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目錄
美國
證券交易委員會
華盛頓特區20549
__________________
表格 10-Q
__________________
  （選一個）

 ☒ 根據1934年證券交易法第13或15(d)條款的季度報告。
截至2024年6月30日季度結束 2024年9月30日
或
☐ 根據1934年證券交易法第13或15(d)條款的過渡報告
從___________到___________的過渡期間
 
委員會檔案編號： 001-36384
__________________
MAGNITE, INC.
（依憑章程所載的完整登記名稱）
 __________________
特拉華州20-8881738
(成立地或組織其他管轄區)（聯邦稅號）
1250 百老匯, 15th Floor
紐約， 紐約 10001
(總辦事處地址，包括郵遞區號)
登記者的電話號碼，包括區號：
(212) 243-2769
______________

根據法案第12(b)條規定註冊的證券：
每種類別的名稱交易標的（s）每個註冊交易所的名稱
普通股，每股面值為$0.00001MGNI納斯達克全球貨幣選擇市場
請以選中符號指示登記者（1）在過去12個月內已根據1934年證券交易法第13或15（d）條要求提交的所有報告（或對於登記者需要提交此類報告的較短期間），並（2）已為過去90天受到此類提交要求的影響。 ☒ 是   ☐否
請在勾選區內表明，是否在過去12個月內（或在要求提交該文件的較短期限內）按照《S-t法規405條第232章》提交了每一個需要提交的互動式資料文件。☒ 是   ☐　No  　
以勾選方式表示，登記人是否為大型加速遞交人、加速遞交人、非加速遞交人、較小型報告公司或新興增長公司。請參見《交易所法》第120億2條中關於“大型加速遞交人”、“加速遞交人”、“較小型報告公司”和“新興增長公司”的定義。
大型加速歸檔人
☒
加速歸檔人
☐
非加速歸檔人
☐
小型報告公司
☐
新興成長型公司
☐
如果一家新興成長型公司，請用勾選標記表示該申報人已選擇不使用根據證交所法案13(a)條款提供的任何新的或修訂過的財務會計準則的延長過渡期。 ☐
請用勾選標示表明登記申報人是否為殼公司（如《法案》第120億2條所定義）。 ☐ 是 ☒ 沒有
請指示每一類受註冊者普通股的流通股數，截至最近可行日期為止。
Class A普通股截至2024年10月30日的未解的。
普通股，面值$0.00001140,690,441

目錄
MAGNITE, INC.
第10-Q表格季報告
目 錄
頁碼
參見第一部分以獲取我們的美國GAAP結果的其他詳細信息。
项目1。
项目2。
项目3。
項目 4。
第二部分。
项目1。
项目1A。
项目2。
项目5。
第6項。
2
目錄
第一部分. 財務資訊
第1項。基本報表簡明合併財務報表
MAGNITE, INC.
縮短的合併資產負債表
(以千為單位，除每股面值外)
（未經審計）
2024年9月30日2023年12月31日
資產
流動資產:
現金及現金等價物
$387,244$326,219
應收帳款淨額
1,163,8041,176,276
預付費用及其他流動資產
22,31820,508
總流動資產
1,573,3661,523,003
物業及設備，扣除折舊後淨值
64,55347,371
使用權租賃資產
57,56560,549
軟件開發成本，淨值
26,67621,926
無形資產，扣除累計攤銷
28,34951,011
商譽
978,217978,217
其他非流動資產
9,1456,729
總資產
$2,737,871$2,688,806
負債和股東權益
流動負債：
應付帳款和應計費用
$1,384,732$1,372,176
租賃負債，流動
18,23220,402
流動負債
3,6413,600
其他流動負債
7,0135,957
流動負債總額
1,413,6181,402,135
長期債務淨額，扣除債務折扣及債務發行成本
550,168532,986
非流動負債：租賃負債
46,57749,665
其他非流動負債
1,6322,337
负债合计
2,011,9951,987,123
承諾及不確定事項（附註12）


股東權益
優先股，面額$0.01，授權股數為5,000,000股，發行且流通股數為截至2024年6月30日和2023年12月31日之184,668,188股和181,364,180股。0.00001 每股面額為 10,000 截至2024年9月30日和2023年12月31日的授權股數； 0 於2024年9月30日和2023年12月31日發行並流通的股份
——
0.010.00001 面額為0.0001； 500,000 截至2024年9月30日和2023年12月31日的授權股數； 141,148 和 138,577 於2024年9月30日和2023年12月31日發行並流通的股份
22
資本公積額額外增資
1,424,5391,387,715
累積其他全面損失(1,086)(2,076)
累積虧損
(697,579)(683,958)
股東權益總額
725,876701,683
負債總額及股東權益
$2,737,871$2,688,806

未經審核的簡明綜合基本報表附註是這些報表的重要部分。
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目錄
MAGNITE, INC.
綜合損益簡明合併報表
(以千為單位，每股金額除外)
（未經審計）
 結束於三個月的期間九個月結束了
2024年9月30日2023年9月30日2024年9月30日2023年9月30日
營業收入$162,003 $150,085 $474,202 $432,778 
費用：
營業成本 62,544 84,878 191,052 339,881 
銷售和市場推廣費用39,585 38,227 125,514 136,407 
科技與發展20,261 23,537 72,981 71,135 
總務與行政24,490 21,286 73,786 68,023 
併購和重組成本— — — 7,465 
總支出146,880 167,928 463,333 622,911 
營業利益（損失）15,123 (17,843)10,869 (190,133)
其他收入費用：
利息費用，淨額6,848 7,574 21,599 24,269 
外匯(獲利)損失淨额3,019 (1,471)1,220 (1,542)
（債務撲滅）損益
319 (4,156)7,706 (18,132)
其他收益(1,306)(1,346)(3,882)(4,017)
總其他費用，淨額
8,880 601 26,643 578 
稅前收入（虧損）6,243 (18,444)(15,774)(190,711)
所得稅費用（效益）1,029 (967)(2,153)(613)
凈利潤（損失）$5,214 $(17,477)$(13,621)$(190,098)
每股凈收益：
基礎
$0.04 $(0.13)$(0.10)$(1.40)
稀釋$0.04 $(0.13)$(0.10)$(1.40)
用於計算每股凈利潤（虧損）的加權平均股份：
基礎
141,270 137,372 140,376 136,084 
稀釋148,697 137,372 140,376 136,084 

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.


 
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MAGNITE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands)
(unaudited)
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Net income (loss)$5,214 $(17,477)$(13,621)$(190,098)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments2,091 (962)990 (488)
Other comprehensive income (loss)2,091 (962)990 (488)
Comprehensive income (loss)$7,305 $(18,439)$(12,631)$(190,586)

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.



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MAGNITE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(unaudited)
Common Stock Additional
Paid-In
Capital		Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Accumulated
Deficit		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Shares
Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022134,006 $2 $1,319,221 $(3,151)$(524,774)$791,298 
Exercise of common stock options303 — 1,486 — — 1,486 
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting1,829 — — — — — 
Shares withheld related to net share settlement(700)— (9,046)— — (9,046)
Stock-based compensation— — 19,856 — — 19,856 
Other comprehensive income— — — 367 — 367 
Net loss— — — — (98,732)(98,732)
Balance at March 31, 2023135,438

$2 

$1,331,517 

$(2,784)

$(623,506)

$705,229 
Exercise of common stock options74— 610— — 610 
Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan202 — 1,922 — — 1,922 
Issuance of common stock related to RSU and PSU vesting
1,215 — — — — — 
Shares withheld related to net share settlement(70)— (631)— — (631)
Stock-based compensation— — 19,230 — — 19,230 
Other comprehensive income
— — — 107 — 107 
Net loss— — — — (73,889)(73,889)
Balance at June 30, 2023136,859

$2 

$1,352,648 

$(2,677)

$(697,395)

$652,578 
Exercise of common stock options15— 60 — — 60 
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting947 — — — — — 
Stock-based compensation— — 17,911 — — 17,911 
Other comprehensive loss— — — (962)— (962)
Net loss— — — — (17,477)(17,477)
Balance at September 30, 2023
137,821$2 $1,370,619 $(3,639)$(714,872)$652,110 

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Common Stock Additional
Paid-In
Capital		Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Accumulated
Deficit		Treasury StockTotal
Stockholders’
Equity
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2023138,577 $2 $1,387,715 $(2,076)$(683,958)— $— $701,683 
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting2,363 — — — — — — — 
Shares withheld related to net share settlement(916)— (8,941)— — — — (8,941)
Stock-based compensation— — 21,407 — — — — 21,407 
Other comprehensive loss
— — — (1,015)— — — (1,015)
Net loss— — — — (17,757)— — (17,757)
Balance at March 31, 2024140,024 $2 $1,400,181 $(3,091)$(701,715)— $— $695,377 
Exercise of common stock options32 — 187 — — — — 187 
Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan305 — 1,983 — — — — 1,983 
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting
1,165 — — — — — — — 
Shares withheld related to net share settlement(385)— (3,802)— — — — (3,802)
Stock-based compensation— — 20,382 — — — — 20,382 
Other comprehensive loss
— — — (86)— ——(86)
Net loss
— — — — (1,078)— — (1,078)
Balance at June 30, 2024141,141 $2 $1,418,931 $(3,177)$(702,793)— $— $712,963 
Exercise of common stock options34 — 181 — — — — 181 
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting1,060 — — — — — — — 
Shares withheld related to net share settlement(389)— (4,939)— — — — (4,939)
Purchase of treasury stock— — — — — (698)(9,006)(9,006)
Retirement of common stock(698)— (9,006)— — 698 9,006 — 
Stock-based compensation— — 19,372 — — — — 19,372 
Other comprehensive income
— — — 2,091 — — — 2,091 
Net income
— — — — 5,214 — — 5,214 
Balance at September 30, 2024141,148 $2 $1,424,539 $(1,086)$(697,579)— $— $725,876 

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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MAGNITE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(unaudited)
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss$(13,621)$(190,098)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization42,340 224,000 
Stock-based compensation59,161 55,462 
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt
7,706 (18,132)
Provision for doubtful accounts
728 4,439 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs3,136 4,816 
Non-cash lease expense(2,291)(804)
Deferred income taxes(2,176)(676)
Unrealized foreign currency gain, net(846)(3,734)
Other items, net(17)2,647 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable10,113 19,033 
Prepaid expenses and other assets(855)2,054 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses16,426 26,341 
Other liabilities700 (66)
Net cash provided by operating activities
120,504 125,282 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment(29,082)(17,139)
Capitalized internal use software development costs(11,587)(8,200)
Net cash used in investing activities(40,669)(25,339)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from the Term Loan B Facility refinancing and repricing activities, net of debt discount
413,463 — 
Repayment of the Term Loan B Facility from refinancing and repricing activities
(403,113)— 
Payment for debt issuance costs(4,547)— 
Repayment of debt(913)(2,700)
Repurchase of Convertible Senior Notes— (104,793)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options368 2,156 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan1,983 1,922 
Repayment of financing lease— (276)
Purchase of treasury stock(9,006)— 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement(17,682)(9,677)
Payment of indemnification claims holdback— (2,313)
Net cash used in financing activities(19,447)(115,681)
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH637 (209)
CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH61,025 (15,947)
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — Beginning of period326,219 326,502 
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — End of period$387,244 $310,555 

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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MAGNITE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH TO CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Cash and cash equivalents$387,244 $310,509 
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets— 46 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$387,244 $310,555 
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF OTHER CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for income taxes$3,160 $4,601 
Cash paid for interest$28,748 $27,609 
Capitalized assets financed by accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities
$511 $3,226 
Capitalized stock-based compensation$2,000 $1,535 
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities$11,020 $3,797 
Non-cash financing activity related to Amendment No. 1 to the 2024 Credit Agreement
$311,974 $— 

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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MAGNITE, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Note 1—Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Company Overview
Magnite, Inc. ("Magnite" or the "Company") was formed in Delaware and began operations on April 20, 2007. The Company operates a sell side advertising platform that offers buyers and sellers of digital advertising a single partner for transacting globally across all channels, formats, and auction types.
The Company's common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("Nasdaq") under the symbol "MGNI." Magnite has its principal offices in New York City, Los Angeles, Denver, London, and Sydney, and additional offices in Europe, Asia, North America, and South America.
The Company’s platform features applications and services for sellers of digital advertising inventory, or publishers, that own or operate websites, applications, connected television ("CTV") channels, and other digital media properties, to manage and monetize their inventory; applications and services for buyers, including advertisers, agencies, agency trading desks, and demand side platforms, to buy digital advertising inventory; and a transparent, independent marketplace that brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates intelligent decision making and automated transaction execution at scale. The Company's clients include many of the world's leading sellers and buyers of digital advertising inventory.
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim period presented have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future interim period, the year ending December 31, 2024, or for any future year.
The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the disclosures required by GAAP. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in its 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
There have been no significant changes in the Company's accounting policies from those disclosed in its audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported and disclosed financial statements and accompanying footnotes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.
In connection with the Company's periodic review of the estimated useful lives of its property and equipment, the Company extended the estimated useful lives of its network hardware assets from three years to five years effective January 1, 2024. The change in estimated useful lives were due to actual and expected longer refresh cycles for these assets. Based on the carrying value of network hardware assets as of December 31, 2023 and those placed in service during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the effect of this change in estimate was an increase in income from operations of $3.2 million and $9.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and an increase in net income of $2.5 million, or $0.02 per basic and diluted share, and a decrease in net loss of $5.9 million, or $0.04 per basic and diluted share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The updated policy reflecting the change in estimated useful lives is below.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are recorded at historical cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of the Company’s property and equipment are as follows:
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Years
Computer equipment and network hardware
3 to 5
Furniture, fixtures, and office equipment
5 to 7
Leasehold improvements
Shorter of useful life or life of lease
Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, while renewals and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gains or loss is reflected in the Company's results of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has one operating and reportable segment. While the Company is continuing to evaluate the impact of adopting this new accounting guidance, it expects the impact to be limited to disclosing significant expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker beginning with the annual period ending December 31, 2024.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09") to enhance income tax information primarily through changes in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis. The Company will adopt the guidance effective January 1, 2025 on a prospective basis. The Company expects the impact of adoption of this guidance to be limited to footnote disclosure and to result in additional disaggregation of information disclosed in the rate reconciliation and with respect to income taxes paid.
The Company does not believe there are any other recently issued and effective or not yet effective pronouncements that would have or are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s present or future condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Note 2—Net Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table presents the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share:
Net income (loss)$5,214 $(17,477)$(13,621)$(190,098)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to compute basic net income (loss) per share
141,270 137,372 140,376 136,084 
Basic net income (loss) per share
$0.04 $(0.13)$(0.10)$(1.40)
Diluted Income (Loss) Per Share:
Net income (loss) used to calculate diluted income (loss) per share
5,214 (17,477)(13,621)(190,098)
Weighted-average common shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per share
141,270 137,372 140,376 136,084 
Dilutive effect of weighted-average restricted stock units4,654 — — — 
Dilutive effect of weighted-average common stock options1,955 — — — 
Dilutive effect of weighted-average performance stock units796 — — — 
Dilutive effect of weighted-average Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") shares22 — — — 
Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share
148,697 137,372 140,376 136,084 
Diluted net income (loss) per share
$0.04 $(0.13)$(0.10)$(1.40)
The following weighted-average shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders for each period presented because they were anti-dilutive:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Unvested restricted stock units— 1,987 3,293 1,962 
Options to purchase common stock— 1,656 1,744 1,702 
Unvested performance stock units— — 546 112 
ESPP shares
— 84 47 37 
Convertible Senior Notes3,210 4,746 3,210 5,357 
Total shares excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share
3,210 8,473 8,840 9,170 

As of September 30, 2024, the performance stock units granted during 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 had expected achievement levels of 0%, 99%, 115%, and 150%, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, the performance stock units granted in 2021, 2022, and 2023 had expected achievement levels of 0%, 50%, and 32%, respectively. These expected achievement levels are included in the calculation of weighted-average shares in the tables above. Refer to Note 9—"Stock-Based Compensation" for additional information related to performance stock units.
As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the number of shares that would be issuable assuming conversion of all of the Convertible Senior Notes (as defined in Note 13) was approximately 3,210,098 and 4,305,871, respectively. The Convertible Senior Notes have an initial conversion rate of 15.6539 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes, which will be subject to anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances.
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Note 3—Revenue
For the majority of transactions on the Company's platform, the Company reports revenue on a net basis as it does not act as the principal in the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory because it does not have control of the digital advertising inventory and does not set prices agreed upon within the auction marketplace. For certain advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on its determination that the Company acts as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for buyers with respect to such transactions.
The following table presents the Company's revenue recognized on a net basis and on a gross basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue:
Net basis$141,969 88 %$123,703 82 %$400,165 84 %$355,088 82 %
Gross basis20,034 12 26,382 18 74,037 16 77,690 18 
Total$162,003 100 %$150,085 100 %$474,202 100 %$432,778 100 %
The following table presents the Company's revenue by channel for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands, except percentages)
Channel:
CTV$76,217 47 %$67,765 45 %$226,578 48 %$198,604 46 %
Mobile59,835 37 56,329 38 172,392 36 159,545 37 
Desktop25,951 16 25,991 17 75,232 16 74,629 17 
Total$162,003 100 %$150,085 100 %$474,202 100 %$432,778 100 %
    The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by geographic location, based on the location of the Company's sellers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands, except percentages)
United States$120,240 74 %$111,281 74 %$357,015 75 %$322,923 75 %
International41,763 26 38,804 26 117,187 25 109,855 25 
Total$162,003 100 %$150,085 100 %$474,202 100 %$432,778 100 %

Payment terms are specified in agreements between the Company and the buyers and sellers on its platform. The Company generally bills buyers at the end of each month for the full purchase price of impressions filled in that month. The Company recognizes volume discounts as a reduction of revenue as they are incurred. Specific payment terms may vary by agreement, but are generally seventy-five days or less. The Company's accounts receivable are recorded at the amount of gross billings to buyers, net of allowances for the amounts the Company is responsible to collect. The Company's accounts payable related to amounts due to sellers are recorded at the net amount payable to sellers (see Note 5). Accordingly, both accounts receivable and accounts payable appear large in relation to revenue reported on a net basis.
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, are unsecured, and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed quarterly, requires judgment, and is based on the best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The Company reviews the status of the then-outstanding accounts receivable on a customer-by-customer basis, taking into consideration the aging schedule of receivables, its historical collection experience, current information regarding the client, subsequent collection history, and other relevant data, in establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $3.6 million at September 30, 2024, and $20.4 million at December 31, 2023. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when the Company determines amounts are no longer collectible.
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The Company reviews the associated payable to sellers for recovery of buyer receivable allowance and write-offs; in some cases, the Company can reduce the payable to sellers. The reduction of seller payables related to recovery of uncollected buyer receivables is netted against allowance expense. The contra seller payables related to recoveries were $2.5 million and $1.1 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The following is a summary of activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning balance$2,653 $19,643 $20,363 $1,092 
Write-offs(17)(30)(18,951)(773)
Increase (decrease) in provision for expected credit losses
986 (18)2,210 19,276 
Recoveries of previous write-offs— 11 — 11 
Allowance for doubtful accounts, ending balance$3,622 $19,606 $3,622 $19,606 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company wrote off $19.0 million of allowance for doubtful accounts, of which $18.5 million was attributable to the outstanding accounts receivable from a buyer that filed for bankruptcy during 2023.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the provision for expected credit losses associated with accounts receivable increased by $1.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively, offset by increases of contra seller payables related to recoveries of uncollected buyer receivables of $0.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, which resulted in $0.4 million and $0.7 million of bad debt expense, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the provision for expected credit losses associated with accounts receivable decreased by an immaterial amount and increased by $19.3 million, respectively, offset by increases of contra seller payables related to recoveries of uncollected buyer receivables of $0.2 million and $14.8 million, respectively, which resulted in $0.2 million of bad debt recoveries and $4.4 million of bad debt expense, respectively.
Note 4—Fair Value Measurements
Recurring Fair Value Measurements    
Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources. The fair value hierarchy is based on the following three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last one is considered unobservable:
•Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
•Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs.
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The table below sets forth a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2024:
TotalQuoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable Inputs 
(Level 3)
(in thousands)
Cash equivalents
$318,400 $318,400 $— $— 
The table below sets forth a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023:
TotalQuoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable Inputs 
(Level 3)
(in thousands)
Cash equivalents
$281,162 $281,162 $— $— 
At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, cash equivalents of $318.4 million and $281.2 million, respectively, consisted of money market funds and commercial paper, with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 depending on whether or not their fair values are based on quoted market prices for identical securities that are traded in an active market.
At September 30, 2024, the Company had debt outstanding under its Convertible Senior Notes and loans under its 2024 Term Loan B Facility (as defined in Note 13), and at December 31, 2023, had debt outstanding under its Convertible Senior Notes and loans under its 2021 Term Loan B Facility (as defined in Note 13) included in its balance sheets, respectively. The estimated fair value of the Company's Convertible Senior Notes was $187.1 million and $174.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The estimated fair value of Convertible Senior Notes is based on market rates and the closing trading price of the Convertible Senior Notes as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of the Company's 2024 Term Loan B Facility and of the Company's 2021 Term Loan B Facility was $366.8 million and $352.3 million, respectively. The estimated fair value is based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for financing with similar terms and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Note 5—Other Balance Sheet Amounts
Accounts payable and accrued expenses included the following:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Accounts payable—seller$1,343,892 $1,333,242 
Accounts payable—trade22,608 23,844 
Accrued employee-related payables18,232 15,090 
Total$1,384,732 $1,372,176 

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Note 6—Property and Equipment
Major classes of property and equipment were as follows:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Computer equipment and network hardware
$178,735 $154,821 
Furniture, fixtures, and office equipment
4,051 4,031 
Leasehold improvements
3,852 3,893 
Purchased software
1,124 1,124 
Gross property and equipment
187,762 163,869 
Accumulated depreciation
(123,209)(116,498)
Net property and equipment
$64,553 $47,371 
Depreciation expense on property and equipment totaled $4.0 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and $10.9 million and $17.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. See Note 1 for information related to the change in estimated useful lives of network hardware assets.
The Company's property and equipment, net by geographical region was as follows:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
United States
$52,970 $32,161 
International
11,583 15,210 
Total
$64,553 $47,371 
Note 7—Intangible Assets
The Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included the following:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Amortizable intangible assets:
Developed technology$109,736 $109,736 
Customer relationships37,300 37,300 
In-process research and development8,830 8,830 
Trademarks900 900 
Non-compete agreements— 200 
Total identifiable intangible assets, gross156,766 156,966 
Accumulated amortization—intangible assets:
Developed technology(89,286)(75,321)
Customer relationships(31,860)(24,867)
In-process research and development(6,371)(4,832)
Trademarks(900)(750)
Non-compete agreements— (185)
Total accumulated amortization—intangible assets(128,417)(105,955)
Total identifiable intangible assets, net$28,349 $51,011 
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Amortization of intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $7.5 million and $29.8 million, respectively and $22.7 million and $194.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The estimated remaining amortization expense associated with the Company's intangible assets was as follows as of September 30, 2024:
Fiscal YearAmount
(in thousands)
Remaining 2024$7,472 
202514,445 
20266,001 
2027431 
Total$28,349 

Note 8—Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs primarily consists of professional services fees and employee termination costs, including stock-based compensation charges, associated with historical acquisitions and restructuring activities.
The following table summarizes merger, acquisition, and restructuring cost activity (in thousands):
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023
(in thousands)
Personnel related (severance and one-time termination benefit costs)$3,218 
Loss contracts (facilities related)2,190 
Exit costs1,408 
Impairment of property and equipment, net506 
Non-cash stock-based compensation (double-trigger acceleration and severance)143 
Total merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs$7,465 

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company did not incur any merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company incurred merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs of $7.5 million, which included the Company's reduction of its global workforce primarily associated with the elimination of duplicative roles and other costs associated with the consolidation of its legacy CTV and SpotX CTV platforms following the 2021 acquisition of SpotX Inc., including loss contracts for office facilities the Company does not plan to continue to occupy and impairment charges related to certain assets it no longer plans to utilize.

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Note 9—Stock-Based Compensation
Stock Options
A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:

Shares Under OptionWeighted- Average Exercise PriceWeighted- Average Contractual LifeAggregate Intrinsic Value

(in thousands)(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 20234,262 $8.65 
Granted130 $9.20 
Exercised(66)$5.55 
Expired(123)$15.05 
Outstanding at September 30, 20244,203 $8.53 4.9 years$28,162 
Exercisable at September 30, 20243,741 $7.87 4.5 years$27,311 
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $0.5 million. At September 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense relating to unvested stock options of approximately $3.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years. Total grant date fair value of options vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $2.7 million.
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options that contain service conditions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $6.34 per share. The weighted-average input assumptions used by the Company were as follows:
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Expected term (in years)5.05.0
Risk-free interest rate3.93 %3.99 %
Expected volatility84 %84 %
Dividend yield— %— %

Restricted Stock Units
A summary of restricted stock unit ("RSU") activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
(in thousands)
Restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2023
11,450 $12.63 
Granted7,019 $9.35 
Canceled(819)$10.99 
Vested and released
(4,588)$12.81 
Restricted stock units outstanding and unvested at September 30, 2024
13,062 $10.90 
The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $9.35. The intrinsic value of restricted stock units that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $48.5 million. At September 30, 2024, the intrinsic value of unvested restricted stock units was $180.9 million. At September 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense relating to unvested restricted stock units of approximately $124.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.
Performance Stock Units
The Company grants performance stock units ("PSU") to select executive employees that vest based on share price metrics tied to total shareholder return relative ("TSR") to a peer group, subject to a time-based service component. Between 0% and 150%
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of the performance stock units will vest at the end of the performance period, which is generally on the third anniversary of the PSU grant date.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted PSUs with an aggregate target of 486,431 shares, assuming a performance measurement of 100%. The amount of shares that will ultimately vest will be determined based on the Company's TSR relative to the TSRs of a peer group for the three year-period beginning January 1, 2024, as well as certain interim measurements based on relative TSR for the one-year and two-year periods beginning on January 1, 2024.
A summary of PSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is as follows:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2023
967 $18.17 
Granted486 $11.76 
Forfeited(26)$52.49 
Outstanding at September 30, 2024
1,427 $15.35 
The grant date fair value for the PSUs was estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation model that incorporates option-pricing inputs covering the period from the grant date through the end of the performance period. Stock-based compensation expense for PSUs is based on the grant date fair value and the number of shares assuming a performance measurement of 100%. The compensation expense will not be reversed if the performance metrics are not met. The weighted-average input assumptions used by the Company were as follows:
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Performance period (in years)
3.03.0
Risk-free interest rate4.05 %4.19 %
Expected volatility of Magnite87 %94 %
Expected volatility of selected peer companies55 %64 %
Expected correlation coefficients of Magnite0.590.62
Expected correlation coefficients of selected peer companies0.470.54
Dividend yield— %— %
At September 30, 2024, the intrinsic value of unvested performance stock units based on expected achievement levels was $18.8 million. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense relating to unvested PSUs of approximately $8.7 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Total stock-based compensation expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Cost of revenue$523 $446 $1,501 $1,373 
Sales and marketing7,755 6,371 23,963 20,869 
Technology and development4,288 4,999 14,593 15,918 
General and administrative6,104 5,652 19,104 17,159 
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs— — — 143 
Total stock-based compensation expense$18,670 $17,468 $59,161 $55,462 
As of September 30, 2024, an aggregate of 17,958,062 shares remained available for future grants under the Magnite, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan").
As of September 30, 2024, the Company has reserved 4,425,429 shares of its common stock for issuance under the Magnite, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Amended and Restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan").
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Note 10—Income Taxes
In determining quarterly provisions for income taxes, the Company uses the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date income. The Company's annual estimated effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of state taxes, foreign taxes, deductible stock option expenses, nondeductible executive compensation, and changes in the Company's valuation allowance.
The Company recorded an income tax provision of $1.0 million and tax benefit of $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and an income tax benefit of $1.0 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The tax provision and benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, was primarily the result of the Company's ability to recognize deferred tax assets ("DTAs") subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax provision. The tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily the result of the Company's ability to recognize DTAs subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax provision. The Company continues to maintain a partial valuation allowance for the domestic DTAs.
Due to uncertainty as to the realization of benefits from the Company's domestic and certain international DTAs, including net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credits, the Company has a partial valuation allowance reserved against such assets. The Company intends to continue to maintain a partial valuation allowance on the DTAs until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some additional portion of these allowances.
Due to the net operating loss carryforwards, all of the Company's United States federal and a majority of its state returns are open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions for all years since inception. For the Netherlands, India, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, all tax years remain open for examination by the local country tax authorities, for France, only 2021 and forward are open, for Singapore, only 2019 and forward are open for examination, for Australia, Brazil, Germany, and New Zealand, 2019 and forward are open for examination, for Canada, Italy, and Malaysia, 2018 and forward are open for examination, and for Japan, 2017 and forward remain open for examination.
Pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, the Company and Telaria, Inc. both underwent ownership changes for tax purposes (i.e. a more than 50% change in stock ownership in aggregated 5% shareholders) on April 1, 2020 due to the merger with Telaria Inc. As a result, the use of the Company's total domestic NOL carryforwards and tax credits generated prior to the ownership change will be subject to annual use limitations under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Code and comparable state income tax laws. The Company believes that the ownership change will not impact its ability to utilize substantially all of its NOLs and state research and development carryforward tax credits to the extent it will generate taxable income that can be offset by such losses. The Company reasonably expects its federal research and development carryforward tax credits will not be recovered prior to expiration.
There was no material change to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the Company does not expect to have any material changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year.
Note 11—Lease Obligations
Operating lease expense was $5.7 million and $5.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $17.2 million and $18.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Variable lease expense was an immaterial amount and $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1.5 million and $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company also received rental income of $1.3 million and $1.3 million for real estate leases for which it subleases the property to third parties during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $3.9 million and $4.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a weighted average discount rate of 6.19% and 6.19%, respectively, has been applied to the remaining lease payments to calculate the lease liabilities included within the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The lease terms of the Company’s operating leases generally range from one year to ten years, and the weighted average remaining lease term of leases included in the lease liabilities is 4.7 years and 5.2 years as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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The maturity of the Company's lease liabilities associated with leases included in the lease liabilities and right-of-use ("ROU") assets were as follows as of September 30, 2024 (in thousands):
Fiscal Year
Remaining 2024$6,109 
202519,917 
202615,811 
202710,163 
20287,853 
Thereafter14,416 
Total lease payments (undiscounted)74,269 
Less: imputed interest(9,460)
Lease liabilities—total (discounted)$64,809 
Note 12—Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
The Company has commitments under non-cancelable operating leases for facilities, certain equipment, and its managed data center facilities (Note 11).
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $5.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of letters of credit associated with office leases available for borrowing, on which there were no outstanding borrowings as of either date.
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into non-cancelable contractual obligations with various parties, primarily related to software services agreements and data center providers. As of September 30, 2024, the Company's outstanding non-cancelable contractual obligations with a remaining term in excess of one year consist of the following (in thousands):
Fiscal Year
Remaining 2024
$2,004 
20255,541 
20261,398 
2027515 
2028
241 
Total$9,699 
Guarantees and Indemnification
The Company’s agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties typically obligate the Company to provide indemnity and defense for losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to the Company’s own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, the Company agrees to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions of third parties. For example, because the Company’s business interposes the Company between buyers and sellers in various ways, buyers often require the Company to indemnify them against acts and omissions of sellers, and sellers often require the Company to indemnify them against acts and omissions of buyers. In addition, the Company’s agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties typically include provisions limiting the Company’s liability to the counterparty, and the counterparty’s liability to the Company. These limits sometimes do not apply to certain liabilities, including indemnity obligations. These indemnity and limitation of liability provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors, executive officers, and certain other officers that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. No material demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements and there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Litigation
The Company and its subsidiaries may from time to time be parties to legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims incident to their business activities and to the Company’s status as a public company. Such matters may include, among other things, assertions of contract breach or intellectual property infringement, claims for indemnity arising in the course of the Company’s business, regulatory investigations, audits by taxing authorities, or enforcement proceedings, and claims by persons whose employment has been terminated. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Consequently, management is unable to ascertain the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability, amounts which may be covered by insurance or recoverable from third parties, or the financial impact with respect to such matters as of September 30, 2024. However, based on management’s knowledge as of September 30, 2024, management believes that the final resolution of these matters known at such date, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Employment Contracts
The Company has entered into severance agreements with certain employees and officers. The Company may be required to pay severance and accelerate the vesting of certain equity awards in the event of involuntary terminations.

Note 13—Debt
Long term debt as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Convertible Senior Notes$205,067 $205,067 
Less: Unamortized debt issuance cost(1,718)(2,598)
Net carrying value of Convertible Senior Notes
203,349 202,469 
Term Loan B Facility*
364,088 351,000 
Less: Unamortized discount and debt issuance cost(13,628)(16,883)
Net carrying value of Term Loan B Facility*
350,460 334,117 
Balance Sheet Presentation:
Debt, current
3,641 3,600 
Debt, non-current, net of debt discount and debt issuance costs
550,168 $532,986 
Total debt
$553,809 $536,586 
* Term Loan B Facility as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 reflect the balances under the 2024 Term Loan B Facility and the 2021 Term Loan B Facility, respectively.
Maturities of the principal amount of the Company's long-term debt as of September 30, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal Year
Remaining 2024
$910 
20253,641 
2026208,708 
20273,641 
20283,641 
Thereafter348,614 
Total$569,155 
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance cost is computed using the effective interest method and is included in interest expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance cost associated with the Company's indebtedness totaled $0.8 million and $2.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $1.4 million and $4.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. In addition, amortization of deferred financing costs was $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September
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30, 2024, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Deferred financing costs are included in other assets, non-current assets.
Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Call Transactions
In March 2021, the Company issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes in a private placement, including $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of such notes pursuant to the exercise in full of the over-allotment options of the initial purchasers (collectively, the "Convertible Senior Notes"). The Convertible Senior Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting debt issuance costs, paid by the Company, were approximately $388.6 million. The Company used approximately $39.0 million of the net proceeds from the offering to pay for the Capped Call Transactions (as described below).
The Convertible Senior Notes are senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with the existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Convertible Senior Notes; (iii) effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness, including amounts outstanding under the Loan Agreement or the new Credit Agreement (see section below); and (iv) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Company is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Company’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Convertible Senior Notes.
The Convertible Senior Notes accrue interest at 0.25% per annum payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2021. The Convertible Senior Notes will mature on March 15, 2026 unless they are redeemed, repurchased or converted prior to such date. The Convertible Senior Notes are convertible at the option of holders only during certain periods and upon satisfaction of certain conditions.
Holders have the right to convert their notes (or any portion of a note in an authorized denomination), in the following circumstances: (i) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021, if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter; (ii) during the five consecutive business days immediately after any ten consecutive trading day period (such ten consecutive trading day period, the "measurement period") in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day; (iii) upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on the Company’s common stock; (iv) if the Company calls such Convertible Senior Notes for redemption; and (v) on or after September 15, 2025, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, holders of the Convertible Senior Notes may, at their option, convert all or a portion of their Convertible Senior Notes regardless of the foregoing conditions at any time from, and including, September 15, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date.
Upon conversion, the Convertible Senior Notes may be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock, cash or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. All conversions with a conversion date that occurs on or after September 15, 2025 will be settled using the same settlement method, and the Company will send notice of such settlement method to noteholders no later than the open of business on September 15, 2025.
Subject to the terms of the indenture agreement, the Company has the right, at its election, to redeem all, or any portion (subject to the partial redemption limitation) in an authorized denomination, of the Convertible Senior Notes, at any time, and from time to time, on a redemption date on or after March 20, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, for cash, but only if the "last reported sale price," as defined under the Offering Memorandum, per share of common stock exceeds 130% of the "conversion price" on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such notice. In addition, calling any note for redemption will constitute a "make-whole fundamental change" (as defined below) with respect to that note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption. If the Company elects to redeem less than all of the outstanding notes, then the redemption will not constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to the notes not called for redemption, and holders of the notes not called for redemption will not be entitled to an increased conversion rate for such notes as described above on account of the redemption, except to the limited extent described further below. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Senior Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the Convertible Senior Notes periodically.
If a fundamental change occurs, then each noteholder will have the right to require the Company to repurchase its notes (or any portion thereof in an authorized denomination) for cash on a date (the "fundamental change repurchase date") of the Company’s choosing, which must be a business day that is no more than 45, nor less than 20, business days after the date the Company distributes the related fundamental change notice.
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If an event of default, other than a reporting default remedied by special interest as defined in the indenture agreement, occurs with respect to the Company or any guarantor, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If an event of default (other than a reporting event of default described above with respect to the Company or any guarantor and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company’s or a guarantor, other than the Company or such guarantor) occurs and is continuing, then, the trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of notes then outstanding, by written notice to the Company and the trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately.
The Convertible Senior Notes have an initial conversion rate of 15.6539 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes, which will be subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances.
In connection with the pricing of the Convertible Senior Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with various financial institutions (the "Capped Call Transactions"). The Capped Call Transactions were entered into with third party broker-dealers to limit the potential dilution that would occur if the Company has to settle the conversion value in excess of the principal in shares. This exposure will be covered (i.e., the Company will receive as many shares as are required to be issued between the conversion price of $63.8818 and the maximum price of $91.2600). Any shares required to be issued by the Company over this amount would have net earnings per share dilution impact. By entering into the Capped Call Transactions, the Company expects to reduce the potential dilution to its common stock (or, in the event the conversion is settled in cash, to reduce its cash payment obligation) in the event that at the time of conversion its stock price exceeds the conversion price under the Convertible Senior Notes. The Company paid $39.0 million for the Capped Call Transactions, which was recorded as additional paid-in capital, using a portion of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Senior Notes. The cost of the Capped Call Transactions is not expected to be tax deductible as the Company did not elect to integrate the capped call into the Convertible Senior Notes for tax purposes. The cost of the Capped Call Transaction was recorded as a reduction of the Company’s additional paid-in capital in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $11.4 million in March 2021. The Convertible Senior Notes are presented net of issuance costs on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are amortized on an effective interest basis over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes and are included in interest expense and amortization of debt discount in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased its Convertible Senior Notes in the open market with cash on hand for $29.8 million and $104.8 million, respectively. The Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of debt of $4.2 million and $18.1 million related to the repurchase of $34.5 million and $124.9 million of principal balance of Convertible Senior Notes and $0.5 million and $2.0 million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the extinguished debt during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The gain on extinguishment is included in other (income) expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations.
The following table sets forth interest expense related to the Convertible Senior Notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except interest rates):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Contractual interest expense$129 $189 $385 $642 
Amortization of debt issuance costs293 434 880 1,470 
Total interest expense$422 $623 $1,265 $2,112 
Effective interest rate0.82 %0.82 %0.82 %0.82 %
Amortization expense for the Company's debt issuance costs related to the Convertible Senior Notes for the fiscal years 2024 through 2026 is as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal YearDebt Issuance Costs
Remaining 2024
$293 
20251,173 
2026252 
Total$1,718 
2021 and 2024 Credit Agreements
On April 30, 2021, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "2021 Credit Agreement") with Goldman Sachs Bank USA as administrative agent and collateral agent, and other lender parties thereto. The 2021 Credit Agreement provided for a
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$360.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility ("2021 Term Loan B Facility"), which had a maturity in April 2028, and a $65.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (as amended in June 2021, the "2021 Revolving Credit Facility"), which had a maturity in December 2025. In June 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Credit Agreement (the "Amended 2021 Credit Agreement") to transition away from a variable interest rate based on the Eurodollar Rate towards a similar variable interest rate based on Adjusted Term SOFR, as defined in the Amended 2021 Credit Agreement, which is based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR").
Amounts outstanding under the Amended 2021 Credit Agreement accrued interest at a rate equal to either, (1) for the 2021 Term Loan B Facility, at the Company’s election, the Adjusted Term SOFR plus a margin of 5.00% per annum, or ABR (as defined in the Amended 2021 Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 4.00%, and (2) for the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, at the Company’s election, Adjusted Term SOFR plus a margin of 4.25% to 4.75%, or ABR plus a margin of 3.25% to 3.75%, in each case, depending on the Company’s first lien net leverage ratio.
On February 6, 2024, the Company refinanced its credit agreement whereby it entered into a new credit agreement (the "2024 Credit Agreement") with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as the Company term loan administrative agent and Citibank, N.A. as the Company's revolving facility administrative agent and collateral agent, and other lender parties thereto. The 2024 Credit Agreement included a $365.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility (the "2024 Term Loan B Facility"), whose loans will mature in February 2031 and a $175.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the "2024 Revolving Credit Facility"), which will mature in February 2029. The Company primarily used the proceeds from the 2024 Term Loan B Facility to repay in full all outstanding amounts owed under the Company's Amended 2021 Credit Agreement. Accordingly, the Amended 2021 Credit Agreement was terminated and replaced in its entirely. The obligations under the 2024 Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company.
Amounts outstanding under the 2024 Credit Agreement accrue interest at a rate equal to either, (1) for the 2024 Term Loan B Facility, at the Company’s election, Term SOFR (as defined in the 2024 Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 4.50% per annum, or ABR (as defined in the 2024 Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 3.50%, and (2) for the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, at the Company’s election, Term SOFR plus a margin of 3.50% to 4.00%, or ABR plus a margin of 2.50% to 3.00%, in each case, depending on the Company’s First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2024 Credit Agreement).
On September 18, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the 2024 Credit Agreement ("Amendment No. 1"), which reduced the interest rate of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility by 75 basis points to Term SOFR plus a margin of 3.75%, from the previous rate of Term SOFR plus a margin of 4.50%. Amendment No. 1 also reduced the interest rate margin of any ABR Loans (as defined in Amendment No. 1) by 75 basis points to ABR plus a margin of 2.75% from the previous rate of ABR plus a margin of 3.50%. The remaining terms of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility and 2024 Revolving Credit Facility were substantially unchanged.
As of September 30, 2024, the contractual interest rate related to the Term Loan B Facility was 8.60%. In addition to having to pay contractual interest on the 2024 Term Loan B Facility, the Company is also required to pay certain other fees, primarily to the lenders under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, in order to maintain their revolving facility commitments.
The covenants of the 2024 Credit Agreement include customary negative covenants that, among other things, restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, grant liens and make certain acquisitions, investments, asset dispositions and restricted payments. In addition, the 2024 Credit Agreement contains a springing financial covenant that is tested on the last day of any fiscal quarter only if utilization of the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility exceeds 35% of the total revolving commitments, whereby the Company is required to maintain a First Lien Net Leverage Ratio below 3.25 to 1.00. As of September 30, 2024, no amounts were outstanding under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility and the Company was in compliance with its debt covenants. At September 30, 2024, amounts available under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility were $169.8 million, net of letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $5.2 million.
The 2024 Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, and customary rights and remedies upon the occurrence of any event of default thereunder, including rights to accelerate the loans, terminate the commitments thereunder and realize upon the collateral securing the obligations under the 2024 Credit Agreement. The 2024 Credit Agreement calls for customary scheduled loan amortization payments of 0.25% of the initial principal balance, which at the time of Amendment No. 1 was $364.1 million, payable quarterly (i.e. 1% in aggregate per year) as well as a provision that requires the Company to prepay the 2024 Term Loan B Facility based on an annual calculation of free cash flow ("Excess Cash Flow") as defined by the 2024 Credit Agreement. The Company was not required to make any such mandatory prepayment required by the Excess Cash Flow provision for the period ended September 30, 2024.
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The following table summarizes the amount outstanding under the Company's 2024 Term Loan B Facility and 2021 Term Loan B Facility at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:
September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Term Loan B Facility*
$364,088 $351,000 
Unamortized debt discounts(6,460)(6,594)
Unamortized debt issuance costs(7,168)(10,289)
Debt, net of debt discount and debt issuance costs
$350,460 $334,117 
* Term Loan B Facility as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 reflect the balances under the 2024 Term Loan B Facility and the 2021 Term Loan B Facility, respectively.
February 6, 2024 Debt Refinance
As part of the debt refinance on February 6, 2024, where lenders under the 2021 Credit Agreement continued to be lenders under the 2024 Credit Agreement, certain of their loans and revolving facility commitments were deemed to have been modified ("Modified Loans" and "Modified Commitments," respectively). The Company continued to defer debt discount costs of $3.7 million and debt issuance costs of $5.7 million from Modified Loans over the term of the new 2024 Term Loan B Facility. The Company continued to defer financing costs as of February 6, 2024 of $0.6 million from Modified Commitments over the term of the new 2024 Revolver Facility.
For lenders of the 2021 Credit Agreement that did not continue to participate in the 2024 Credit Agreement, their pro-rata portion of the unamortized debt discount of $2.8 million, unamortized debt issuance cost of $4.3 million, and unamortized deferred financing costs of $0.3 million were deemed to be extinguished. The resulting loss on extinguishment of debt of $7.4 million is included in other (income) expense in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The Company paid $7.7 million in third-party fees related to the closing of the 2024 Credit Agreement. Third-party fees attributed to new lenders of $2.4 million were capitalized as part of the debt issuance cost and will be amortized over the term of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility while third-party fees attributed to Modified Loans of $3.1 million were included in general and administrative expenses in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. In addition, third-party fees of $2.1 million attributed to new revolving lenders and Modified Commitments were capitalized as part of deferred financing costs and will be amortized over the term of the 2024 Revolving Facility. The Company also capitalized additional debt discount costs of $3.7 million associated with the closing of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility, which will be amortized over the term of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility.
September 18, 2024 Debt Repricing
The Company analyzed the changes of Amendment No. 1 on a lender-by-lender basis and determined that the transaction would primarily be accounted for as a modification, with a portion of it accounted for as debt extinguishment and new debt issuance. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of $0.3 million related to $0.2 million of unamortized debt discount and $0.2 million of unamortized debt issuance cost related to the portion of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility that was extinguished. The Company paid $1.0 million in third-party fees related to Amendment No. 1 of which an immaterial amount was capitalized as debt issuance cost and $1.0 million was included in general and administrative expenses in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. As part of Amendment No. 1, most lenders decided to roll their loan balances over from the original 2024 Term Loan B Facility to the amended 2024 Term Loan B Facility, while some decided to cash out and reassign their loan balances. On September 18, 2024, $312.0 million of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility principal balance was rolled over as part of non-cash financing activities while $52.1 million of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility principal balance was repaid and then reissued.
The following table sets forth interest expense related to the 2024 Term Loan B Facility and the 2021 Term Loan B Facility (in thousands, except interest rates):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Contractual interest expense$9,084 $9,372 $27,282 $26,799 
Amortization of debt discount264 391 848 1,175 
Amortization of debt issuance costs292 610 1,008 1,833 
Total interest expense$9,640 $10,373 $29,138 $29,807 
Effective interest rate10.59 %11.76 %10.71 %11.24 %
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Amortization expense for the 2024 Term Loan B Facility debt discount and debt issuance costs for fiscal years 2024 through 2028 and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):
Fiscal YearDebt DiscountDebt Issuance Costs
Remaining 2024
$263 $291 
20251,043 1,157 
20261,032 1,146 
20271,022 1,134 
20281,011 1,122 
Thereafter2,089 2,318 
Total$6,460 $7,168 
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and related statements by the Company contain forward-looking statements, including statements based upon or relating to our expectations, assumptions, estimates, and projections. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "might," "will," "objective," "intend," "should," "could," "can," "would," "expect," "believe," "design," "anticipate," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "plan" or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the Company's guidance or expectations with respect to future financial performance; acquisitions by the Company, or the anticipated benefits thereof; potential synergies from the Company's acquisitions; macroeconomic conditions or concerns related thereto; the growth of ad-supported programmatic connected television ("CTV"); our ability to use and collect data to provide our offerings; scope and duration of client relationships; the fees we may charge in the future; our anticipated financial performance; key strategic objectives; anticipated benefits of new offerings; business mix; sales growth; benefits from supply path optimization; the development of identity solutions; client utilization of our offerings; our competitive differentiation; our market share and leadership position in the industry; market conditions, trends, and opportunities; certain statements regarding future operational performance measures; and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are not guarantees of future performance; they reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and estimates and subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from expectations or results projected or implied by forward-looking statements.
We discuss many of these risks and additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated by our forward-looking statements under the headings "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and elsewhere in this report and in other filings we have made and will make from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and subsequent filings. These forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of the report in which they are included. Unless required by federal securities laws, we assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated, to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the statements are made. Without limiting the foregoing, any guidance we may provide will generally be given only in connection with quarterly and annual earnings announcements, without interim updates, and we may appear at industry conferences or make other public statements without disclosing material nonpublic information in our possession. Given these uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
Investors should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed or will file with the SEC completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Overview
Magnite, Inc., ("we," or "us"), provides technology solutions to automate the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory.
We believe that we are the world’s largest independent omni-channel sell-side advertising platform ("SSP"), offering a single partner for transacting globally across all channels, formats and auction types, and the largest independent programmatic CTV marketplace, making it easier for buyers to reach CTV audiences at scale from industry-leading streaming content providers, broadcasters, platforms and device manufacturers.
Our platform features applications and services for sellers of digital advertising inventory, or publishers, that own and operate CTV channels, applications, websites and other digital media properties, to manage and monetize their inventory; applications and services for buyers, including advertisers, agencies, agency trading desks, and demand side platforms ("DSPs"), to buy digital advertising inventory; and a transparent, independent marketplace that brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates intelligent decision making and automated transaction execution at scale. Our clients include many of the world’s leading buyers and sellers of digital advertising inventory. Our platform processes trillions of ad requests per month, allowing buyers access to a global, scaled, independent alternative to "walled gardens," who both own and sell inventory and maintain control on the demand side.
Our streaming SSP platform and ad server offers CTV sellers a holistic solution for workflow, yield management and monetization, across both programmatic and direct-sold video inventory. We provide sellers with a full suite of tools to protect the consumer viewing experience and brand safety expectations, while increasing revenue opportunities, including forecasting tools, customized ad experiences and ad formats, and advanced podding logic. These tools are particularly important to CTV sellers who need to provide a TV-like viewing and advertising experience for consumers. For instance, our ad-pod feature provides publishers with a tool analogous to commercial breaks in traditional linear television so that they can request and manage several ads at once from different demand sources. Using this tool, publishers can establish business rules such as competitive separation of advertisers so that competing brand ads do not appear during the same commercial break. Other tools we offer include audio normalization tools to control for the volume of an ad relative to content, frequency capping to avoid exposing viewers to repetitive ad placements, and creative review so that a publisher can review and approve the ad units being served to its properties.
Buyers leverage our platform to manage their advertising spend and reach their target audiences on brand-safe premium inventory, simplify order management and campaign tracking, obtain actionable insights into audiences for their advertising, and access impression-level purchasing from thousands of sellers. We believe that our scale, platform features, and omni-channel offering makes us an essential partner for buyers.
We operate our business on a worldwide basis, with an established operating presence in North America, Australia and Europe, and a developing presence in Asia and South America. Our non-U.S. subsidiaries and operations perform primarily sales, marketing, and service functions.
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Industry and Business Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
Continued Shift Toward Digital Advertising and Automation of Buying and Selling
Consumers are rapidly shifting their viewing habits towards digital mediums and expect to be able to consume content seamlessly across multiple devices, including computers, tablets, smartphones, and CTVs whenever and wherever they want. As digital content consumption continues to proliferate, we believe the percentage of advertising dollars spent through digital channels will continue to grow.
Due to the size and complexity of the digital advertising ecosystem and purchasing process, manual processes cannot effectively manage digital advertising inventory at scale. In addition, both buyers and sellers are demanding more transparency, better controls and more relevant insights from their advertising inventory purchases and sales. This has created a need for software solutions, known as programmatic advertising, that automate the process for planning, buying, selling and measuring digital advertising across screens. Programmatic advertising allows buyers and sellers to transact on an impression-by-impression basis through the use of real-time bidding technology, and allows for the use of advanced data and identity solutions to better target ad campaigns. Programmatic transactions include open auctions, where multiple buyers bid against each other in a real-time auction for the right to purchase a publisher's inventory, as well as reserve auctions, where publishers establish direct deals or private marketplaces with select buyers. These reserve auctions may be "guaranteed," where a buyer has negotiated a pre-established price and volume with a seller, otherwise referred to as "programmatic guaranteed."
Convergence of TV and Digital
CTV viewership is growing rapidly and the pace of adoption is accelerating the transition of linear television to CTV programming. Initially, many streaming services were subscription based, but as the market has matured, the largest streaming publishers have adopted ad-supported models or hybrid models that rely on a combination of subscription fees and advertising. With the proliferation of CTV advertising inventory, we believe that brand advertisers looking to engage with streaming viewers will continue to shift their budgets from linear to CTV. Moreover, we believe that as the amount of CTV inventory continues to scale, a greater percentage of CTV advertising inventory will be sold programmatically, and through biddable environments rather than programmatic guaranteed, in order to attract a broader set of advertisers that have not historically advertised on linear TV.
We have made and plan to continue to make significant investments in technology, sales and support related to our CTV growth initiatives, and believe CTV will be a significant driver of our revenue growth for the foreseeable future. Consistent with this growth objective, in 2023 we introduced our Magnite Streaming platform, which merges leading technology from our legacy Magnite CTV and SpotX CTV platforms. We believe the combination of our Magnite Streaming platform with our ad server, which we acquired in 2021, is highly strategic as it allows us to offer publishers an independent full-stack solution to the walled gardens, which can be leveraged across their entire video advertising business.
The percentage of our revenue and Contribution ex-TAC (as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics") attributable to CTV has increased significantly in recent years. Because CTV is largely transacted through reserve auctions, reserve auctions have become a more significant portion of the transactions on our platform. In addition, as newer entrants to programmatic advertising, the largest publishers and broadcasters have tended to transact almost exclusively through reserve auctions and have lower overall take rates. These publishers have continued to increase their focus and investment in programmatic CTV, and in recent periods have grown as a percentage of our CTV business. Accordingly, the increase in share among these publishers on our platform has driven a decrease in our aggregate CTV take rates.
Identity Solutions
One of the advantages of programmatic advertising is that it enables more precise audience targeting, which is generally more effective and valuable for buyers than other types of advertising, resulting in better performance for buyers and more revenue for sellers. Historically, in desktop and mobile, one of the primary methods for delivering targeted advertisements was through the use of third-party cookies. However, in recent years the use of third-party cookies and other tracking technologies that collect user information have come under greater scrutiny due to privacy concerns, and a number of participants in the advertising technology ecosystem, in particular web browsers and device manufacturers, have taken steps to eliminate or restrict the use of these technologies.
For instance, Google had previously announced plans to fully deprecate third-party cookies by the end of 2024. However, recently Google announced that they will no longer be deprecating third-party cookies and instead will be introducing features that allow consumers to opt out of third-party cookies, while further investing in their own proprietary solutions. We would expect these new features to result in an increase in the number of users opting out of third-party cookies on Chrome browsers, which could lead to some short-term uncertainty as well as a decrease in CPMs.
In the long term, we believe that a decreased reliance on third-party cookies and other non-transparent tracking methods are a positive for the industry, and offer the potential to shift the programmatic ecosystem from an identity model powered by buyers that are able to aggregate and target audiences through cookies to one enabled by sellers that have direct relationships with consumers and are therefore better positioned to obtain user data and consent for implementing first party identifiers. In CTV,
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where third-party cookies do not exist, this identity model already largely exists with publishers more tightly controlling access to identifiers and user data, while offering proprietary first-party data segments for reaching desired audiences. We believe that our scale and expertise in CTV position us well to take a leadership position in advancing this shift to a first-party identity model and creating additional value opportunities for our clients. Accordingly, we have invested and intend to further invest in the development and enhancement of industry leading identity and audience solutions.
Supply Path Optimization
Supply Path Optimization ("SPO") refers to efforts by buyers to consolidate the number of vendors with which they work to find the most effective and cost-efficient paths to procure media. SPO is important to buyers because it can increase the proportion of their advertising ultimately spent on working media, with the goal of increasing return on their advertising spend, and can help them gain efficiencies by reducing the number of vendors with which they work in a complex ecosystem. In furtherance of these goals, in April 2023 we announced the launch of ClearLine, a self-service solution that provides agencies direct access to premium advertising on our platform. This solution helps agencies maximize the spend going towards working media, makes it easier for sellers and agencies to securely share data, improves workflow for campaigns traditionally transacted manually, and helps publishers generate more revenue and develop new sources of unique demand. We believe we are well positioned to benefit from SPO in the long run as a result of our transparency, our broad and unique inventory supply across all channels and formats, including CTV, buyer tools, such as traffic shaping and ClearLine that reduce the cost of working with us, and our brand safety measures.
Header Bidding and Data Processing
Header bidding is a programmatic technique by which sellers offer inventory to multiple ad exchanges and supply side platforms, such as our platform, simultaneously. Header bidding has been rapidly adopted in recent years in the desktop and mobile channels and has experienced modest adoption in CTV. The adoption of header bidding has created a number of challenges and technical complexities for both sellers and buyers, which require sophisticated tools to manage. We have invested in technology solutions, such as Demand Manager, to help desktop and mobile publishers manage their header-bidding inventory.
In addition, header bidding has led to a significant increase in the number of ad impressions to be processed and analyzed through our platform as well as by DSPs, which can lead to increased costs if not properly addressed. We continuously work to increase the operational efficiency of our platform, so as to enable buyers and sellers to achieve their campaign and monetization objectives in a cost-effective manner. Our solution is self-improving as we process more volume and accumulate more data, which in turn helps make our machine-learning algorithms more intelligent. We believe these cost savings make our platform more attractive to buyers, which in turn improves revenue opportunities for sellers.
While header-bidding technologies have not been largely adopted by CTV sellers, such solutions or similar solutions geared towards increasing demand competition have become more prevalent. We have addressed this, in part, through our ad server, which offers sellers a unified programmatic demand solution for CTV that leverages our existing programmatic SSP capabilities as well as connects with third party programmatic demand sources.
Macroeconomic Developments
Macroeconomic challenges, such as inflation, the interest rate environment, global conflicts, the risk of a recession, and labor strikes, generally have a negative impact on ad budgets, which in turn may lead to slower ad spend growth through our platform. Any worsening of macroeconomic conditions in future periods would likely have a negative effect on our financial results, the magnitude of which is difficult to predict. In addition, continued inflation could result in an increase in our cost base relative to our revenue.
Refer to Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for additional information related to risks associated with macroeconomic challenges.

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Components of Our Results of Operations
We report our financial results as one operating segment. Our consolidated operating results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, principally to make decisions about how we allocate our resources and to measure our consolidated operating performance.
Revenue
We generate revenue from the use of our platform for the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory. Generally, our revenue is based on a percentage of the ad spend that runs through our platform, although for certain clients, services, or transaction types, we may receive a fixed CPM for each impression sold, and for advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we earn revenue based on the full amount of ad spend that runs through our platform. In addition, we may receive certain fixed monthly fees for the use of our platform or products. We recognize revenue upon the fulfillment of our contractual obligations in connection with a completed transaction, subject to satisfying all other revenue recognition criteria. For the majority of transactions executed through our platform, we act as an agent on behalf of the publisher that is monetizing its inventory, and revenue is recognized net of any advertising inventory costs that we remit to sellers. With respect to certain revenue streams for managed advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we report revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on our determination that the Company acts as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for our buyer clients with respect to such transactions.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, our revenue reported on a gross basis was 12% and 16%, respectively, of total revenue, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, our revenue reported on a gross basis was 18% and 18%, respectively, of total revenue. Any mix shift that causes an increase in the relative percentage of our revenue accounted for on a gross basis would result in a higher revenue contribution and an associated decrease in our gross margin percentage (with no underlying impact on gross profit or Contribution ex-TAC, as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics"). Our revenue recognition policies are discussed in more detail in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and in Note 3 of the accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Expenses
We classify our expenses into the following categories:
Cost of Revenue. Our cost of revenue primarily consists of cloud hosting, data center, and bandwidth costs, ad verification costs, depreciation and maintenance expense of hardware supporting our revenue-producing platform, amortization of internally-developed software costs for the development of our revenue-producing platform, amortization expense associated with acquired developed technologies, personnel costs, and software costs. In addition, for revenue booked on a gross basis, cost of revenue includes traffic acquisition costs. Personnel costs included in cost of revenue include salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, and are primarily attributable to personnel in our network operations group who support our platform. We capitalize costs associated with software that is developed or obtained for internal use and amortize the costs associated with our revenue-producing platform in cost of revenue over their estimated useful lives. We amortize acquired developed technologies over their estimated useful lives.
Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses primarily consists of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as marketing expenses such as brand marketing, travel expenses, trade shows and marketing materials, amortization expense associated with client relationships, backlog, and non-compete agreements from our business acquisitions, professional services, facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense. Our sales and support organization focuses on increasing the adoption of our solution by existing and new buyers and sellers and supports ongoing client relationships. We amortize acquired intangibles associated with client relationships and backlog from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.
Technology and Development. Our technology and development expenses primarily consists of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as professional services associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of our solution, software costs, facilities-related costs, and depreciation and amortization expense. These expenses include costs incurred in the development, implementation, and maintenance of internal use software, including platform and related infrastructure. Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software development that qualifies for capitalization, which are then recorded as internal use software development costs, net, on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We amortize internal use software development costs that relate to our revenue-producing activities on our platform to cost of revenue and amortize other internal use software development costs to technology and development costs or general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of the related project. We amortize acquired intangibles associated with technology and development functions from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.
General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses primarily consists of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, associated with our executive, finance, legal, human resources, compliance, and
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other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees, facilities-related costs, depreciation expense, bad debt expense, and other corporate-related expenses.
Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs. Our merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs primarily consists of professional service fees associated with merger and acquisition activities, cash-based employee termination costs, related stock-based compensation charges, and other restructuring activities, including facility closures, relocation costs, contract termination costs, and impairment costs of abandoned technology associated with restructuring activities.
Other (Income) Expense
Interest (Income) Expense, Net. Interest expense primarily consists of interest expense associated with our 2024 Term Loan B Facility (defined below), 2021 Term Loan B Facility (defined below) and Convertible Senior Notes (defined below), and their related amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount. Interest income primarily consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents.
Foreign Currency Exchange (Gain) Loss, Net. Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, net consists of gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities on our balance sheet denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities primarily consists of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and various intercompany balances held between our subsidiaries. Our primary foreign currency exposures are currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, and New Zealand Dollar.
(Gain) Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. Gain or loss on extinguishment of debt consists of gains or losses associated with the repurchases of Convertible Senior Notes at a discount or premium and gains or losses associated with the refinancing of our debt facilities, including the extinguishment of unamortized debt discount, debt issuance costs, and deferred financing costs.
Other Income. Other income primarily consists of rental income from commercial office space we hold under lease and have sublet to other tenants.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related income tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets ("DTAs") and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions.
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Results of Operations
    The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated results of operations:
Three Months EndedChange %Nine Months EndedChange %
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Revenue$162,003 $150,085 8 %$474,202 $432,778 10 %
Expenses (1)(2):
Cost of revenue62,544 84,878 (26)%191,052 339,881 (44)%
Sales and marketing39,585 38,227 4 %125,514 136,407 (8)%
Technology and development20,261 23,537 (14)%72,981 71,135 3 %
General and administrative24,490 21,286 15 %73,786 68,023 8 %
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs— — — %— 7,465 (100)%
Total expenses146,880 167,928 (13)%463,333 622,911 (26)%
Income (loss) from operations15,123 (17,843)NM10,869 (190,133)NM
Other (income) expense, net
8,880 601 NM26,643 578 NM
Income (loss) before income taxes6,243 (18,444)NM(15,774)(190,711)(92)%
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1,029 (967)NM(2,153)(613)251 %
Net income (loss)$5,214 $(17,477)NM$(13,621)$(190,098)(93)%
  NM - Not meaningful
(1) Stock-based compensation expense included in our expenses was as follows:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Cost of revenue
$523 $446 $1,501 $1,373 
Sales and marketing7,755 6,371 23,963 20,869 
Technology and development
4,288 4,999 14,593 15,918 
General and administrative
6,104 5,652 19,104 17,159 
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs— — — 143 
Total stock-based compensation expense
$18,670 $17,468 $59,161 $55,462 
(2) Depreciation and amortization expense included in our expenses was as follows:
 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Cost of revenue
$11,878 $36,328 $34,032 $198,055 
Sales and marketing2,485 2,620 7,684 24,956 
Technology and development
101 199 372 591 
General and administrative
73 119 252 398 
Total depreciation and amortization expense
$14,537 $39,266 $42,340 $224,000 
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    The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated results of operations for the specified periods as a percentage of our revenue for those periods presented:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Revenue
100  %100  %100  %100 %
Cost of revenue
39 57 40 79 
Sales and marketing
24 25 26 32 
Technology and development
13 16 15 16 
General and administrative15 14 16 16 
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs— — — 2 
Total expenses
91 112 98 144 
Income (loss) from operations9 (12)2 (44)
Other (income) expense, net5 — 6 — 
Income (loss) before income taxes4 (12)(3)(44)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1 (1)— — 
Net income (loss)3 %(12)%(3)%(44) %
Note: Percentages may not sum due to rounding.
Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
Revenue
Revenue increased $11.9 million, or 8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period. Our revenue growth was primarily driven by growth in CTV and mobile revenue, including contributions from political advertising. Revenue from CTV and mobile increased by $8.5 million, or 12%, and $3.5 million, or 6%, respectively.
Revenue increased $41.4 million, or 10%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period. Our revenue growth was primarily driven by growth in CTV and mobile revenue. Revenue from CTV and mobile increased by $28.0 million, or 14%, and $12.8 million, or 8%, respectively.
Our revenue is largely a function of the number of advertising transactions and the price, or CPM, at which the inventory is sold, which results in total advertising spend on our platform, and, with respect to our revenue reported on a net basis, the take rate we charge for our services. Because pricing and take rate vary across publisher, channel, and transaction type, our revenue is subject to changes in publisher-specific take rates, and shifts in the mix of advertising spend on our platform among publishers and transaction types. For instance, managed services tend to have higher take rates while reserve auctions tend to have lower take rates. We expect our revenue to increase through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023 and we expect CTV will continue to be our biggest growth driver, inclusive of political advertising.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue decreased $22.3 million, or 26%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to decreases of $24.5 million in depreciation and amortization, which was primarily driven by certain acquired intangible assets becoming fully amortized in the third quarter of 2023, and $4.4 million in traffic acquisition costs due to a decrease in revenue reported on a gross basis. The decrease was partially offset by increases of $3.6 million in software costs primarily due to revenue growth.
Cost of revenue decreased $148.8 million, or 44%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to decreases of $164.0 million in depreciation and amortization due to the same reason above. The decrease was partially offset by increases of $10.3 million in cloud hosting, data center, and bandwidth expenses, primarily due to revenue growth.
On January 1, 2024, we extended the estimated useful lives of our network hardware assets from three years to five years, which was due to actual and expected longer refresh cycles for these assets. Based on the related asset balance as of December 31, 2023 and those placed in service during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the effect of this change is estimated to reduce depreciation expense by $12.7 million for the full year ending December 31, 2024 when compared to what depreciation expense would have been based on the original expected useful lives of three years.
We expect cost of revenue to remain relatively flat through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars. Cost of revenue may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period, on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of
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revenue, depending on revenue levels and the volume of transactions we process supporting those revenues, and the timing and amounts of depreciation and amortization of equipment and internally-developed software costs.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses increased $1.4 million, or 4%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increases of $2.6 million in personnel costs.
Sales and marketing expenses decreased $10.9 million, or 8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to decreases of $17.3 million in depreciation and amortization, which was primarily driven by certain acquired intangible assets becoming fully amortized in 2023. The decrease was partially offset by increases of $6.3 million in personnel costs.
We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars primarily due to increases in personnel costs.
Sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate quarter to quarter and period to period, on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of revenue, based on revenue levels, the timing of our investments and seasonality in our industry and business.
Technology and Development
Technology and development expenses decreased $3.3 million, or 14%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to decreases of $2.2 million in personnel costs and $1.0 million in software costs.
Technology and development expenses increased $1.8 million, or 3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increases of $2.0 million in software costs and $1.3 million in event and travel-related expenses. The increase was partially offset by decreases of $1.0 million in personnel costs.
We expect technology and development expenses to remain relatively flat through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars.
The timing and amount of our capitalized development and enhancement projects may affect the amount of development costs expensed in any given period. As a percentage of revenue, technology and development expense may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period based on revenue levels, the timing and amounts of technology and development efforts, the timing and the rate of the amortization of internally-developed capitalized projects and the timing and amounts of future capitalized internally-developed software costs.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses increased $3.2 million, or 15%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increases of $1.1 million in personnel costs and $1.0 million in refinancing expenses associated with repricing our 2024 Term Loan B Facility (defined below) in September 2024.
General and administrative expenses increased $5.8 million, or 8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increases of $5.0 million in personnel costs and $4.1 million in expenses associated with refinancing our 2021 Credit Agreement (defined below) in February 2024 and repricing our 2024 Term Loan B Facility in September 2024. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $3.7 million in bad debt expense, which was primarily attributable to a buyer that filed for bankruptcy in the second quarter of 2023.
We expect general and administrative expenses to remain relatively flat through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023 in absolute dollars.
General and administrative expenses may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period based on the timing and amounts of expenditures in our general and administrative functions as they vary in scope and scale over periods. Such fluctuations may not be directly proportional to changes in revenue.
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Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs
We did not incur any merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $7.5 million, and included $3.4 million of severance related expenses, $2.2 million of facilities related loss contracts, and $1.4 million of exit costs, all due to restructuring activities as a result of consolidating our legacy CTV and SpotX CTV platforms following the acquisition of SpotX, Inc.
Other (Income) Expense, Net
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$6,848 $7,574 $21,599 $24,269 
Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net3,019 (1,471)1,220 (1,542)
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt
319 (4,156)7,706 (18,132)
Other income(1,306)(1,346)(3,882)(4,017)
Total other (income) expense, net
$8,880 $601 $26,643 $578 
Interest expense, net decreased $0.7 million and $2.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the prior year periods, respectively. The net decrease is due to an increase in interest income and a decrease in interest expense as a result of lower convertible debt outstanding in 2024 as compared to the prior year period and the lower interest incurred under the 2024 Term Loan B Facility (defined below) compared to the 2021 Term Loan B Facility (defined below).
Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net changed by $4.5 million and $2.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year periods, respectively, due to movements in foreign currency exchange rates and the amount of foreign currency-denominated cash, receivables, and payables, which were impacted by our billings to buyers, payments to sellers, and intercompany balances.
The loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million and $7.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively was due to the refinancing of our 2021 Credit Agreement (defined below) in February 2024 and the repricing of our 2024 Term Loan B Facility (defined below) in September 2024, which are further discussed below. The gain on extinguishment of debt of $4.2 million and $18.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, was due to the repurchase of portions of our Convertible Senior Notes (defined below).
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes    
We recorded an income tax provision of $1.0 million and a tax benefit of $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and an income tax benefit of $1.0 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The tax provision and benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, was primarily the result of the Company's ability to recognize DTAs subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax provision. The tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily the result of the Company's ability to recognize DTAs subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax provision.

Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics
In addition to our GAAP results, we review non-GAAP financial measures, including Contribution ex-TAC and Adjusted EBITDA, to help us evaluate our business on a consistent basis, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of investments in our technology and development and sales and marketing, and assess our operational efficiencies. Our non-GAAP financial measures are discussed below. Revenue and net income (loss) are discussed above under the headings "Components of Our Results of Operations" and "Results of Operations."

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Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Change %
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Change %
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Financial Measures and non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Revenue$162,003 $150,085 8 %$474,202 $432,778 10 %
Gross profit$99,459 $65,207 53 %283,150 92,897 205 %
Contribution ex-TAC$149,428 $133,136 12 %426,744383,86711 %
Net income (loss)
$5,214 $(17,477)N/M(13,621)(190,098)(93)%
Adjusted EBITDA$50,564 $40,289 26 %120,337 100,958 19 %
NM - Not meaningful
Contribution ex-TAC
Contribution ex-TAC is calculated as gross profit plus cost of revenue excluding traffic acquisition cost ("TAC"). Traffic acquisition cost, a component of cost of revenue, represents what we must pay sellers for the sale of advertising inventory through our platform for revenue reported on a gross basis. Contribution ex-TAC is a non-GAAP financial measure that is most comparable to gross profit. Our management believes Contribution ex-TAC is a useful measure in assessing our performance and facilitates a consistent comparison against our core business without considering the impact of traffic acquisition costs related to revenue reported on a gross basis.
Our use of Contribution ex-TAC has limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry which have similar business arrangements, may define Contribution ex-TAC differently, which may make comparisons difficult. Because of these and other limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP measures only as supplemental to GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, gross profit, net income (loss) and cash flows.
The following table presents the calculation of gross profit and reconciliation of gross profit to Contribution ex-TAC for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Change %
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Change %
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Revenue$162,003 $150,085 8 %$474,202 $432,778 10 %
Less: Cost of revenue62,544 84,878 (26)%191,052 339,881 (44)%
Gross profit
99,459 65,207 53 %283,150 92,897 205 %
Add back: Cost of revenue, excluding TAC49,969 67,929 (26)%143,594 290,970 (51)%
Contribution ex-TAC$149,428 $133,136 12 %$426,744 $383,867 11 %
We track the breakdown of Contribution ex-TAC across channels to better understand how our clients are transacting on our platform, which informs decisions as to business strategy and the allocation of resources and capital. The following table presents Contribution ex-TAC by channel:
Contribution ex-TAC
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Change %
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Change %
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Channel:
CTV$64,389 $52,468 23 %$182,236 $154,964 18 %
Mobile59,346 54,971 8 %170,358 155,260 10 %
Desktop25,693 25,697 — %74,150 73,643 1 %
Total$149,428 $133,136 12 %$426,744 $383,867 11 %
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Contribution ex-TAC increased $16.3 million, or 12%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in Contribution ex-TAC was primarily due to the growth drivers described above for revenue.
Contribution ex-TAC increased $42.9 million, or 11%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in Contribution ex-TAC was primarily due to the growth drivers described above for revenue.
We expect our Contribution ex-TAC to increase through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023 and we expect CTV will continue to be our biggest growth driver.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment charges, interest income or expense, and other cash and non-cash based income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance, including, but not limited to foreign exchange gains and losses, acquisition and related items, gains or losses on extinguishment of debt, other debt refinancing expenses, non-operational real estate and other expenses (income), net, and provision (benefit) for income taxes. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our performance for the following reasons:
•Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s performance without regard to items such as those we exclude in calculating this measure, which can vary substantially from company to company depending upon their financing, capital structures, and the method by which assets were acquired.
•Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP financial measures for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies, and in communications with our board of directors concerning our performance. Adjusted EBITDA is also used as a metric for determining payment of cash incentive compensation.
•Adjusted EBITDA provides a measure of consistency and comparability with our past performance that many investors find useful, facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, and also facilitates comparisons with other peer companies, many of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results.
Although Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported under GAAP. These limitations include:
•Stock-based compensation is a non-cash charge and will remain an element of our long-term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period.
•Depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, and the assets being depreciated or amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, but Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for these replacements.
•Impairment charges are non-cash charges related to goodwill, intangible assets and/or long-lived assets.
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect certain cash and non-cash charges related to acquisition and related items, such as amortization of acquired intangible assets, merger, acquisition, or restructuring related severance costs, and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration.
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash and non-cash charges and changes in, or cash requirements for, acquisition and related items, such as certain transaction expenses.
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash and non-cash charges related to certain financing transactions such as gains or losses on extinguishment of debt or other debt refinancing expenses.
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in our working capital needs, capital expenditures, non-operational real estate expenses or income, or contractual commitments.
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for income taxes and the cash impact of other income or expense.
•Other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Our Adjusted EBITDA is influenced by fluctuations in our revenue, cost of revenue, and the timing and amounts of the cost of our operations. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), income (loss) from operations, or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
September 30, 2024
September 30, 2023
Net income (loss)
$5,214 $(17,477)$(13,621)$(190,098)
Add back (deduct):
Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets7,038 9,507 19,678 29,132 
   Amortization of acquired intangibles7,499 29,759 22,662 194,868 
   Stock-based compensation expense18,670 17,468 59,161 55,462 
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs, excluding stock-based compensation expense— — — 7,322 
Non-operational real estate and other (income) expense, net
(35)52 (18)290 
Interest expense, net6,848 7,574 21,599 24,269 
Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net
3,019 (1,471)1,220 (1,542)
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt
319 (4,156)7,706 (18,132)
Other debt refinancing expense
963 — 4,103 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
1,029 (967)(2,153)(613)
Adjusted EBITDA$50,564 $40,289 $120,337 $100,958 
Adjusted EBITDA increased by $10.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increases in revenue, described above, which were partially offset by increases in expenses to support this revenue growth. Refer to discussion in section "Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023."
Adjusted EBITDA increased by $19.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period for the same reasons above. Refer to discussion in section "Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023."
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $387.2 million, of which $54.4 million was held in foreign currency denominated cash accounts, and an aggregate gross principal amount of $569.2 million of indebtedness outstanding under our 2024 Term Loan B Facility (as defined below) and our Convertible Senior Notes (as defined below). In addition, we were party to a $175.0 million 2024 Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below), of which approximately $5.2 million was assigned to outstanding but undrawn letters of credit. See "Capital Resources" below for further information about our outstanding debt.
Our principal cash requirements for the twelve-month period following this report primarily consists of personnel costs, contractual payment obligations, including office leases, data center costs and cloud hosting costs, capital expenditures, payment of interest and required principal payments on our Convertible Senior Notes and our 2024 Term Loan B Facility, cash outlays for income taxes, and cash requirements to fund working capital. In the longer term, we would expect to have similar cash requirements, with increases in absolute dollars associated with the continued growth of our business and expansion of operations. See "Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements" for a further discussion of our known material contractual obligations.
Our working capital needs and cash conversion cycle, which is influenced by seasonality and by the mix of terms among our buyers and sellers and which may be negatively impacted as a result of pandemics, inflationary, recessionary and other macroeconomic challenges, can have large fluctuations due to the timing of receipts from buyers and timing of disbursements to sellers. In addition, in the event a buyer defaults on payment, we may still be required to pay sellers for the inventory purchased. The impacts from changes in working capital and capital expenditures can significantly impact our cash flows and therefore, our liquidity during any period presented.
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We have historically relied upon cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, borrowings under credit facilities and issuance of debt for our liquidity needs. Our ability to meet our cash requirements depends on, among other things, our operating performance, competitive developments, and financial market conditions, all of which are significantly affected by business, financial, economic, political, global health-related and other factors, many of which we may not be able to control or influence.
We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operating activities, and amounts available to borrow under our 2024 Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of our financial statements. However, there are multiple factors that could impact our cash balances in the future, including the factors described above with respect to working capital and cash conversion cycles, as well as the duration and severity of events beyond our control, macroeconomic factors, and other factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A: "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Capital Resources
In March 2021, we sold convertible senior notes ("Convertible Senior Notes") for gross proceeds of $400.0 million. The Convertible Senior Notes are senior, unsecured obligations with interest payable semi-annually in cash at a rate of 0.25% per annum in arrears on March 15 and September 15. The Convertible Senior Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. The initial conversion rate is 15.6539 shares per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $63.88 per share of the Company’s common stock and is subject to adjustment as described in the Offering Memorandum. At September 30, 2024, the balance of the Convertible Senior Notes was $203.3 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.7 million.
In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes, we entered into capped call transactions to reduce the Company's exposure to additional cash payments above principal balances in the event of a cash conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes. The Company may owe additional cash or shares to the holders of the Convertible Senior Notes upon early conversion if our stock price exceeds $91.260 per share, which is subject to certain adjustments.
On February 6, 2024, we entered into a credit agreement (the "2024 Credit Agreement") with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as our term loan administrative agent and Citibank, N.A. as our revolving facility administrative agent and collateral agent, and other lender parties thereto. The 2024 Credit Agreement provided for a $365.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility (the "2024 Term Loan B Facility") and a $175.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the "2024 Revolving Credit Facility"). The proceeds from the 2024 Term Loan B Facility were used, among other things, to terminate and to repay in full the outstanding facilities under the prior credit agreement entered into in April 2021 (the "2021 Credit Agreement"), which included a term loan facility (the "2021 Term Loan B Facility") and a revolving facility (the "2021 Revolving Credit Facility").
On September 18, 2024, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the 2024 Credit Agreement ("Amendment No. 1"), which reduced the interest rate of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility by 75 basis points to Term SOFR plus a margin of 3.75% from the previous rate of Term SOFR plus a margin of 4.50%. The remaining terms of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility and the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility were substantially unchanged.
At September 30, 2024, the balance of the 2024 Term Loan Facility was $350.5 million, net of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs of $13.6 million, and amounts available under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility were $169.8 million, net of letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $5.2 million.
On February 1, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a new repurchase plan (the "February 2024 Repurchase Plan"), which fully replaced the prior repurchase plan, pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase common stock or Convertible Senior Notes, with an aggregate market value of up to $125.0 million, through February 1, 2026. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 697,719 shares of the Company's common stock for an aggregate amount of $9.0 million. As of September 30, 2024, $116.0 million remains available under the February 2024 Repurchase Plan. From October 1, 2024 to November 6, 2024, we repurchased 462,777 additional shares of the Company's common stock for an aggregate amount of $5.6 million, resulting in $110.4 million remaining available under the February 2024 Repurchase Plan as of November 6, 2024.
In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through equity-linked or debt financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders may be diluted. If we raise additional financing by incurring indebtedness, we will be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to financial maintenance covenants, or restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to equity investors. An inability to raise additional capital could adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives.
Our cash and cash equivalents balance is affected by our results of operations, the timing of capital expenditures and by changes in our working capital, particularly changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable. The timing of cash receipts from buyers and payments to sellers can significantly impact our cash flows from operating activities and our liquidity for, and within, any period presented. Our collection and payment cycle can vary from period to period depending upon various circumstances,
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including seasonality, and may be negatively impacted by certain macroeconomic challenges, such as capital market disruptions and instability of financial institutions.         
    Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
(in thousands)
Cash flows provided by operating activities
$120,504 $125,282 
Cash flows used in investing activities(40,669)(25,339)
Cash flows used in financing activities(19,447)(115,681)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash637 (209)
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$61,025 $(15,947)
Operating Activities
Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily driven by revenue generated by our business, offset by the cash costs of operations, and are significantly influenced by the timing of and fluctuations in receipts from buyers and related payments to sellers. Our future cash flows will be diminished if we cannot increase our revenue levels and manage costs appropriately.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $120.5 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $125.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our operating activities included our net loss of $13.6 million and $190.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which were offset by non-cash adjustments of $107.7 million and $268.0 million, respectively. Net changes in our working capital resulted in $26.4 million and $47.4 million of cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. The net changes in working capital for both periods presented are primarily due to the timing of cash receipts from buyers and the timing of payments to sellers.
We believe that cash flows from operations will continue to fluctuate, but in general will increase over time as our business continues to grow.
Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have consisted of purchases of property and equipment, and capital expenditures in support of creating and enhancing our technology infrastructure. Purchases of property and equipment and investments in internal use software development may vary from period-to-period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations, changes to headcount, and the cycles of our internal use software development.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, our investing activities used net cash of $40.7 million and $25.3 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we used cash for purchases of property and equipment of $29.1 million and $17.1 million, respectively, and used cash for investments in our internally developed software of $11.6 million and $8.2 million, respectively.
We anticipate cash flows used in our investing activities will remain relatively flat through the remainder of 2024 compared to 2023.
Financing Activities
Our financing activities consisted of our debt refinancing and repricing activities, Convertible Senior Notes transactions, repayment of amounts borrowed under our 2024 Term Loan B Facility and our 2021 Term Loan B Facility, and transactions related to our share repurchases and equity plans.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $19.4 million and $115.7 million, respectively. Cash outflows from financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily included $403.1 million of payments related to paying off our 2021 Term Loan B Facility in February 2024 and repricing our 2024 Term Loan B Facility in September 2024, $17.7 million for taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, $9.0 million of payments related to share repurchases, and $4.5 million of payments related to debt issuance costs primarily related to the issuance of our 2024 Term Loan B Facility and 2024 Revolver Facility in February 2024. The outflows were partially offset by cash proceeds primarily consisting of $413.5 million from the issuance of our 2024 Term Loan B Facility, net of debt discount, and the repricing of our 2024 Term Loan B Facility in September 2024, and cash proceeds from the employee stock purchase plan of $2.0 million. In connection with Amendment No. 1, most lenders decided to roll their loan balances over from the original 2024 Term Loan B Facility to the amended 2024 Term Loan B Facility, while some decided to cash out and reassign their loan balances. On
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September 18, 2024, $312.0 million of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility principal balance was rolled over as part of non-cash financing activities while the remaining lenders who were repaid and then had their loans reissued were included in the $403.1 million cash outflows and the $413.5 million cash proceeds mentioned above.
Cash outflows from financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily included $104.8 million of payments related to repurchases of our Convertible Senior Notes, $9.7 million for taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, $2.7 million for repayment of our 2021 Term Loan B Facility, and $2.3 million for payment of our indemnification claims holdback related to historical acquisitions. The outflows were offset by cash proceeds from stock options exercised of $2.2 million and cash proceeds from issuance of common stock from the employee stock purchase plan of $1.9 million.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any relationships with other entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements at September 30, 2024 other than the short-term operating leases described below and commitments mentioned in Note 12— "Commitments Contingencies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements
As of September 30, 2024, our principal commitments consist of obligations under our Convertible Senior Notes, 2024 Term Loan B Facility, 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, leases for our various office facilities, including our corporate headquarters in New York, New York and offices in Los Angeles, California, and operating lease agreements, including data centers, and cloud hosting services that expire at various times through 2033. In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.
The following table summarizes our future lease obligations, payments of principal and interest under our debt agreements, and other future payments due under non-cancelable agreements at September 30, 2024 (in thousands):
Remaining 2024
2025202620272028ThereafterTotal
Lease liabilities associated with leases included ROU assets as of September 30, 2024
$6,109 $19,917 $15,811 $10,163 $7,853 $14,416 $74,269 
Convertible Senior Notes— — 205,067 — — — 205,067 
Interest, Convertible Senior Notes— 513 256 — — — 769 
2024 Term Loan B Facility (1)
910 3,641 3,641 3,641 3,641 348,614 364,088 
Interest, 2024 Term Loan B Facility (2)
7,997 31,531 31,213 30,896 30,663 63,221 195,521 
Contractual fees related to the 2024 Term Loan B Facility and the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility (3)
156 688 688 688 688 139 3,047 
Other non-cancelable obligations2,004 5,974 2,074 1,087 835 358 12,332 
Total$17,176 $62,264 $258,750 $46,475 $43,680 $426,748 $855,093 
(1) Includes only customary scheduled loan amortization payments and excludes currently unknown prepayment amounts that may be required, per terms of the 2024 Credit Agreement after the end of each fiscal year.
(2) Interest payments are based on an assumed rate of 8.60%, which was the rate as of September 30, 2024 for the associated 2024 Term Loan B Facility.
(3) Includes estimated fees based on current available amounts under our 2024 Revolving Credit Facility and using the current commitment rate as of September 30, 2024, fees based on outstanding but undrawn letters of credit as of September 30, 2024, and fees owed to our administrative agents for both facilities under the 2024 Credit Agreement.
Payments associated with our Convertible Senior Notes, 2024 Term Loan B, and 2024 Revolving Credit Facility are based on contractual terms and intended timing of repayments of long-term debt and associated interest and required fees.
Other non-cancelable obligations above consist of agreements in the normal course of business that are in excess of one year as of September 30, 2024, inclusive of certain leases that have been entered into but are not yet recognized in our lease liabilities or ROU assets.
In addition, the amounts above exclude commitments due within a year for a cloud-managed services agreement, under which the Company has a remaining non-cancelable minimum spend commitment from October 2024 to June 2025 of $37.7 million.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties pursuant to which we agree to indemnify buyers, sellers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders, and other parties with respect to
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certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions of third parties. These indemnity provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and certain other officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. No demands for indemnification have been made as of September 30, 2024.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.
We believe that the following assumptions and estimates have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements: (i) the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements and (ii) the determination of amounts to capitalize and the estimated useful lives of internal-use software development costs. There have been no significant changes in our accounting policies or estimates from those disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1 —"Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
We have operations both in the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include primarily interest rate, foreign exchange, and inflation risks. The risks below may be further exacerbated by the effects of certain global macroeconomic challenges and market conditions.
Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and money market funds, but may from time to time also include other money market instruments such as commercial paper or U.S. treasury bills, with original maturities of three months or less. Our investments may consist of repurchase agreements, U.S. government agency debt, and U.S. treasury debt. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve the value of our cash without significantly increasing risk. Because our cash, cash equivalents, and investments have a short maturity, our portfolio’s fair value is relatively insensitive to interest rate changes, however, interest income earned will vary as interest rates change.
We do not have economic interest rate expense exposure on our Convertible Senior Notes due to their fixed interest rate nature. The amount paid upon redemption or maturity, before considering any potential additional amount owed due to increases in our underlying share price above the conversion price, is not based on changes in any interest rate index or underlying market interest rates. It is fixed at 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes plus unpaid interest. Since the Convertible Senior Notes bear a fixed interest rate, we are not exposed to interest rate risk on those notes, however, the fair value of those notes will change as market interest rates change.
Our 2024 Term Loan B Facility bears a floating rate of interest that resets periodically, subject to a 0% floor on that floating rate, according to the terms of the agreement (the "SOFR Floor"). Our financial results have been exposed to changes in the underlying base interest rate on that debt because the underlying base interest rate resets above the floor on such underlying interest rate. The fair value of the 2024 Term Loan B Facility may fluctuate when the underlying base interest rate fluctuates below the floor or when the rate of return demanded by our loan investors changes relative to when the loans were issued. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility. Should the company borrow under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility at any point in the future, any associated borrowings would have a floating underlying base rate of interest that would expose the Company to interest rate risk.
We do not believe that an increase or decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would have a material effect on our operating results or financial condition. The annualized impact to interest expense for each 100 basis points increase above the
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SOFR Floor on our 2024 Term Loan B Facility is approximately $3.6 million. The actual impact to our financial results of the same increase in interest rates is expected to be lower depending on the timing and magnitude of such rate changes relative to our SOFR Floor, and will be partially offset by higher interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalent balances over the same period. In future periods, we will continue to evaluate our investment opportunities and policy relative to our overall objectives.
With regard to all debt currently outstanding, the Company is potentially exposed to refinancing risk in the future, should the Company seek to refinance its debt or raise new debt. As such, the type, cost, and terms of any new debt potentially raised in the future may differ from that of our existing debt agreements.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
As a U.S. based company that does business around the globe, we have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, and New Zealand Dollar. Foreign exchange rate volatility is influenced by many factors that we cannot forecast with reliable accuracy. In the event our non-U.S. Dollar denominated revenue and expenses increase, or the volatility of the foreign currencies that we transact in increases, our operating results may be more greatly affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates of those foreign currencies. In addition, we have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net income (loss) as a result of transaction gains and losses related to translating certain cash balances, trade accounts receivable and payable balances and intercompany balances that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. The effect of an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, including intercompany balances, would result in a foreign currency loss of approximately $9.4 million and $9.5 million, respectively. At this time we do not, but we may in the future, enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in an attempt to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk.
Inflation Risk
We do not believe that cost inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we might not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. This risk of cost inflation is distinct from the risk that inflation throughout the broader economy could lead to reduced ad spend and indirectly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For a discussion of the indirect results of inflation on our business, see "Macroeconomic Developments."

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives of ensuring that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures, and is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. There is no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will operate effectively under all circumstances. Based upon the evaluation described above, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls     
Management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated
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goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We and our subsidiaries may from time to time be parties to legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims incident to our business activities and to our status as a public company. Such routine matters may include, among other things, assertions of contract breach or intellectual property infringement, claims for indemnity arising in the course of our business, regulatory investigations, audits by taxing authorities, or enforcement proceedings, and claims by persons whose employment has been terminated. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Consequently, we are unable to ascertain the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability, amounts which may be covered by insurance or recoverable from third parties, or the financial impact with respect to such matters as of September 30, 2024. However, based on our knowledge as of September 30, 2024, we believe that the final resolution of such matters pending at the time of this report, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect upon our condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Refer to Note 12—"Commitments and Contingencies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information related to legal proceedings.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. We describe risks associated with our business in Part I, Item 1A: "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the "Risk Factors"). Each of the risks described in our Risk Factors may be relevant to decisions regarding an investment in or ownership of our stock. The occurrence of any such risks could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, revenue, results of operations, growth, or ability to accomplish our strategic objectives, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. You should carefully consider such risks and the other information contained in this report, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, before making investment decisions related to our common stock.
There are no additional material changes to the Risk Factors of which we are currently aware; but our Risk Factors cannot anticipate and fully address all possible risks of investing in our common stock, the risks of investing in our common stock may change over time, and additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of, or that we do not consider to be material, may emerge. In addition, the economic impact of macroeconomic challenges, such as inflation, global conflict, capital market disruptions and the instability of financial institutions, the risk of a recession, and other macroeconomic factors may amplify many of the risks described in our risk factors. Accordingly, you are advised to consider additional sources of information and exercise your own judgment in addition to the information we provide.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
    None (except as previously disclosed).
(b) Use of Proceeds
    Not Applicable.
(c) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Company and Affiliated Purchasers
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Common stock repurchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price per Share
Total number of shares purchased as part of a Publicly Announced ProgramMaximum Approximate Dollar Value that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
July 1 - July 31, 2024
Equity withholding(1)
1 $14.41 — $— 
Repurchase program(2)
— $— — $125,000 
August 1 - August 31, 2024
Equity withholding(1)
344 $12.51 — $— 
Repurchase program(2)
230 $12.55 230 $122,113 
September 1 - September 30, 2024
Equity withholding(1)
44 $13.79 — $— 
Repurchase program(2)
468 $13.08 468 $115,994 
1,087 698 
(1) Upon vesting of most restricted stock units or stock awards, we are required to deposit minimum statutory employee withholding taxes on behalf of the holders of the vested awards. As reimbursement for these tax deposits, we have the option to withhold from shares otherwise issuable upon vesting a portion of those shares with a fair market value equal to the amount of the deposits we paid. Withholding of shares in this manner is accounted for as a repurchase of common stock.
(2) On February 1, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program (the "February 2024 Repurchase Plan") under which the Company is authorized to repurchase common stock or Convertible Senior Notes, with an aggregate market value of up to $125.0 million, through February 1, 2026. Shares repurchased under the Program in the quarter ended September 30, 2024 have been subsequently retired, which was recorded as a reduction in additional paid in capital. The average price paid per share purchased under the Program includes broker commission costs. As of September 30, 2024, $116.0 million remains available under the February 2024 Repurchase Plan.
Item 5. Other Information
Trading Plans
In the third quarter of 2024, the following trading plans were adopted or terminated by our Section 16 officers or directors:
Officer NameOfficer TitleDate Plan Adopted/TerminatedDuration of PlanShares to be Purchased or SoldIntended to Satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c)?
David Buonasera
Chief Technology Officer
Adopted August 15, 2024
November 14, 2024 - August 14, 2026
Sell up to 48,942, subject to certain conditions
Yes
Paul Caine
Director
Adopted August 15, 2024
November 14, 2024 - October 31, 2025
Sell up to 50,000, subject to certain conditions
Yes
David Day
Chief Financial Officer
Adopted September 12, 2024
December 16, 2024 - May 23, 2025
Sell up to 128,880, subject to certain conditions
Yes

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Item 6. Exhibits
NumberDescription
10.1
31.1*
31.2*
32*(1)
101.ins *Instance Document- the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.sch *XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document
101.cal *XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.def *XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.lab *XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.pre *XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
 
*    Filed herewith
(1)    The information in this exhibit is furnished and deemed not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Magnite, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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SIGNATURES
 
    Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
MAGNITE, INC. (Registrant)
/s/  David Day
David Day
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)
Date November 7, 2024