,031						—						9,909
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						235,929						63,672						188,916						151,694						92,358						210,450						—						943,019
Construction – Real estate
Pass						98,942						129,202						46,532						20,634						15,458						6,175						—						316,943
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Substandard						—						—						—						—						2,252						2,057						—						4,309
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						98,942						129,202						46,532						20,634						17,710						8,232						—						321,252
Commercial and Industrial
Pass						129,043						130,647						117,346						42,747						21,356						107,953						—						549,092
Special Mention						232						—						489						—						—						270						—						991
Substandard						—						209						712						205						3,239						102						—						4,467
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						129,275						130,856						118,547						42,952						24,595						108,325						—						554,550
Other consumer
Pass						1,226						278						73						95						76						341						—						2,089
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Substandard						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						1,226						278						73						95						76						341						—						2,089
Credit card
Ungraded						—						—						—						—						—						—						127,766						127,766
Portfolio loans receivable, gross						$	621,239					$	453,647					$	478,336					$	296,945					$	208,179					$	451,116					$	127,766					$	2,637,228

December 31, 2024
(in thousands)						2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior						Revolving						Total
Gross Charge-offs
Residential real estate						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	907					$	—					$	907
Commercial real estate						—						—						570						—						—						—						—						570
Commercial and Industrial						84						80						306						—						—						136						—						606
Credit card						—						—						—						—						—						—						7,145						7,145
Total						$	84					$	80					$	876					$	—					$	—					$	1,043					$	7,145					$	9,228

			104

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

December 31, 2023						Term Loans by Origination Year
(in thousands)						2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior						Revolving						Total
Residential – Real estate
Pass						$	140,394					$	137,362					$	76,556					$	76,938					$	36,122					$	88,055					$	—					$	555,427
Special Mention						—						—						134						3,670						1,176						288						—						5,268
Substandard						—						33						—						—						26						12,350						—						12,409
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						140,394						137,395						76,690						80,608						37,324						100,693						—						573,104
Commercial – Real estate
Pass						62,095						185,776						145,756						68,748						96,238						116,347						—						674,960
Special Mention						—						6,897						—						—						805						985						—						8,687
Substandard						—						—						—						—						582						—						—						582
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						62,095						192,673						145,756						68,748						97,625						117,332						—						684,229
Construction – Real estate
Pass						142,157						72,240						46,180						16,859						6,246						2,517						—						286,199
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						614						—						614
Substandard						—						—						—						1,254						597						1,444						—						3,295
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						142,157						72,240						46,180						18,113						6,843						4,575						—						290,108
Commercial and Industrial
Pass						70,540						71,689						28,007						9,364						18,036						37,392						—						235,028
Special Mention						—						156						—						2,406						47						273						—						2,882
Substandard						30						814						211						—						42						201						—						1,298
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						70,570						72,659						28,218						11,770						18,125						37,866						—						239,208
Other consumer
Pass						75						278						147						116						—						334						—						950
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Substandard						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total						75						278						147						116						—						334						—						950
Credit card
Ungraded						—						—						—						—						—						—						123,331						123,331
Portfolio loans receivable, gross						$	415,291					$	475,245					$	296,991					$	179,355					$	159,917					$	260,800					$	123,331					$	1,910,930

December 31, 2023
(in thousands)						2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior						Revolving						Total
Gross Charge-offs
Residential real estate						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	670					$	—					$	670
Commercial real estate						—						—						—						—						943						—						—						943
Commercial and Industrial						—						98						—						—						—						—						—						98
Credit card						—						—						—						—						—						—						7,076						7,076
Total						$	—					$	98					$	—					$	—					$	943					$	670					$	7,076					$	8,787

			105

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Outstanding loan commitments were as follows:

						December 31,
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Unused lines of credit
Real Estate:
Residential						$	20,996					$	15,436
Residential - Home Equity						46,900						43,892
Commercial						44,201						20,424
Construction						85,984						98,777
Commercial and Industrial						79,961						42,751
Credit card(1)						124,732						114,882
Other consumer						255						310
Total						$	403,029					$	336,472
Letters of credit						$	3,122					$	4,641

_______________

(1) Outstanding loan commitments in the credit card portfolio include $97.2 million and $98.2 million in secured and partially secured balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Lines of credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition of the contract. Lines of credit generally have variable interest rates. Such lines do not represent future cash requirements because it is unlikely that all customers will, at any given time, draw upon their lines in full. Loan commitments generally have variable interest rates, fixed expiration dates, and may require payment of a fee.

The Company's maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the customer is the contractual amount of the credit commitment. Loan commitments and lines of credit are generally made on the same terms, including with regard to collateral, as outstanding loans. Management is not aware of any accounting loss to be incurred by funding these loan commitments.

The Company maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments and certain off-balance sheet items such as unfunded lines of credit, which is reflected in other liabilities, with increases or decreases in the reserve being charged to or released from operating expense. Activity for this account is as follows for the periods presented:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Balance at beginning of period						$	806					$	1,682
Impact of adopting the CECL standard on January 1, 2023						—						(775)
Provision for (release of) credit losses on unfunded commitments						385						(101)
Balance at end of period						$	1,191					$	806

The Company makes representations and warranties that loans sold to investors meet the investors’ program guidelines and that the information provided by the borrowers is accurate and complete. In the event of a default on a loan sold, the investor may have the right to make a claim for losses due to document deficiencies, program non-compliance, early payment default, and fraud or borrower misrepresentations.

			106

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 5 - Portfolio Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

The Company maintains a reserve for potential losses on mortgage loans sold, which is reflected in other liabilities, with changes being charged to or released from operating expense. Activity in this reserve is as follows for the periods presented:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Balance at beginning of period						$	985					$	1,173
Provision for (release of) mortgage loan put-back reserve						1,275						(188)
Balance at end of period						$	2,260					$	985

The Company has purchased loans, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. The carrying amount of those loans is as follows:

(in thousands)						2024
Purchase price of loans at acquisition						$	107,444
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition						11,325
Non-credit discount at acquisition						5,797
Par value of acquired loans at acquisition						$	124,566

Note 6 - Premises and Equipment

Year end premises and equipment owned and utilized in the operations of the Company and the related depreciation and amortization expense were as follows:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Leasehold improvements						$	2,710					$	2,710
Furniture and equipment						4,973						4,926
Vehicle						54						54
Software						3,440						2,517
Construction in progress						1,292						33
Land						700						—
Building						6,320						—
						19,489						10,240
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization						(9,228)						(8,758)
Premises and equipment						10,261						1,482
Net lease asset						5,264						3,587
Premises and equipment, net						$	15,525					$	5,069
Depreciation and amortization expense						$	737					$	324

Note 7 - Leases

The Company’s primary leasing activities relate to certain real estate leases entered into in support of the Company’s branch operations and back office operations. The Company leases five of its full service branches and seven other locations for corporate/administration activities, operations, and loan production. All property leases under lease agreements have been designated as operating leases. The Company does not have leases designated as finance leases.

			107

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 7 - Leases (continued)

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are included in premises and equipment, and operating lease liabilities are included as other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The historical weighted average discount rate used was 5.08% at December 31, 2024 and 3.79% at December 31, 2023. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease pre-payments. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which the Company has elected to account for separately as the non-lease component amounts are readily determinable under most leases.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s net lease ROU assets and related lease liabilities were $5.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively, compared to December 31, 2023 balances of $3.6 million of ROU assets and $3.8 million of lease liabilities, and have remaining terms ranging from one to eight years, including extension options that the Company is reasonably certain will be exercised. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had not entered into any material leases that have not yet commenced. The Company’s lease information is summarized as follows:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Lease Right-of-Use Asset:
Lease asset						$	6,821					$	6,810
Less: Accumulated amortization						(1,557)						(3,223)
Net lease asset						$	5,264					$	3,587
Lease Liability:
Lease liability						$	7,154					$	6,892
Less: Accumulated amortization						(1,282)						(3,101)
Net lease liability						$	5,872					$	3,791

Future minimum payments for operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more are as follows at December 31, 2024:

(in thousands)						2024
Amounts due in:
2025						$	2,030
2026						1,933
2027						626
2028						449
2029						441
Thereafter						1,188
Total future lease payments						6,667
Discount of cash flows						(795)
Present value of net future lease payments						$	5,872

Operating lease and rent expense totaled $1.5 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The change in goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Balance at beginning of period						$	—					$	—
Acquired goodwill						21,126						—
Impairment						—						—
Balance at end of period						$	21,126					$	—

At December 31, 2024, the Company’s reporting units where goodwill was pushed down had positive equity and earnings. The Company has elected to perform a qualitative assessment annually as of October 1 to determine if it is more than likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was more than likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value, resulting in no impairment.

Acquired amortizing intangible assets were as follows at December 31:

						2024												2023
						Gross Carrying Amount						Accumulated Amortization						Gross Carrying Amount						Accumulated Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Customer list intangible						$	12,200					$	(188)					$	—					$	—
Trade name intangible						2,100						(40)						—						—
Core deposits intangible						1,779						(34)						—						—
Total amortized intangible assets						$	16,079					$	(262)					$	—					$	—

Goodwill represents the intangible value of IFH’s business and reputation within the markets it previously served and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The customer list intangible and trade name intangible will be amortized over its expected useful life of 17 years and 15 years, respectively, using the straight-line method. The core deposit intangible will be amortized over its expected useful life of 10 years using the sum-of-the-years-digits method.

Aggregate amortization expense was $262,000 and zero for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

At December 31, 2024, scheduled amortization of the intangible assets for each of the next five years is as follows:

(in thousands)
2025						$	1,046
2026						1,043
2027						1,038
2028						1,033
2029						1,026
Thereafter						10,631
Total						$	15,817

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 9 - Deposits

Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC Insurance Limit of $250,000 at year-end 2024 and 2023 were $250.8 million and $124.7 million.

Scheduled maturities of time deposits for the next five years were as follows:

(in thousands)
2025						$	726,992
2026						69,474
2027						56,100
2028						28,613
2029						735
Thereafter						20
Total						$	881,934

Note 10 - Borrowed Funds

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was indebted as follows:

						2024												2023
(dollars in thousands)						Balance						Interest						Balance						Interest
FHLB fixed rate advance due October 16, 2025						$	22,000					0.93		%				$	22,000					0.93		%
Junior subordinated debentures due June 15, 2036						$	2,062					6.49		%				$	2,062					7.52		%
Other subordinated notes due November 30, 2030						10,000						5.00						10,000						5.00
Bank Term Funding Program borrowings						—						—						15,000						4.84
Total - Other borrowed funds						$	12,062					5.25		%				$	27,062					5.10		%

The FHLB fixed rate advances accrue interest on a daily basis and are paid semi-annually.

Junior subordinated debentures

In June 2006, the Company formed Capital Bancorp (MD) Statutory Trust I (the “Trust”) and on June 15, 2006, the Trust issued 2,000 floating rate capital securities (the “Capital Securities”) with an aggregate liquidation value of $2.0 million to a third party in a private placement. Concurrent with the issuance of the Capital Securities, the Trust issued trust common securities to the Company in the aggregate liquidation value of $62 thousand.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 10 - Borrowed Funds (continued)

The proceeds of the issuance of the Capital Securities and trust common securities were invested in the Company’s Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (the “Floating Rate Debentures”). The Floating Rate Debentures for the Trust will mature on June 15, 2036, which may be shortened if certain conditions are met (including the Company having received prior approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and any other required regulatory approvals). These Floating Rate Debentures, which are the only assets of the Trust, are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness (as defined in the Indenture dated June 15, 2006) of the Company. The Floating Rate Debentures for the Trust accrue interest at a floating rate equal to the three-month CME Term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.26161% (or 26.161 basis points) plus 187 basis points, payable quarterly. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the rate for the Trust was 6.49% and 7.52%, respectively. The quarterly distributions on the Capital Securities will be paid at the same rate that interest is paid on the Floating Rate Debentures.

The Company has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Trust’s obligation under the Capital Securities. The Trust must redeem the Capital Securities when the Floating Rate Debentures are paid at maturity or upon any earlier prepayment of the Floating Rate Debentures. The Floating Rate Debentures may be prepaid if certain events occur, including a change in the tax status or regulatory capital treatment of the Capital Securities, or a change in existing laws that requires the Trust to register as an investment company.

The junior subordinated debentures are treated as Tier 1 capital by the Company, to a limited extent, by the Federal Reserve.

Other subordinated notes

On November 30, 2020, the Company issued $10.0 million of subordinated notes (the “Notes”). The Notes mature on November 30, 2030 and are redeemable in whole or part on November 30, 2025. The Notes bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 5.00% for the first five years, then adjust quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate, which is expected to be the three-month SOFR, plus 490 basis points. There were related debt issuance costs incurred totaling $50,000 which were fully expensed at the time of issuance. The Company used the proceeds from the Notes to redeem the outstanding $13.5 million, 6.95% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes issued in November 2015 and called on December 1, 2020.

Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Funding Program

On March 12, 2023, in response to liquidity concerns in the banking system, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of Treasury, collaboratively approved certain actions with a stated intention to reduce stress across the financial system, support financial stability and minimize any impact on business, households, taxpayers, and the broader economy. Among other actions, the Federal Reserve Board created the BTFP to make additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help assure institutions can meet the needs of their depositors. During the first quarter of 2023, we established a line of credit under the BTFP. As of March 31, 2024, participation in the BTFP had concluded and the Company had no outstanding balances under the BTFP at December 31, 2024.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 10 - Borrowed Funds (continued)

Available lines of credit

The Company has available lines of credit of $76.0 million with other correspondent banks. There were no outstanding line of credit balances at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The Company may borrow up to 25% of its assets from the FHLB, based on collateral available to pledge to secure the borrowings. Borrowings from the FHLB are secured by a portion of the Company’s loan and/or investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had pledged loans providing borrowing capacity of $507.5 million and $313.5 million, respectively. The Company did not have any pledged investment securities to the FHLB at December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had available borrowing capacity, net of advances and amounts pledged for letters of credit, from the FHLB of $485.5 million and $291.5 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had pledged commercial loans to the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond to secure a borrowing capacity totaling $20.6 million and $16.6 million, respectively, under its discount window program. Further, the Company had pledged available-for-sale securities to the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond to secure an additional borrowing capacity of $89.6 million at December 31, 2024 as compared to a borrowing capacity of $155.7 million under the BTFP as previously mentioned at December 31, 2023.

The Company limits its certificate of deposit funding through financial networks to 15% of the Bank’s assets, or approximately $471.3 million and $326.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had $333.0 million outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and $142.4 million outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

Note 11 - Retirement Plans

The Company provides a defined contribution plan qualifying under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code to eligible employees. The Company contributes 3% of eligible compensation on behalf of all full‑time employees up to limits prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code. The Company’s contribution to the plan was $1.1 million in 2024 and $1.0 million in 2023.

The Bank adopted a Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) for executive management members in 2021. The LTIP is in the form of a nonqualified deferred compensation plan and complies with Internal Revenue Code Section 409A as well as related guidance and regulations. The LTIP was introduced in order to align long-term interests of the Bank with the Bank’s key executive management members. Under the LTIP, the CEO is eligible to earn an annual contribution of 20% of salary for achieving targeted performance levels while other executive management members are eligible to earn an annual contribution of 15% of salary for achieving targeted performance levels. The Compensation Committee may award more for overachievement of the targets, and all targets are set for participants at the beginning of a fiscal year. All participants are subject to the following vesting schedule for any earnings (or losses) on the investment of the contribution: 100% vesting following completion of either (i) ten years of service by the applicable executive from the later of the effective date of the LTIP or the executive’s hire date or (ii) ten years of continuous, full-time employment with the Bank by the applicable executive (to include continuous employment prior to the effective date of the LTIP) and retirement, which is defined in the LTIP as the later of a participant’s separation from service or the executive attaining 67 years of age. In the event of a change in control, the LTIP will accelerate vesting. Any executive not fulfilling either vesting requirement will forfeit any employer contributions.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 12 - Related-Party Transactions

Certain executive officers and directors of the Company and Bank, and companies with which they are affiliated, are clients of and have banking transactions with the Company in the ordinary course of business. These transactions are conducted on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with persons not related to the Company.

Activity in related-party loans during 2024 and 2023 is shown below:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Balance at beginning of year						$	32,074					$	36,305
Add: New loans						—						—
Less: Amounts collected						(3,431)						(4,231)
Balance at end of year						$	28,643					$	32,074

Deposits from officers and directors and their related interests were $92.0 million at December 31, 2024, and $81.3 million at December 31, 2023.

A director of the Company owns an interest in an entity from which the Company leases space for one of its Rockville, Maryland locations. Payments made in accordance with the lease were $84 thousand and $85 thousand in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Company directors, or their related interests, held $2.5 million of the subordinated notes outstanding as of December 31, 2024. These notes hold a fixed rate of interest until November 30, 2025, after which it converts to variable rate.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 13 - Income Taxes

Income tax expense was as follows:

						For the Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Current expense
Federal						$	10,472					$	8,192
State						2,202						2,020
Total current expense						12,674						10,212
Deferred tax expense (benefit)						(1,814)						142
Total income tax expense						$	10,860					$	10,354

The components of the net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were:

(in thousands)						2024						2023
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses						$	11,928					$	7,230
Reserve for recourse on mortgage loans sold						553						242
Stock-based compensation						793						309
Long-term incentive program						497						372
Write-down of equity investments						1,054						—
Unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale						3,789						4,253
Lease liability, net of right of use asset						149						45
Purchase accounting adjustments - loans and deposits						4,137						—
Other reserves						904						16
Deferred tax asset before valuation allowance						23,804						12,467
Valuation allowance						1,054						—
Deferred tax asset						22,750						12,467
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accumulated depreciation						249						214
Intangible assets						2,405						—
Mortgage and other servicing rights						1,347						—
Purchase accounting adjustments - fixed assets						1,717						—
Other						362						1
Deferred tax liability						6,080						215
Net deferred tax asset						$	16,670					$	12,252

Based on the Company’s history of prior earnings and its expectations of the future, it is anticipated that operating income and the reversal pattern of its temporary differences will, more likely than not, be sufficient to realize a net deferred tax asset of $16.7 million at December 31, 2024 from continuing operations. The Company reduces the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance, if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. At December 31, 2024 a valuation allowance of $1.1 million was established for a deferred tax asset arising from the write-down of a legacy IFH equity investment for which realizability is uncertain. At December 31, 2023, no valuation allowance was recognized.

The Company’s net deferred tax asset of $16.7 million at December 31, 2024 increased $4.4 million, compared to $12.3 million at December 31, 2024. The variance in net deferred tax asset year over year included the allowance for credit losses of $4.7 million and was also augmented in part by the IFH acquisition, including net purchase accounting adjustments of $2.4 million, intangible assets of $2.4 million, mortgage and other servicing rights of $1.3 million and a write-down on an equity investment of $1.1 million for which a valuation allowance of $1.1 million was established.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 13 - Income Taxes (continued)

The differences between the federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate for the Company are reconciled as follows:

						2024						2023
Statutory federal income tax rate						21.00		%				21.00		%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit						3.63						3.13
Valuation allowance on deferred tax asset						1.32						—
Nondeductible merger expenses						0.64						—
Stock-based compensation expense						0.56						(0.05)
Bank-owned life insurance						(0.74)						(0.54)
Tax credits, net of amortization						(0.26)						—
Tax-exempt interest and dividend income						(0.01)						0.01
Other, net						(0.18)						(1.15)
Effective Tax Rate						25.96		%				22.40		%

The Company’s effective tax rate of 25.96% for 2024 increased 3.56%, compared to 22.40% for 2023. The change in effective tax rate was due, in part, to the write-down of a legacy IFH equity investment which resulted in a deferred tax asset with an offsetting valuation allowance, certain nondeductible merger related expenses and stock-based compensation expense. Offsetting this includes tax credits, net of amortization, arising from the Company’s 2024 investment in low income housing tax credits reduced the effective tax rate in 2024.The Company does not have material uncertain tax positions and did not recognize any adjustments for unrecognized tax benefits. The Company remains subject to examination of income tax returns for the years ending after December 31, 2020.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 14 - Regulatory Capital Matters

The Company and Bank are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. The net unrealized gain or loss on available-for-sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes as of December 31, 2024, that the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If not adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At year-end 2024 and 2023, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institution’s category.

At December 31, 2024 the Company reached the $3 billion asset level and is subject to separate minimum capital measurements. The Company exceeded the minimum capital measurements and remains “well-capitalized.”

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented below at year-end.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 14 - Regulatory Capital Matters (continued)

Regulatory Capital
						Actual												Minimum Capital Adequacy												To Be Well Capitalized
(dollars in thousands)						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio
December 31, 2024
The Company
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	346,840					11.07		%				$	125,348					4.00		%				$	156,685					5.00		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						346,840						13.83		%				150,512						6.00		%				200,683						8.00		%
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						344,778						13.74		%				112,884						4.50		%				163,055						6.50		%
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						388,425						15.48		%				200,683						8.00		%				250,853						10.00		%
The Bank
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	283,828					9.17		%				$	123,818					4.00		%				$	154,772					5.00		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						281,563						11.54		%				146,451						6.00		%				195,268						8.00		%
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						281,563						11.54		%				109,838						4.50		%				158,655						6.50		%
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						312,304						12.79		%				195,268						8.00		%				244,085						10.00		%
December 31, 2023
The Company
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	270,019					12.14		%				$	89,004					4.00		%				N/A						N/A
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						270,019						15.55		%				104,175						6.00		%				N/A						N/A
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						267,957						15.43		%				78,132						4.50		%				N/A						N/A
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						301,817						17.38		%				138,900						8.00		%				N/A						N/A
The Bank
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to average assets)						$	228,794					10.51		%				$	87,068					4.00		%				$	108,835					5.00		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)						228,794						13.56		%				101,251						6.00		%				135,001						8.00		%
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						228,794						13.56		%				75,938						4.50		%				109,688						6.50		%
Total capital ratio (to risk-weighted assets)						249,984						14.81		%				135,001						8.00		%				168,751						10.00		%

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 15 - Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation cost is recognized for stock options and restricted stock awards issued to employees. Compensation cost is measured as the fair value of these awards on their date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used as the fair value of restricted stock awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period for stock option awards and as the restriction period for restricted stock awards. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

The expense recognition of employee stock option and restricted stock awards resulted in net expense of approximately $2.1 million and $1.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock options:

The Company currently has two incentive compensation plans with outstanding stock options, the 2002 Stock Option Plan and the Amended and Restated 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”). Only the Plan, which authorizes the use of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and/or restricted stock, is available to grant options and shares to employees and directors. At inception, the Plan allowed for up to 1,120,000 shares of common stock to be issued. In 2021, an additional 900,000 shares were authorized for a total of 2,020,000. As of December 31, 2024, there are 446,794 shares available for future grant. Shares of common stock related to any unexercised or unvested award granted under the Plan that terminate or expire, or are subsequently forfeited or cancelled for any reason, become available for re-grant under the Plan. Option prices are equal to or greater than the estimated fair value of the common stock at the date of grant. Options outstanding vest over a four-year period, whereby 25% of the options become exercisable on each anniversary of the grant date.

Information with respect to options outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

						2024												2023
						Shares						Weighted Average Exercise Price						Shares						Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year						550,718						$	19.21					811,160						$	15.37
Add: Granted						358,847						20.97						168,819						23.34
Less: Exercised						(150,247)						14.97						(228,405)						11.96
Less: Retired on exercise						(89,352)						14.59						(124,939)						12.29
Less: Expired/cancelled/forfeited						(55,606)						23.22						(75,917)						20.49
Outstanding at end of year						614,360						$	21.02					550,718						$	19.21
Exercisable at end of year						287,136						$	18.52					295,450						$	16.69

The weighted average fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $8.70 and $10.81, respectively.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 15 - Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

A summary of information about stock options outstanding is as follows:

						Exercise Price Range						Weighted Average Exercise Price						Average Remaining Life (years)						Outstanding Shares						Exercisable Shares
December 31, 2024
						$8.77 - 13.18						$	8.77					0.39						4,036						4,036
						13.19 - 17.59						14.21						0.63						180,744						161,658
						17.60 - 22.00						18.85						3.31						42,883						14,415
						22.01 - 26.41						24.57						3.16						386,697						107,027
Total outstanding options												$	21.02					2.41						614,360						287,136
Intrinsic value on December 31, 2024																								$	2,390,720					$	2,131,880
December 31, 2023
						$10.70 - 14.63						$	14.18					1.52						267,527						221,460
						14.64 - 18.56						15.27						1.57						24,000						15,000
						18.57 - 22.49						20.15						3.98						3,250						1,250
						22.50 - 26.41						24.82						3.56						255,941						57,740
Total outstanding options												$	19.21					2.48						550,718						295,450
Intrinsic value on December 31, 2023																								$	2,999,807					$	2,346,106

The aggregate intrinsic value as presented in the preceding tables is the difference between the estimated fair value of the stock as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the exercise price of the option multiplied by the number of options outstanding. Stock options with exercise prices greater than the estimated fair value of the stock are not included in this calculation.

Total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options to be recognized over the next five years was $1.6 million and $1.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $1.8 million and $1.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The weighted average fair value of options granted during 2024 and 2023 were estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

						2024						2023
Dividend yield						1.33%						1.04%
Risk free interest rate						4.02%						4.52%
Expected volatility						50.80%						54.64%
Expected life in years						5						5

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 15 - Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

Restricted stock:

The Company from time-to-time also grants shares of restricted stock to key employees. These awards help align the interests of these employees with the interests of the stockholders of the Company by providing economic value directly related to increases in the value of the Company’s stock. These awards typically hold service requirements over various vesting periods. The value of the stock awarded is established as the fair market value of the stock at the time of the grant. The Company recognizes expense, equal to the total value of such awards, ratably over the vesting period of the stock grants.

All restricted stock agreements are conditioned upon continued employment. Termination of employment prior to a vesting date, as described below, would terminate any interest in non-vested shares. All restricted shares will fully vest in the event of change in control of the Company.

Nonvested restricted stock for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is summarized in the following table.

						2024												2023
						Shares						Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value						Shares						Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year						28,176						$	21.66					39,669						$	17.45
Add: Granted						37,311						23.94						10,714						25.77
Less: Vested						(11,829)						18.32						(13,652)						15.92
Less: Retired on vesting						(5,375)						18.12						(8,555)						16.46
Less: Forfeited						(1,333)						17.90						—						—
Nonvested at end of year						46,950						$	24.83					28,176						$	21.66

The vesting schedule of restricted shares as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

Year						Shares
2025						34,574
2026						7,639
2027						4,737
						46,950

There was $570 thousand and $78 thousand of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 16 - Parent Company Financial Information

The balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and statements of income and cash flows for the years then ended, for Capital Bancorp, Inc. (Parent only) are presented below.

Parent Company Only Balance Sheets
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents						$	5,358					$	3,499
Investment in Bank						292,185						215,698
Investment in Church Street Capital						7,357						6,574
Investment in Windsor						5,939						—
Investment in Trust						62						62
Loans receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $475 and $416 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively						41,693						41,310
Accrued interest receivable						92						370
Goodwill						3,521						—
Intangible assets						14,072						—
Deferred income taxes						(3,081)						165
Other assets						336						21
Total assets						$	367,534					$	267,699
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Borrowed funds						$	12,062					$	12,062
Accrued interest payable						49						299
Other liabilities						284						478
Total liabilities						12,395						12,839
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock						167						139
Additional paid-in capital						128,598						54,473
Retained earnings						237,843						213,345
Accumulated other comprehensive loss						(11,469)						(13,097)
Total stockholders’ equity						355,139						254,860
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity						$	367,534					$	267,699

Parent Company Only Statements of Income
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Interest and dividend income						$	2,415					$	2,646
Dividend from Bank						19,500						6,500
Total interest and dividend revenue						21,915						9,146
Interest expense						656						649
Net interest income						21,259						8,497
Provision for credit losses						59						88
Net interest income after provision for credit losses						21,200						8,409
Noninterest income						(2,615)						4
Noninterest expenses						1,119						629
Income before income taxes						17,466						7,784
Income tax expense						152						304
Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries						17,314						7,480
Undistributed net income of subsidiaries						13,658						28,391
Net income						$	30,972					$	35,871

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 16 - Parent Company Financial Information (continued)

Parent Company Only Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)			2024						2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net Income			$	30,972					$	35,871
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses			59						88
Undistributed net income of subsidiaries			(13,658)						(28,391)
Stock-based compensation expense			1,895						1,757
Director and employee compensation paid in Company stock			517						547
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)			4						(65)
Amortization of intangible assets			228						—
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable			278						(82)
Other assets			(25)						24
Accrued interest payable			(250)						251
Other liabilities			(194)						597
Net cash provided by operating activities			19,826						10,597
Cash flows from investing activities
Net decrease (increase) in portfolio loans receivable			(442)						5,314
Capital contributions to subsidiaries			(5,512)						(1,729)
Cash paid from acquisitions, net			(6,416)						—
Net cash (used) provided by investing activities			(12,370)						3,585
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid			(5,275)						(3,920)
Repurchase of common stock			(1,399)						(8,826)
Net proceeds from exercise of stock options			1,077						1,791
Net cash used by financing activities			(5,597)						(10,955)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents			1,859						3,227
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year			3,499						272
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year			$	5,358					$	3,499

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 17 - Fair Value

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date. This includes certain U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government and government agency securities actively traded in over-the-counter markets.

Level 2 - Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 - Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value on a recurring basis:

Investment securities available-for-sale - The fair values for investment securities available-for-sale are provided by an independent pricing service and are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2), using matrix pricing. Matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique commonly used to price debt securities that are not actively traded, values debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

Loans held for sale - The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan (Level 2).

Loan servicing assets - The fair values of loan servicing assets are determined at a tranche level, based on market prices for comparable servicing contracts (Level 2), when available, or alternatively based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model utilizes interest rate, prepayment speed, and default rate assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income and that can be validated against available market data (Level 2).

Derivative financial instruments - The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2). Our derivatives are traded in an over-the-counter market where quoted market prices are not always available. Therefore, the fair values of derivatives are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs. The inputs will vary based on the type of derivative, but could include interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, prepayment rates, and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 17 - Fair Value (continued)

The Company has categorized its financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 as follows:

						Fair Value Measurements Using:
(in thousands)						Total						Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)						Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)						Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2024
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries						$	126,835					$	126,835					$	—					$	—
Municipal						9,283						—						9,283						—
Corporate						4,711						—						4,711						—
Asset-backed securities						5,526						—						5,526						—
Mortgage-backed securities						77,275						—						77,275						—
Total						$	223,630					$	126,835					$	96,795					$	—
Loans held for sale						$	21,270					$	—					$	21,270					$	—
Loan servicing assets						$	5,511					$	—					$	5,511					$	—
December 31, 2023
Investment securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries						$	149,228					$	149,228					$	—					$	—
Municipal						9,372						—						9,372						—
Corporate						4,413						—						4,413						—
Asset-backed securities						7,045						—						7,045						—
Mortgage-backed securities						38,271						—						38,271						—
Total						$	208,329					$	149,228					$	59,101					$	—
Loans held for sale						$	7,481					$	—					$	7,481					$	—
Loan servicing assets						$	—					$	—

Financial instruments recorded using FASB ASC 825-10

Under FASB ASC 825-10, the Company may elect to report most financial instruments and certain other items at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis with changes in fair value reported in net income. After the initial adoption, the election is made at the acquisition of an eligible financial asset, financial liability or firm commitment or when certain specified reconsideration events occur. The fair value election, with respect to an item, may not be revoked once an election is made.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 17 - Fair Value (continued)

The following table reflects the difference between the fair value carrying amount of loans held for sale, measured at fair value under FASB ASC 825-10, and the aggregate unpaid principal amount the Company is contractually entitled to receive at maturity:

Fair Value of Loans Held for Sale
(in thousands)						December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
Aggregate fair value						$	21,270					$	7,481
Contractual principal						16,721						5,168
Difference						$	4,549					$	2,313

The Company has elected to account for loans held for sale at fair value to eliminate the mismatch that would occur by recording changes in market value on derivative instruments used to hedge loans held for sale while carrying the loans at the lower of cost or market. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no held for sale loans which were classified as nonaccrual.

Fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis

Individually evaluated loans - The Company has measured expected credit losses based on the fair value of the loan's collateral and discounted cash flow analysis, where appropriate. Fair value of the collateral is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair values consist of loan balances of $34.9 million and $16.0 million, with specific reserves of $9.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Foreclosed real estate - The Company's foreclosed real estate is measured at fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is determined based on offers and/or appraisals. Cost to sell the real estate is based on standard market factors. The Company categorizes its foreclosed real estate as Level 3. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was no foreclosed real estate held by the Company.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 17 - Fair Value (continued)

The Company has categorized its financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 as follows:

Fair Value of Individually Evaluated Loans
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Individually evaluated loans for credit loss, net
Level 3 Inputs						25,521						15,620
Total						$	25,521					$	15,620

The following table provides information describing the unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Inputs

General Range of Inputs

2024

Individually evaluated loans

Appraised Value/Discounted Cash Flows

Discounts to appraisals or cash flows for estimated holding and/or selling costs

0 - 30%

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Inputs

General Range of Inputs

2023

Individually evaluated loans

Appraised Value/Discounted Cash Flows

Discounts to appraisals or cash flows for estimated holding and/or selling costs

0 - 30%

Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practical to estimate the value is based upon the characteristics of the instruments and relevant market information. Financial instruments include cash, evidence of ownership in an entity, or contracts that convey or impose on an entity the contractual right or obligation to either receive or deliver cash for another financial instrument.

The information used to determine fair value is highly subjective in nature and, therefore, the results are imprecise. Subjective factors include, among other things, estimates of cash flows, risk characteristics, credit quality, and interest rates, all of which are subject to change. Since the fair value is estimated as of the balance sheet date, the amounts that will actually be realized or paid upon settlement or maturity on these various instruments could be significantly different.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 17 - Fair Value (continued)

As of December 31, 2024, the techniques used by the Company to estimate the exit price of the loan portfolio consists of similar procedures to those used as of December 31, 2023. The fair value of the Company’s loan portfolio includes a credit risk assumption in the determination of the fair value of its loans. This credit risk assumption is intended to approximate the fair value that a market participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction. The Company’s loan portfolio is initially fair valued using a segmented approach. The Company divides its loan portfolio into the following categories: variable rate loans, individually analyzed loans, and all other loans. The results are then adjusted to account for credit risk as described above and a further credit risk discount is applied through the use of a discounted cash flow model to compensate for illiquidity risk, based on certain assumptions included within the discounted cash flow model, primarily the use of discount rates that better capture inherent credit risk over the lifetime of a loan.

For variable-rate loans that reprice frequently and have no significant change in credit risk, fair values approximate carrying values. Fair values for individually evaluated loans are estimated using discounted cash flow models or based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents and investments in restricted stocks is the carrying amount. Restricted investments includes equity of the Federal Reserve and other banker’s banks.

The fair value of noninterest-bearing deposits and securities sold under agreements to repurchase is the carrying amount.

The fair value of checking, savings, and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Fair value of fixed maturity term accounts and individual retirement accounts is estimated using rates currently offered for accounts of similar remaining maturities.

The fair value of certificates of deposit in other financial institutions is estimated based on interest rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

The fair value of borrowings is estimated by discounting the value of contractual cash flows using current market rates for borrowings with similar terms and remaining maturities.

The fair value of outstanding loan commitments, unused lines of credit, and letters of credit are not included in the table since the carrying value generally approximates fair value. These instruments generate fees that approximate those currently charged to originate similar commitments.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 17 - Fair Value (continued)

The table below presents the carrying amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments.

Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
			December 31, 2024												December 31, 2023
(in thousands)			Carrying Amount						Fair Value						Carrying Amount						Fair Value
Financial assets
Level 1
Cash and due from banks			$	25,433					$	25,433					$	14,513					$	14,513
Interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions			179,841						179,841						39,044						39,044
Federal funds sold			58						58						407						407
Level 2
Accrued interest receivable			$	16,664					$	16,664					$	11,494					$	11,494
Level 3
Portfolio loans receivable, net			$	2,581,511					$	2,499,578					$	1,874,678					$	1,855,158
Restricted investments			4,479						4,479						4,353						4,353
Financial liabilities
Level 1
Noninterest-bearing deposits			$	810,928					$	810,928					$	617,373					$	617,373
Level 2
Accrued interest payable			$	9,393					$	9,393					$	5,583					$	5,583
Level 3
Interest-bearing deposits			$	1,951,011					$	1,960,728					$	1,278,623					$	1,280,682
FHLB advances and other borrowed funds			34,062						32,372						49,062						46,634

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 18 - Segments

The Company’s reportable segments represent business units with discrete financial performance and information whose results are regularly reviewed by management. The five segments include Commercial Banking, Capital Bank Home Loans (the Company’s mortgage loan division), OpenSky™ (the Company’s credit card division), Windsor Advantage (the Company’s government loan servicing division), and the Corporate Office.

The Company’s reportable segments are determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is the designated chief operating decision maker, based upon organizational design, leadership structure and the Company’s products and services offered. The Company’s reportable segments are also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar.

The chief operating decision maker evaluates the financial performance of the Company’s business components by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and variance to the annual financial plan to assess the performance of the Company’s segments and in the determination of allocating resources and investments.

The chief operating decision maker uses revenue streams and other relevant market data to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess segment performance. Segment pretax income or loss, return on assets and the efficiency ratio is used to assess the performance of the commercial bank segment by monitoring the margin between interest income and interest expense. Segment pretax income or loss is used to assess the performance of the CBHL segment by monitoring the mortgage banking revenue from loan originations and sales. Segment pretax income or loss is used to assess the performance of the OpenSky™ segment by monitoring credit card interest income, interchange fees, and other fees. Segment pretax income or loss is used to assess the performance of the Windsor Advantage segment by monitoring the service charge revenues from Windsor customers.

Loans, investments, and deposits and fees provide the revenues in the commercial bank, loan sales provide the revenues in CBHL, credit card loan interest and fees provide the revenues in OpenSky™, and service charges and ancillary fees provide the revenues in Windsor Advantage. Interest expense, provisions for credit losses and personnel provide the significant expenses in the commercial bank, cost of loan sales and personnel provide the significant expenses in CBHL, data processing and personnel provide the significant expenses in OpenSky™, and personnel provide the significant expenses in Windsor Advantage.

Segment pretax income or loss is used to assess the performance of the Corporate segment by monitoring net interest income generated by revenue-producing assets from idle cash. The Corporate segment includes non-recurring expenses, merger-related expenses, and operational expenses related to the Bank Holding Company. All operations are domestic.

Effective January 1, 2024, the Company allocated certain expenses previously recorded directly to the Commercial Bank segment to the other segments. These expenses are for shared services also consumed by OpenSky™, CBHL, Windsor Advantage and Corporate. The Company performs an allocation process based on several metrics the Company believes more accurately ascribe shared service overhead to each segment. The Company believes this reflects the cost of support for each segment that should be considered in assessing segment performance. Historical information has been recast to reflect financial information consistently with the 2024 presentation.

Accounting policies for segments are the same as those described in Note 1. Segment performance is evaluated using income (loss) before taxes. Indirect expenses are allocated on revenue. Transactions among segments are made at fair value. The following schedule reported internally for performance assessment by the chief operating decision maker presents financial information for each reportable segment at and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 18 - Segments (continued)

For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
(in thousands)						Commercial Bank						CBHL						OpenSky™						Windsor Advantage						Corporate(2)						Eliminations						Consolidated
Interest income						$	147,464					$	568					$	61,785					$	—					$	3,646					$	(162)					$	213,301
Interest expense						57,536						363						—						—						818						(162)						58,555
Net interest income						89,928						205						61,785												2,828						—						154,746
Provision for credit losses						10,331						—						7,329						—						60						—						17,720
Provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments						385						—						—						—						—						—						385
Net interest income after provision						79,212						205						54,456												2,768						—						136,641
Noninterest income						6,654						6,684						16,122						4,566						(2,616)						—						31,410
Noninterest expense(1)						53,429						9,377						53,245						2,670						7,498						—						126,219
Net income (loss) before taxes						$	32,437					$	(2,488)					$	17,333					$	1,896					$	(7,346)					$	—					$	41,832
Total assets(3)						$	2,994,356					$	21,691					$	125,913					$	25,515					$	359,337					$	(319,901)					$	3,206,911
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
(in thousands)						Commercial Bank						CBHL						OpenSky™						Windsor Advantage						Corporate(2)						Eliminations						Consolidated
Interest income						$	116,408					$	382					$	62,476					$	—					$	4,238					$	(298)					$	183,206
Interest expense						40,896						135						—						—						947						(298)						41,680
Net interest income						75,512						247						62,476						—						3,291						—						141,526
Provision for credit losses						1,540						—						7,948						—						122						—						9,610
Release of credit losses on unfunded commitments						(101)						—						—						—						—						—						(101)
Net interest income after provision						74,073						247						54,528						—						3,169						—						132,017
Noninterest income						2,737						4,909						17,325						—						4						—						24,975
Noninterest expense(1)						48,347						8,155						52,752						—						1,513						—						110,767
Net income (loss) before taxes						$	28,463					$	(2,999)					$	19,101					$	—					$	1,660					$	—					$	46,225
Total assets						$	2,051,945					$	8,589					$	117,477					$	—					$	277,565					$	(229,400)					$	2,226,176

_______________

(1)Noninterest expense includes $24.9 million and $23.7 million in data processing expense in OpenSky’s™ segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)The Corporate segment invests idle cash in revenue-producing assets including interest-bearing cash accounts, loan participations and other appropriate investments for the Company.

(3)Total assets includes goodwill and intangible assets of $19.3 million at the Commercial Bank and $17.6 million within Windsor Advantage.

(4)Commercial Bank’s return on assets of 1.08% and 1.39% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is calculated by dividing net income before taxes by total assets.

(5)Commercial Bank’s efficiency ratio of 55.3% and 61.8% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is calculated by dividing noninterest expense by total revenue (net interest income plus noninterest income).

(6)CBHL’s mortgage banking revenue from loans sales, included within noninterest income, totaled $6.1 million and $4.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(7)OpenSky’s™ credit card interchange fees and other fees, included within noninterest income, totaled $16.0 million and $17.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(8)Windsor Advantage’s service charge revenues from Windsor customers, included within noninterest income, totaled $4.6 million, including $0.6 million of Capital Bank related servicing fees, for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(9)Personnel expense for Commercial Bank, CBHL, OpenSky™ and Windsor Advantage, included within noninterest expense, totaled $44.5 million, $4.2 million, $6.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024

(10)Personnel expense for Commercial Bank, CBHL and OpenSky™, included within noninterest expense, totaled $40.0 million, $3.6 million and $5.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(11)CBHL’s cost of loan sales, or non-personnel noninterest expense, totaled $5.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Capital Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2024 and 2023

Note 19 - Litigation

In accordance with the current accounting standards for loss contingencies, the Company establishes reserves for litigation-related matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities when it is probable or reasonably possible that a loss associated with a claim or proceeding has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Litigation claims and proceedings of all types are subject to many uncertain factors that generally cannot be predicted with assurance. In addition, the Company's defense of litigation claims may result in legal fees, which it expenses as incurred. None of the amounts the Company currently has recorded individually or in the aggregate are considered to be material to our financial condition as of December 31, 2024.

Note 20 - Subsequent Events

In January 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a $0.10 per share dividend, payable on February 26, 2025 to shareholders of record on February 10, 2025. Management has reviewed all events through the date the audited consolidated financial statements were filed with the SEC and concluded that no other events required accrual or disclosure.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this report. This evaluation did not include an assessment of those disclosure controls and procedures that are involved in, and did not include an assessment of, internal control over financial reporting as it relates to IFH. Based upon that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Except as described in the following paragraph, there were no significant changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Report by Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an effective system of internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). The Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of human error and circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even an effective system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has assessed the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. This assessment was based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting based on those criteria.

Under guidelines established by the SEC, companies are allowed to exclude an acquired business from management's report on internal control over financial reporting for the first year subsequent to the acquisition while integrating the acquired operations. However, business combination and entity level controls are not covered by the exemption. The Company acquired IFH effective October 1, 2024. Accordingly, management excluded IFH from its assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Business combination and entity level controls were assessed. Total assets and net interest income and noninterest income of IFH represent approximately 14.6% and 6.8%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Elliott Davis, PLLC, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. Their report is included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2024 to which this report relates that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting other than the IFH acquisition effective October 1, 2024 that has been previously described. During the first quarter of 2025, management put into place or enhanced to improve the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over the evidence of review of Day 1 accounting for acquisitions. These include evidence of review controls over management’s Purchase Accounting Workbook, calculation of goodwill, and the Day 1 PCD reserve.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, no officer or director of the Company adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company’s common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1(c), or adopted or terminated any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement as defined in 17 CFR § 229.408(c).

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item with respect to our directors and certain corporate governance practices is contained in our Proxy Statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Such information is incorporated herein by reference.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors and employees. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website at www.capitalbankmd.com under the “Investor Relations” tab.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Information relating to securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans is included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.”

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)

(1) The following financial statements are incorporated by reference from Item 8 hereof:

    Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. PCAOB ID (149)

    Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

    Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

    Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

    Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2) All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the SEC are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or related notes thereto.

(b) The following exhibits are filed with or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and this list includes the Exhibit Index.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number						Description
2.1						Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated March 27, 2024, by and between the Company and Integrated Financial Holdings Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2024)
3.1						Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 23, 2023)`
3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 23, 2023)
4.1						Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form S-1/A filed on September 17, 2018)
4.2						Description of Registrant’s Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed March 16, 2020)
4.3						Long-term borrowing instruments are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Company undertakes to furnish copies of such instruments to the SEC upon request.
10.1						Capital Bancorp, Inc. Amended and Restated 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 17, 2023)
10.2						Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Capital Bancorp, Inc. 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form S-1/A filed on September 17, 2018)
10.3						Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement under the Capital Bancorp, Inc. 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form S-1/A filed on September 17, 2018)
10.4						Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under the Capital Bancorp, Inc. 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Form S-1/A filed on September 17, 2018)
10.5						Form of Amended and Restated 2017 Stock and Incentive Plan Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement for Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2024)
10.6						Form of Amended and Restated 2017 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2024)
10.7						Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2022 between Capital Bank, N.A. and Scot R. Browning (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 6. 2022)
10.8						Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated April 13, 2023, between Capital Bank, N.A. and Scot R. Browning (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2024)
10.9						Employment Contract, dated April 30, 2018, by and among Capital Bank, N.A. and Karl F. Dicker (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020, filed on May 11, 2020)
10.10						Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan dated January 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2024)
10.11						Employment Agreement, effective June 29, 2022 between Capital Bank, N.A. and Edward F. Barry (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2022)
10.12						Employment Agreement, effective October 11, 2022 between Capital Bank, N.A. and Steven Poynot (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 11, 2022)
10.13						Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated April 13, 2023, between Capital Bank, N.A. and Steven Poynot (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2024)
10.14						Employment Agreement, dated July 15, 2024, between Capital Bank, N.A. and Dominic Canuso (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2024)
10.15						Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of September 17, 2024, by and between Michael Breckheimer and Windsor Advantage, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2024)
19.1						Insider Trading Policy
21.0						Subsidiaries of Capital Bancorp, Inc. (reference is made to “Item 1. Business” for the required information)
23.1						Consent of Elliott Davis, PLLC
31.1						Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Principal Executive Officer
31.2						Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Principal Financial Officer
32.1						Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer
97.1						Compensation Recovery Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2024)

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101						The following materials from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Capital Bancorp, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2024, formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

			CAPITAL BANCORP, INC.
Date: March 17, 2025			By: /s/ Edward F. Barry
			Name: Edward F. Barry
			Title: Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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Signature

Title

Date

By:

/s/ Edward F. Barry

Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

March 17, 2025

Edward F. Barry

By:

/s/ Dominic Canuso

Executive Vice President Chief Financial Officer

March 17, 2025

Dominic Canuso

(Principal Financial Officer)

By:

/s/ Jerome R. Bailey

Director

March 17, 2025

Jerome R. Bailey

By:

/s/ Joshua Bernstein

Director

March 17, 2025

Joshua Bernstein

By:

/s/ C. Scott Brannan

Director

March 17, 2025

C. Scott Brannan

By:

/s/ Scot. R. Browning

Director

March 17, 2025

Scot R. Browning

By:

/s/ Fred J. Lewis

Director

March 17, 2025

Fred J. Lewis

By:

/s/ Randall J. Levitt

Director

March 17, 2025

Randall J. Levitt

By:

/s/ Marc McConnell

Director

March 17, 2025

Marc McConnell

By:

/s/ Mary Ann Scully

Director

March 17, 2025

Mary Ann Scully

By:

/s/ Deborah Ratner Salzberg

Director

March 17, 2025

Deborah Ratner Salzberg

By:

/s/ Steven J. Schwartz

Chairman of the Board of Directors

March 17, 2025

Steven J. Schwartz

By:

/s/ James F. Whalen

Director

March 17, 2025

James F. Whalen

140