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美國

證券和交易委員會

華盛頓特區 20549

表單 10-Q

（標記一）

☒    根據1934年證券交易法第13或15(d)節的季度報告

截至季度結束 2024年9月30日

或者

☐    根據1934年證券交易法第13或15(d)節的轉型報告書

在__________至__________的過渡期間

委員會文件號碼 001-38487

起點銀行股份有限公司。

(根據其章程規定的註冊人準確名稱)

路易斯安那州						72-1192928
（註冊或組織的）州或其他司法轄區 公司成立或組織）						（聯邦稅號 （標識號碼）

500南服務路東

Ruston, 路易斯安那州 71270

(318) 255-2222

（註冊者的主要執行辦公室的地址，包括郵政編碼和電話號碼，包括區號）

在法案第12(b)條的規定下注冊的證券：

每種類別的證券			交易標的			註冊的交易所名稱
普通股，每股面值爲5.00美元			OBK			紐約證券交易所

請用複選框表示註冊者（1）是否在過去的12個月內（或註冊者所需提交這些報告的較短期間內）已提交證券交易法第13或15（d）條要求提交的所有報告，以及（2）在過去90天內是否曾被要求提交此類申報報告。是 ☒ 不

請在以下勾選方框表示註冊人是否已在Regulation S-T Rule 405規定的前12個月(或在註冊人需要提交此類文件的較短期間內)提交了每個互動數據文件。是 ☒ 否 ☐

請用複選框表示該註冊者是一個大型加速提交者、一個加速提交者、一個非加速提交者、一個較小的報告公司或一個新興增長公司。請參閱交易所法第120億.2條中「大型加速提交者」、「加速提交者」、「較小的報告公司」和「新興增長公司」的定義。（選擇一項）：

大型加速報告人

☒

加速文件提交人

☐

非加速文件提交人

☐

較小的報告公司

☐

新興成長公司

☐

如果是新興成長型公司，請在複選框中打勾，以確定註冊人是否選擇不使用在1934年證券交易法第13(a)條項下提供的任何新的或修訂的財務會計準準則的延長過渡期。

☐

請用勾號表示註冊人是否爲殼公司（如法案第120億.2條所定義）。是 ☐ 否 ☒

請指明截至最近可行日期爲止，每個發行人普通股類別的流通股數量： 31,168,734 截至2024年10月31日，已發行和流通的普通股股份爲每股面值5.00美元。

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ORIGIN BANCORP，INC。

10-Q表格

2024年9月30日

指數

			頁面
第一部分 - 財務信息			7
項目1.基本報表（未經審計）：			7
2024年9月30日的合併資產負債表（未經審計），以及2023年12月31日			7
2024年9月30日和2023年，未經審計的三個月和九個月的合併利潤表			8
2024年9月30日和2023年，未經審計的三個月和九個月的合併綜合收益（損失）表			9
2024年9月30日和2023年，未經審計的三個月和九個月的合併股東權益變動表			10
2024年9月30日和2023年，未經審計的九個月的合併現金流量表			12
基本報表的簡要附註			14
項目2. 管理層對財務狀況和業績的討論與分析			51
項目3.有關市場風險的數量和質量披露			73
項目4.控制和程序			75
第二部分 - 其他信息			76
項目1.法律訴訟			76
Item 1A. Risk Factors			76
項目2。股本證券的未註冊銷售，使用收益和發行人購買股本證券			76
項目3. 面對高級證券的違約情況			76
項目4.礦山安全披露			76
項目5.其他信息			76
項目6.附件			77
簽名頁面			78

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目錄

關於前瞻性聲明的警示

本季度報告（表格10-Q）包含根據《1933年證券法》第27A節及《1934年證券交易法》第21E節的定義構成的前瞻性陳述。前瞻性陳述通常由「預期」、「相信」、「估計」、「期望」、「預見」、「打算」、「計劃」、「項目」以及類似表述或未來或條件動詞，如「可能」、「將」、「應該」、「會」和「願意」，或這些術語的變體或否定形式所引導、跟隨或包含，儘管並非所有的前瞻性陳述都包含上述詞彙。前瞻性陳述並非歷史事實，而是基於我們對行業的當前預期、估計和預測、管理層的信念以及管理層所做的某些假設，許多假設本質上具有不確定性，並超出我們的控制。因此，我們提醒您，這些前瞻性陳述並不能保證未來的表現，並且受難以預測的風險、假設和不確定性影響。儘管我們相信截至所作日期，前瞻性陳述中反映的預期是合理的，但實際結果可能與前瞻性陳述中表達或暗示的結果存在重大差異。

有或將有重要因素可能導致我們的實際結果與這些前瞻性陳述所示結果不同，包括但不限於以下因素：

•美國經濟不確定性、經濟狀況惡化或經濟增長放緩，尤其是我們經營的市場區域和我們貸款集中的市場區域，包括房屋銷量下降和借款人（消費者和企業）面臨的財務壓力，這是由於利率期貨波動或經濟環境不確定性所導致的。

•銀行業的不利發展，如備受關注的銀行倒閉，以及這些發展對客戶信心、流動性以及監管機構對這些發展的回應（包括對我們存款保險評估成本的增加和加強監管審查），我們有效管理流動性風險和任何增長計劃以及資本和資金可獲取性的能力。

•我們遵守適用的資本和流動性要求的能力，包括我們內部生成流動性或以有利條件籌集資本的能力，包括繼續進入債務和股本資本市場的能力；

•波動和/或不穩定的利率，資本市場以及通貨膨脹對我們的業務和財務結果的影響，以及對我們的客戶的影響（包括存入資金提款和貸款還款的速度和水平）；

•波動利率期貨對我們的財務預測、模型和指導的影響；

•changes in the interest rate environment may reduce interest margins;

•prepayment speeds, loan origination and sale volumes, charge-offs and loan loss provisions may vary substantially from period to period;

•global business and economic conditions and in the financial services industry, nationally and within our local market areas;

•an increase in unemployment levels, slowdowns in economic growth and threats of recession;

•customer income, creditworthiness and confidence, spending and savings that may affect customer bankruptcies, defaults, charge-offs and deposit activity;

•the credit risk associated with the substantial amount of commercial real estate, construction and land development, and commercial loans in our loan portfolio;

•the credit risks of lending activities, including our ability to estimate credit losses and the allowance for credit losses, as well as the effects of changes in the level of, and trends in, loan delinquencies and write-offs.

•factors that can impact the performance of our loan portfolio, including real estate values and liquidity in our primary market areas, the financial health of our commercial borrowers and the success of construction projects that we finance, including any loans acquired in merger/acquisition transactions;

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•changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of residential and commercial real estate, especially as they relate to the value of collateral supporting the Company’s loans;

•natural disasters and adverse weather events (including hurricanes), acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities, (including the impacts related to or resulting from Russia’s military action in Ukraine, and the ongoing conflict in Israel and the surrounding region, including the imposition of additional sanctions and export controls, as well as the broader impacts to financial markets and the global macroeconomic and geopolitical environments), regional or national protests and civil unrest (including any resulting branch closures or property damage), widespread illness or public health outbreaks or other international or domestic calamities, and other matters beyond our control;

•system failures, cybersecurity threats and/or security breaches and the cost of defending against them and any reputational or other financial risks following such a cybersecurity incident;

•the failure to maintain an effective system of controls and procedures, including internal control over financial and non-financial reporting;

•deterioration of our asset quality;

•risks associated with widespread inflation or deflation;

•the risks of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including our ability to continue to identify acquisition or merger targets and successfully acquire and integrate desirable financial institutions;

•changes in the value of collateral securing our loans;

•our ability to anticipate interest rate changes and manage interest rate risk;

•the effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models;

•the impact of fraud or misconduct by internal or external parties (including Origin employees), which we may not be able to prevent, detect or mitigate;

•our inability to receive dividends from our bank subsidiary and to service debt, pay dividends to our common stockholders, repurchase our shares of common stock and satisfy obligations as they become due;

•changes in our operation or expansion strategy or our ability to prudently manage our growth and execute our strategy;

•changes in management personnel;

•our ability to maintain important deposit customer relationships, our reputation or otherwise avoid liquidity risks;

•increasing costs as we grow and compete for deposits;

•operational risks associated with our business;

•increased competition in the financial services industry, particularly from regional and national institutions, as well as fintech companies, may accelerate due to the current economic environment;

•our level of nonperforming assets and the costs associated with resolving any problem loans, including litigation and other costs;

•potential claims, damages, penalties, fines and reputational damage resulting from pending or future litigation, regulatory proceedings or enforcement actions;

•risks related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) strategies and initiatives, the scope and pace of which could alter our reputation and shareholder, associate, customer and third-party affiliations;

•changes in the utility of our non-GAAP measurements and their underlying assumptions or estimates;

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•changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institutions, as well as tax, trade, monetary and fiscal matters;

•periodic changes to the extensive body of accounting rules and best practices, may change the treatment and recognition of critical financial line items and affect our profitability;

•further government intervention in the U.S. financial system;

•results of upcoming local and national elections;

•compliance with governmental and regulatory requirements, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and others relating to banking, consumer protection, securities and tax matters;

•a deterioration of the credit rating for U.S. long-term sovereign debt, actions that the U.S. government may take to avoid exceeding the debt ceiling, and uncertainties surrounding the debt ceiling and the federal budget;

•the risk that the regulatory environment may not be conducive to, or may prohibit the consummation of, future mergers and/or business combinations, may increase the length of time and amount of resources required to consummate such transactions, and the potential to reduce anticipated benefits from such mergers or combinations; and

•our ability to manage the risks involved in the foregoing.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this report. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. In addition, as a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Assets			(Unaudited)
Cash and due from banks			$	159,337					$	127,278
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			161,854						153,163
Total cash and cash equivalents			321,191						280,441
Securities:
Available for sale			1,160,965						1,253,631
Held to maturity, net allowance for credit losses of $52 and $63 at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively (fair value of $10,701 and $10,848 at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively)			11,096						11,615
Securities carried at fair value through income			6,533						6,808
Total securities			1,178,594						1,272,054
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions			67,068						55,190
Loans held for sale at fair value			7,631						16,852
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $95,989 and $96,868 at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively			7,860,801						7,564,076
Premises and equipment, net			126,751						118,978
Mortgage servicing rights (“MSR”)			—						15,637
Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance			40,602						39,905
Goodwill			128,679						128,679
Other intangible assets, net			39,272						45,452
Accrued interest receivable and other assets			195,397						185,320
Total assets			$	9,965,986					$	9,722,584
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Noninterest-bearing deposits			$	1,893,767					$	1,919,638
Interest-bearing deposits			5,238,259						4,918,597
Time deposits			1,354,542						1,412,890
Total deposits			8,486,568						8,251,125
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, repurchase agreements and other borrowings			30,446						83,598
Subordinated indebtedness, net			159,861						194,279
Accrued expenses and other liabilities			143,438						130,677
Total liabilities			8,820,313						8,659,679
Commitments and contingencies - See Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies			—						—
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock ($5.00 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 31,167,410 and 30,986,109 shares issued at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively)			155,837						154,931
Additional paid‑in capital			535,662						528,578
Retained earnings			548,419						500,419
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(94,245)						(121,023)
Total stockholders’ equity			1,145,673						1,062,905
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	9,965,986					$	9,722,584

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024						2023						2024						2023
Interest and dividend income
Interest and fees on loans			$	133,195					$	121,204					$	390,260					$	343,142
Investment securities-taxable			6,536						8,194						19,991						24,658
Investment securities-nontaxable			905						1,281						2,708						3,974
Interest and dividend income on assets held in other financial institutions			3,621						4,772						11,793						16,132
Total interest and dividend income			144,257						135,451						424,752						387,906
Interest expense
Interest-bearing deposits			67,051						55,599						195,362						136,686
FHLB advances and other borrowings			482						3,207						1,514						17,038
Subordinated indebtedness			1,920						2,515						5,859						7,614
Total interest expense			69,453						61,321						202,735						161,338
Net interest income			74,804						74,130						222,017						226,568
Provision for credit losses			4,603						3,515						12,846						14,018
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			70,201						70,615						209,171						212,550
Noninterest income
Insurance commission and fee income			6,928						6,443						21,318						19,639
Service charges and fees			4,664						4,621						14,214						13,914
Other fee income			2,114						2,006						6,765						5,970
Mortgage banking revenue			1,153						892						5,429						4,075
Swap fee income			106						366						207						1,081
Gain (loss) on sales of securities, net			221						(7,173)						(182)						(7,029)
Change in fair value of equity investments			—						10,096						5,188						10,096
Other income			803						868						2,770						2,393
Total noninterest income			15,989						18,119						55,709						50,139
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits			38,491						34,624						112,418						102,888
Occupancy and equipment, net			6,298						6,790						19,952						19,871
Data processing			3,470						2,775						10,083						8,528
Office and operations			2,984						2,868						8,558						7,887
Intangible asset amortization			1,905						2,264						6,179						7,369
Regulatory assessments			1,791						1,913						5,367						4,596
Advertising and marketing			1,449						1,371						4,221						4,296
Professional services			2,012						1,409						4,546						4,491
Loan-related expense			751						1,220						2,733						3,941
Electronic banking			1,308						1,384						3,785						3,609
Franchise tax expense			721						520						2,013						2,392
Other expense			1,341						1,525						5,761						4,442
Total noninterest expense			62,521						58,663						185,616						174,310
Income before income tax expense			23,669						30,071						79,264						88,379
Income tax expense			5,068						5,758						17,042						18,004
Net income			$	18,601					$	24,313					$	62,222					$	70,375
Basic earnings per common share			$	0.60					$	0.79					$	2.00					$	2.29
Diluted earnings per common share			0.60						0.79						2.00						2.28

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

			Three Months Ended September 30,															Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024						2023									2024						2023
Net income			$	18,601					$	24,313								$	62,222					$	70,375
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period			42,227						(32,357)									33,974						(23,355)
Reclassification adjustment for net (gain) loss included in net income			(221)						7,173									182						7,029
Change in the net unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale investment securities, before tax			42,006						(25,184)									34,156						(16,326)
Net loss realized as a yield adjustment in interest on transferred investment securities			(2)						(3)									(8)						(8)
Change in the net unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities, before tax			42,004						(25,187)									34,148						(16,334)
Income tax expense (benefit) related to net unrealized gain (loss) arising during the period			8,821						(5,289)									7,171						(3,430)
Change in the net unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities, net of tax			33,183						(19,898)									26,977						(12,904)
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized (loss) gain arising during the period			(198)						167									77						1,078
Reclassification adjustment for net gain included in net income			(111)						(106)									(329)						(1,014)
Change in the net unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedges, before tax			(309)						61									(252)						64
Income tax (benefit) expense related to net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges			(65)						13									(53)						14
Change in net unrealized net (loss) gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax			(244)						48									(199)						50
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			32,939						(19,850)									26,778						(12,854)
Comprehensive income			$	51,540					$	4,463								$	89,000					$	57,521

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

			Common Shares Outstanding						Common Stock						Additional Paid-In Capital						Retained Earnings						Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income						Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2023			30,746,600						$	153,733					$	520,669					$	435,416					$	(159,875)					$	949,943
Net income			—						—						—						24,302						—						24,302
Other comprehensive income, net of tax			—						—						—						—						21,394						21,394
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						1,391						—						—						1,391
Stock-based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld			9,750						49						(138)						—						—						(89)
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld			24,503						122						202						—						—						324
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.15 per share)			—						—						—						(4,678)						—						(4,678)
Balance at March 31, 2023			30,780,853						153,904						522,124						455,040						(138,481)						992,587
Net income			—						—						—						21,760						—						21,760
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax			—						—						—						—						(14,398)						(14,398)
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						1,160						—						—						1,160
Stock-based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld			23,647						118						(118)						—						—						—
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld			15,492						78						250						—						—						328
Shares issued under employee stock purchase program			46,213						231						886						—						—						1,117
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.15 per share)			—						—						—						(4,695)						—						(4,695)
Balance at June 30, 2023			30,866,205						154,331						524,302						472,105						(152,879)						997,859
Net income			—						—						—						24,313						—						24,313
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax			—						—						—						—						(19,850)						(19,850)
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						1,335						—						—						1,335
Stock-based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld			27,388						137						(354)						—						—						(217)
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld			13,123						66						151						—						—						217
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.15 per share)			—						—						—						(4,712)						—						(4,712)
Balance at September 30, 2023			30,906,716						$	154,534					$	525,434					$	491,706					$	(172,729)					$	998,945

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - Continued

(unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

			Common Shares Outstanding						Common Stock						Additional Paid-In Capital						Retained Earnings						Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss						Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2024			30,986,109						$	154,931					$	528,578					$	500,419					$	(121,023)					$	1,062,905
Net income			—						—						—						22,632						—						22,632
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax			—						—						—						—						(3,886)						(3,886)
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						2,079						—						—						2,079
Stock-based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld			20,108						101						(286)						—						—						(185)
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld			5,087						25						9						—						—						34
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.15 per share)			—						—						—						(4,726)						—						(4,726)
Balance at March 31, 2024			31,011,304						155,057						530,380						518,325						(124,909)						1,078,853
Net income			—						—						—						20,989						—						20,989
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax			—						—						—						—						(2,275)						(2,275)
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						1,688						—						—						1,688
Stock-based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld			37,064						185						(284)						—						—						(99)
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld			3,641						18						63						—						—						81
Shares issued under employee stock purchase program			56,658						283						1,103						—						—						1,386
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.15 per share)			—						—						—						(4,729)						—						(4,729)
Balance at June 30, 2024			31,108,667						155,543						532,950						534,585						(127,184)						1,095,894
Net income			—						—						—						18,601						—						18,601
Other comprehensive income, net of tax			—						—						—						—						32,939						32,939
Stock-based compensation expense			—						—						2,186						—						—						2,186
Stock-based compensation shares issued, net of shares withheld			24,316						122						(367)						—						—						(245)
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld			34,427						172						893						—						—						1,065
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.15 per share)			—						—						—						(4,767)						—						(4,767)
Balance at September 30, 2024			31,167,410						$	155,837					$	535,662					$	548,419					$	(94,245)					$	1,145,673

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
Cash flows from operating activities:			2024						2023
Net income			$	62,222					$	70,375
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses			12,846						14,018
Depreciation and amortization			12,266						13,333
Net amortization on securities			3,647						5,309
Accretion of net premium/discount on purchased loans			(10)						(2,067)
Amortization of investments in tax credit funds			1,316						1,368
Loss on sale of securities, net			182						7,029
Deferred income (benefit) tax expense			(1,194)						14,499
Stock-based compensation expense			5,953						3,886
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale			(151,535)						(148,866)
Proceeds from mortgage loans held for sale			144,682						127,574
Gain on mortgage loans held for sale and, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, origination of MSR			(3,836)						(3,036)
MSR valuation adjustment			(450)						485
Gain on sale of MSR			(410)						—
Net (gain) loss on disposals of premises and equipment			(828)						2
Increase in the cash surrender value of life insurance			(697)						(648)
Gain on equity securities without a readily determinable fair value			(5,188)						(10,096)
Net losses on sales and write-downs of other real estate owned			11						1
Net change in operating leases			1,372						(793)
Increase in other assets			(8,942)						(8,718)
Increase in other liabilities			7,199						16,820
Net cash provided by operating activities			78,606						100,475
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of securities available for sale			(53,840)						(751)
Maturities and pay downs of securities available for sale			126,687						107,679
Proceeds from sales and calls of securities available for sale			54,984						214,302
Maturities, pay downs and calls of securities held to maturity			522						486
Pay downs of securities carried at fair value			299						285
Redemption of non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions(1)			10,680						—
Purchase of non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions(1)			(16,880)						—
Net sales (purchases) of non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions(1)			(6,200)						15,025
Originations of mortgage warehouse loans			(7,224,096)						(5,048,595)
Proceeds from pay-offs of mortgage warehouse loans			7,058,874						5,047,169
Net increase in loans, excluding mortgage warehouse and loans held for sale			(133,143)						(449,804)
Proceeds from sale of MSR			15,885						—
Return of capital and other distributions from limited partnership investments			296						1,591
Capital calls on limited partnership investments			(980)						(2,156)
Purchase of low-income housing tax credit investments			(83)						(538)
Purchases of premises and equipment			(16,602)						(17,514)
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment			3,572						49
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned			1,130						—
Net cash used in investing activities			(172,695)						(132,772)

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Continued

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
Cash flows from financing activities:			2024						2023
Net increase in deposits			$	235,443					$	598,786
Repayments of long-term FHLB advances			(205)						(199)
Proceeds from short-term FHLB advances			1,685,000						5,890,000
Repayments of short-term FHLB advances			(1,735,000)						(6,440,000)
Repurchase of subordinated debentures			(34,599)						(4,729)
Repayments of other short-term borrowings			—						(30,000)
Net decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase			(2,947)						(22,250)
Dividends paid			(14,067)						(13,912)
Cash received from exercise of stock options			1,214						907
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities			134,839						(21,397)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			40,750						(53,694)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			280,441						358,972
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period			$	321,191					$	305,278
Interest paid			$	199,497					$	151,130
Income taxes paid			24,169						483
Significant non-cash transactions:
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans			3,576						3,243
Transfers from loans held for sale to loans held for investment (1)			16,095						—
Decrease in Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) repurchase obligation			—						(24,569)
Recognition of operating right-of-use assets			11,456						16,225
Recognition of operating lease liabilities			12,613						16,187

________________________

(1)No change was made to the prior period presentation due to immateriality.

The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations.    Origin Bancorp, Inc. (“Company” or ”Origin”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Ruston, Louisiana. Origin’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank, was founded in 1912 in Choudrant, Louisiana. Deeply rooted in Origin’s history is a culture committed to providing personalized relationship banking to businesses, municipalities, and personal clients to enrich the lives of the people in the communities it serves. Origin provides a broad range of financial services and currently operates more than 60 locations in Dallas/Fort Worth, East Texas, Houston, North Louisiana, Mississippi, South Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. The Company principally operates in one business segment, community banking.

Basis of Presentation.    The consolidated financial statements in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q include the accounts of the Company and all other entities in which Origin Bancorp, Inc. has a controlling financial interest, including the Bank and Forth Insurance, LLC. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s accounting and financial reporting policies conform, in all material respects, to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and to general practices within the financial services industry. The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

The consolidated financial statements in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, excluding the figures as of December 31, 2023, but in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (which are of a normal recurring nature) necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. These consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K (“2023 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC. Operating results for the interim periods disclosed herein are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for a full year.

Use of Estimates.    The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures provided, including the accompanying notes, and actual results could differ. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change include the allowance for credit losses for loans, off-balance sheet commitments and available for sale securities; fair value measurements of assets and liabilities; and income taxes. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. While management uses its best judgment, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications.    Certain amounts previously reported have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or stockholders’ equity.

Investments in Tax Credit Entities.        As part of its Community Reinvestment Act responsibilities and due to their favorable economic characteristics, the Company invests in tax credit-motivated projects primarily in the markets it serves. These projects are directed at tax credits issued under Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (“LIHTC”). The Company generates returns on tax credit motivated projects through the receipt of federal, and if applicable, state tax credits. The federal tax credits are recorded as an offset to the income tax provision in the year that they are earned under federal income tax law over 10 to 15 years beginning in the year in which rental activity commences. These credits, if not used in the tax return for the year of origination, can be carried forward for 20 years.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company invests in a tax credit entity, usually an LLC, which owns the real estate. The Company receives a nonvoting interest in the entity that must be retained during the compliance period for the credits (15 years for Low-Income Housing Tax Credit programs). Control of the tax credit entity rests in the 0.1% interest general partner, who has the power and authority to make decisions that impact economic performance of the project and is required to oversee and manage the project. Due to the lack of any voting, economic, or managerial control, and due to the contractual reduction in the investment, the Company accounts for its investment by amortizing the investment, beginning at the issuance of the certificate of occupancy of the project, over the compliance period, as management believes any potential residual value in the real estate will have limited value. Amortization is included as a component of income tax expense and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $486,000 and $1.3 million, respectively. Amortization included as a component of income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $461,000 and $1.4 million, respectively. The income tax credits and other income tax benefits recognized and included as a component of income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $504,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, and the income tax credits and other income tax benefits recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $569,000 and $1.7 million.

The Company has the risk of credit recapture if the projects do not maintain compliance during the compliance period. No such events have occurred to date. At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had investments in tax credit entities of $6.3 million and $7.6 million, respectively, which are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Effect of Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) — Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this Update affect accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing diversity in practice and inconsistency related to recognition of an acquired contract liability and payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) — Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. The amendments in this Update clarify the accounting for and promote consistency in the reporting of hedge basis adjustments applicable to both a single hedged layer and multiple hedged layers. Additionally, this Update allows entities to elect to apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting in accordance with Topic 815. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments in this Update eliminate the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity must apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance in paragraphs 310-20-35-9 through 35-11 to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 — The amendments in this Update provide temporary relief during the transition period in complying with Update No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The Board included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. At the time that Update 2020-04 was issued, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) had established its intent that it would no longer be necessary to persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022 - 12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR. In March 2021, the FCA announced that the intended cessation date of the overnight 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month tenors of USD LIBOR would be June 30, 2023, which is beyond the current sunset date of Topic 848.

Because the relief in Topic 848 may not cover a period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the amendments in this Update defer the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The ASU is effective immediately. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company's financial statements or disclosures.

ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method — The amendments in this Update allow entities to elect to account for equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the tax credit program through which the investment earns income tax credits, if certain conditions are met. The amendments in this Update also eliminate certain low income housing tax credits (“LIHTC”)-specific guidance to align the accounting more closely for LIHTCs with the accounting for other equity investments in tax credit structures and require that the delayed equity contribution guidance apply only to tax equity investments accounted for using the proportional amortization method. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Implementation of this ASU did not materially impact the Company's financial statements or disclosures.

Effect of Newly Issued But Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures — The amendments in this Update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this Update:

1.Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss (collectively referred to as the “significant expense principle”).

2.Require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the segment expenses disclosed under the significant expense principle and each reported measure of segment profit or loss.

3.Require that a public entity provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods.

4.Clarify that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. However, at least one of the reported segment profit or loss measures (or the single reported measure, if only one is disclosed) should be the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles used in measuring the corresponding amounts in the public entity’s consolidated financial statements. In other words, in addition to the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), a public entity is not precluded from reporting additional measures of a segment’s profit or loss that are used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.

5.Require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.

6.Require that a public entity that has a single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this Update and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective application to all periods presented in the financial statements is required. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures — The amendments in this Update, on an annual basis, require that public business entities (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Specifically, public business entities are required to disclose a tabular reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, for specific listed categories.

The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Note 2 — Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated using the treasury method. Under the treasury method, basic earnings per share is calculated as net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under the Company’s stock and incentive compensation plans. Information regarding the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per common share is presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)			Three Months Ended September 30,															Nine Months Ended September 30,
Numerator:			2024						2023									2024						2023
Net income			$	18,601					$	24,313								$	62,222					$	70,375
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding			31,130,293						30,856,649									31,051,672						30,797,399
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards			109,584						87,211									109,195						105,823
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding			31,239,877						30,943,860									31,160,867						30,903,222
Basic earnings per common share			$	0.60					$	0.79								$	2.00					$	2.29
Diluted earnings per common share			0.60						0.79									2.00						2.28

There were 330,263 and 412,390 weighted average shares of anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded from the calculation of earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, primarily due to the exercise price, grant fair value or purchase price of the stock awards exceeding the average market price of the Company’s stock during the respective periods. There were 613,010 and 459,434 weighted average shares of anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded from the calculation of earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, for the same reason.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 3 — Securities

The following table is a summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value, including the allowance for credit losses and gross unrealized gains and losses, of available for sale, held to maturity and securities carried at fair value through income for the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024			Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Allowance for Credit Losses						Net Carrying Amount
Available for sale:
State and municipal securities			$	323,507					$	293					$	(34,938)					$	288,862					$	—					$	288,862
Corporate bonds			86,288						286						(6,306)						80,268						—						80,268
U.S. treasury and government agency securities			48,710						5						(3,328)						45,387						—						45,387
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			108,079						30						(7,937)						100,172						—						100,172
Residential mortgage-backed securities			523,289						6						(48,126)						475,169						—						475,169
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			51,401						174						(3,065)						48,510						—						48,510
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			139,580						—						(16,983)						122,597						—						122,597
Total			$	1,280,854					$	794					$	(120,683)					$	1,160,965					$	—					$	1,160,965
Held to maturity:
State and municipal securities			$	11,148					$	—					$	(447)					$	10,701					$	(52)					$	11,096
Securities carried at fair value through income:
State and municipal securities(1)			$	6,515					$	—					$	—					$	6,533					$	—					$	6,533
December 31, 2023
Available for sale:
State and municipal securities			$	323,356					$	210					$	(41,440)					$	282,126					$	—					$	282,126
Corporate bonds			92,244						80						(8,689)						83,635						—						83,635
U.S. treasury and government agency securities			84,377						3						(4,740)						79,640						—						79,640
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			104,459						—						(11,063)						93,396						—						93,396
Residential mortgage-backed securities			569,622						—						(63,120)						506,502						—						506,502
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			39,386						—						(4,203)						35,183						—						35,183
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			150,710						—						(20,566)						130,144						—						130,144
Asset-backed securities			43,521						4						(520)						43,005						—						43,005
Total			$	1,407,675					$	297					$	(154,341)					$	1,253,631					$	—					$	1,253,631
Held to maturity:
State and municipal securities			$	11,678					$	—					$	(830)					$	10,848					$	(63)					$	11,615
Securities carried at fair value through income:
State and municipal securities(1)			$	6,815					$	—					$	—					$	6,808					$	—					$	6,808

________________________

(1)Securities carried at fair value through income have no unrealized gains or losses at the consolidated balance sheet dates as all changes in value have been recognized in the consolidated statements of income. See Note 5 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments for more information.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Securities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, aggregated by investment category and those individual securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months, and for 12 months or more, were as follows.

			Less than 12 Months												12 Months or More												Total
(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024			Fair Value						Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Unrealized Loss
Available for sale:
State and municipal securities			$	28,402					$	(81)					$	251,522					$	(34,857)					$	279,924					$	(34,938)
Corporate bonds			9,826						(685)						63,546						(5,621)						73,372						(6,306)
U.S. treasury and government agency securities			6,986						(11)						34,674						(3,317)						41,660						(3,328)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			3,034						(37)						95,638						(7,900)						98,672						(7,937)
Residential mortgage-backed securities			6,249						(47)						467,910						(48,079)						474,159						(48,126)
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			4,497						(2)						35,168						(3,063)						39,665						(3,065)
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			—						—						122,597						(16,983)						122,597						(16,983)
Total			$	58,994					$	(863)					$	1,071,055					$	(119,820)					$	1,130,049					$	(120,683)
Held to maturity:
State and municipal securities			$	—					$	—					$	10,701					$	(447)					$	10,701					$	(447)
December 31, 2023
Available for sale:
State and municipal securities			$	27,106					$	(266)					$	246,442					$	(41,174)					$	273,548					$	(41,440)
Corporate bonds			4,254						(53)						74,566						(8,636)						78,820						(8,689)
U.S. treasury and government agency securities			—						—						77,340						(4,740)						77,340						(4,740)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			—						—						93,396						(11,063)						93,396						(11,063)
Residential mortgage-backed securities			60						(5)						506,442						(63,115)						506,502						(63,120)
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			—						—						35,183						(4,203)						35,183						(4,203)
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			—						—						130,144						(20,566)						130,144						(20,566)
Asset-backed securities			7,350						(52)						31,618						(468)						38,968						(520)
Total			$	38,770					$	(376)					$	1,195,131					$	(153,965)					$	1,233,901					$	(154,341)
Held to maturity:
State and municipal securities			$	4,717					$	(447)					$	6,131					$	(383)					$	10,848					$	(830)

At September 30, 2024, the Company had 568 individual securities that were in an unrealized loss position. Management evaluates available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions to determine whether the impairment is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than the cost, and (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Management does not currently intend to sell any securities in an unrealized loss position and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, at September 30, 2024, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity securities.

(Dollars in thousands)			Municipal Securities
Allowance for credit losses:			For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 & 2023
Balance at June 30, 2024			$	57
Provision recovery for credit loss for held to maturity securities			(5)
Balance at September 30, 2024			$	52
Balance at June 30, 2023			$	935
Provision recovery for credit loss for held to maturity securities			(45)
Balance at September 30, 2023			$	890

(Dollars in thousands)			Municipal Securities
Allowance for credit losses:			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 & 2023
Balance at January 1, 2024			$	63
Provision recovery for credit loss for held to maturity securities			(11)
Balance at September 30, 2024			$	52
Balance at January 1, 2023			$	899
Provision recovery for credit loss for held to maturity securities			(9)
Balance at September 30, 2023			$	890

Accrued interest of $5.2 million and $6.4 million was not included in the calculation of the allowance or the amortized cost basis of the securities at September 30, 2024 or 2023, respectively. There were no past due or nonaccrual available for sale or held to maturity securities at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Proceeds from sales and calls, and related gross gains and losses of securities available for sale, are shown below.

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)			2024						2023
Proceeds from sales/calls			$	54,984					$	214,302
Gross realized gains			357						596
Gross realized losses			(539)						(7,625)

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and held to maturity at September 30, 2024, grouped by contractual maturity. Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, which do not have contractual payments due at a single maturity date, are shown separately. Actual maturities for mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and asset-backed securities will differ from contractual maturities as a result of prepayments made on the underlying loans.

(Dollars in thousands)			Held to Maturity												Available for Sale
September 30, 2024			Amortized Cost						Fair Value						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Due in one year or less			$	—					$	—					$	12,449					$	12,419
Due after one year through five years			—						—						84,650						79,921
Due after five years through ten years			11,148						10,701						207,242						189,784
Due after ten years			—						—						154,164						132,393
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			—						—						108,079						100,172
Residential mortgage-backed securities			—						—						523,289						475,169
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			—						—						51,401						48,510
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			—						—						139,580						122,597
Total			$	11,148					$	10,701					$	1,280,854					$	1,160,965

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents carrying amounts of securities pledged as collateral for deposits and repurchase agreements at the periods presented.

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits			$	370,090					$	421,273
Carrying value of securities pledged to repurchase agreements			4,894						5,477

Note 4 — Loans

Loans consist of the following:

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Loans held for sale			$	7,631					$	16,852
LHFI:
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate(1)			$	2,524,764					$	2,442,734
Construction/land/land development			991,545						1,070,225
Residential real estate			1,848,330						1,734,935
Total real estate			5,364,639						5,247,894
Commercial and industrial			2,074,037						2,059,460
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			495,188						329,966
Consumer			22,926						23,624
Total LHFI(2)			7,956,790						7,660,944
Less: Allowance for loan credit losses (“ALCL”)			95,989						96,868
LHFI, net			$	7,860,801					$	7,564,076

____________________________

(1)Includes owner occupied commercial real estate of $991.7 million and $953.8 million at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)Includes unamortized purchase accounting adjustment and net deferred loan fees of $10.5 million and $11.8 million at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Credit quality indicators. As part of the Company’s commitment to managing the credit quality of its loan portfolio, management annually and periodically updates and evaluates certain credit quality indicators, which include but are not limited to (i) weighted-average risk rating of the loan portfolio, (ii) net charge-offs, (iii) level of non-performing loans, (iv) level of classified loans (defined as substandard, doubtful and loss), and (v) the general economic conditions particularly in the cities and states in which the Company operates. The Company maintains an internal risk rating system where ratings are assigned to individual loans based on assessed risk. Loan risk ratings are the primary indicator of credit quality for the loan portfolio and are continually evaluated to ensure they are appropriate based on currently available information.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following is a summary description of the Company’s internal risk ratings:

• Pass (1-6)			Loans within this risk rating are further categorized as follows:
Minimal risk (1)			Well-collateralized by cash equivalent instruments held by the Banks.
Moderate risk (2)			Borrowers with excellent asset quality and liquidity. Borrowers’ capitalization and liquidity exceed industry norms. Borrowers in this category have significant levels of liquid assets and have a low level of leverage.
Better than average risk (3)			Borrowers with strong financial strength and excellent liquidity that consistently demonstrate strong operating performance. Borrowers in this category generally have a sizable net worth that can be converted into liquid assets within 12 months.
Average risk (4)			Borrowers with sound credit quality and financial performance, including liquidity. Borrowers are supported by sufficient cash flow coverage generated through operations across the full business cycle.
Marginally acceptable risk (5)			Loans generally meet minimum requirements for an acceptable loan in accordance with lending policy, but possess one or more attributes that cause the overall risk profile to be higher than the majority of newly approved loans.
Watch (6)			A passing loan with one or more factors that identify a potential weakness in the overall ability of the borrower to repay the loan. These weaknesses are generally mitigated by other factors that reduce the risk of delinquency or loss.
• Special Mention (7)			This grade is intended to be temporary and includes borrowers whose credit quality has deteriorated and is at risk of further decline.
• Substandard (8)			This grade includes “Substandard” loans under regulatory guidelines. Substandard loans exhibit a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes debt repayment in accordance with contractual agreements, even though the loan may be performing. These obligations are characterized by the distinct possibility that a loss may be incurred if these weaknesses are not corrected and repayment may be dependent upon collateral liquidation or secondary source of repayment.
• Doubtful (9)			This grade includes “Doubtful” loans under regulatory guidelines. Such loans are placed on nonaccrual status and repayment may be dependent upon collateral with no readily determinable valuation or valuations that are highly subjective in nature. Repayment for these loans is considered improbable based on currently existing facts and circumstances.
• Loss (0)			This grade includes “Loss” loans under regulatory guidelines. Loss loans are charged-off or written down when repayment is not expected.

In connection with the review of the loan portfolio, the Company considers risk elements attributable to particular loan types or categories in assessing the quality of individual loans. The list of loans to be reviewed for possible individual evaluation consists of unsecured loans over 90 days past due, modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, loans greater than $100,000 in which the borrower has filed bankruptcy, collateralized loans 180 days or more past due, classified commercial loans, including non-accrual, over $100,000 with direct exposure, and consumer loans greater than $100,000 with a FICO score under 625. Loans under $50,000 will be evaluated collectively in designated pools unless a loss exposure has been identified. Some additional risk elements considered by loan type include:

•for commercial real estate loans, the debt service coverage ratio, operating results of the owner in the case of owner-occupied properties, the loan to value ratio, the age and condition of the collateral and the volatility of income, property value and future operating results typical of properties of that type;

•for construction, land and land development loans, the perceived feasibility of the project, including the ability to sell developed lots or improvements constructed for resale or the ability to lease property constructed for lease, the quality and nature of contracts for presale or prelease, if any, experience and ability of the developer and loan to value ratio;

•for residential mortgage loans, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, including a consideration of the debt to income ratio and employment and income stability, the loan-to-value ratio, and the age, condition and marketability of the collateral;

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

•for commercial and industrial loans, the debt service coverage ratio (income from the business in excess of operating expenses compared to loan repayment requirements), the operating results of the commercial, industrial or professional enterprise, the borrower’s business, professional and financial ability and expertise, the specific risks and volatility of income and operating results typical for businesses in that category and the value, nature and marketability of collateral; and

•for mortgage warehouse loans, the borrower’s adherence to agency or investor underwriting guidelines, while the risk associated with the underlying consumer mortgage loan repayments, similar to other consumer loans, depends on the borrower’s financial stability and are more likely than commercial loans to be adversely affected by divorce, job loss, illness and other personal hardships.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the time of acquisition are purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans. As a result of the merger with BT Holdings, Inc., (“BTH”), the Company held approximately $25.0 million and $34.8 million of unpaid principal balance PCD loans at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Please see Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies included in the 2023 Form 10-K, filed with the SEC for a description of our accounting policies related to purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table reflects recorded investments in loans by credit quality indicator and origination year at September 30, 2024, and gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, excluding loans held for sale. Loans acquired are shown in the table by origination year, not merger date. The Company had an immaterial amount of revolving loans converted to term loans at September 30, 2024.

			Term Loans
			Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(Dollars in thousands)			2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior						Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis												Total
Commercial real estate:
Pass			$	171,343					$	365,817					$	947,388					$	441,211					$	226,544					$	294,500					$	59,202											$	2,506,005
Special mention			1,248						—						248						27						947						1,261						250												3,981
Classified			2,756						522						1,191						3,357						1,792						4,903						257												14,778
Total commercial real estate loans			$	175,347					$	366,339					$	948,827					$	444,595					$	229,283					$	300,664					$	59,709											$	2,524,764
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	36					$	193					$	—					$	251					$	—					$	—											$	480
Construction/land/land development:
Pass			$	111,845					$	240,725					$	375,233					$	163,172					$	17,844					$	5,180					$	50,600											$	964,599
Special mention			—						—						—						—						—						—						112												112
Classified			2,733						2,275						13,398						5,119						739						228						2,342												26,834
Total construction/land/land development loans			$	114,578					$	243,000					$	388,631					$	168,291					$	18,583					$	5,408					$	53,054											$	991,545
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—
Residential real estate:
Pass			$	153,935					$	323,765					$	493,593					$	314,677					$	225,524					$	194,194					$	109,826											$	1,815,514
Special mention			—						—						—						18,342						127						310						—												18,779
Classified			1,187						1,340						2,096						3,163						1,161						4,722						368												14,037
Total residential real estate loans			$	155,122					$	325,105					$	495,689					$	336,182					$	226,812					$	199,226					$	110,194											$	1,848,330
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	11					$	—											$	11
Commercial and industrial:
Pass			$	215,307					$	302,164					$	185,177					$	103,631					$	23,436					$	58,308					$	1,119,291											$	2,007,314
Special mention			—						75						12,302						—						—						560						2,356												15,293
Classified			6,690						4,930						8,406						5,748						720						658						24,278												51,430
Total commercial and industrial loans			$	221,997					$	307,169					$	205,885					$	109,379					$	24,156					$	59,526					$	1,145,925											$	2,074,037
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	797					$	1,159					$	1,008					$	3,858					$	162					$	406					$	13,654											$	21,044
Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit:
Pass			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	495,188											$	495,188
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—
Consumer:
Pass			$	8,279					$	5,199					$	1,701					$	517					$	230					$	88					$	6,505											$	22,519
Classified			18						14						126						—						—						5						244												407
Total consumer loans			$	8,297					$	5,213					$	1,827					$	517					$	230					$	93					$	6,749											$	22,926
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	8					$	28					$	3					$	—					$	—					$	41											$	80

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table reflects recorded investments in loans by credit quality indicator and origination year at December 31, 2023, and gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023, excluding loans held for sale. Loans acquired are shown in the table by origination year, not merger date. The Company had an immaterial amount of revolving loans converted to term loans at December 31, 2023.

			Term Loans
			Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(Dollars in thousands)			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior						Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis												Total
Commercial real estate:
Pass			$	333,887					$	885,234					$	470,252					$	253,700					$	204,421					$	188,532					$	77,993											$	2,414,019
Special mention			—						—						308						—						—						7,950						—												8,258
Classified			726						4,285						3,212						1,765						524						9,945						—												20,457
Total commercial real estate loans			$	334,613					$	889,519					$	473,772					$	255,465					$	204,945					$	206,427					$	77,993											$	2,442,734
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	42					$	—											$	42
Construction/land/land development:
Pass			$	259,502					$	461,373					$	214,526					$	21,309					$	7,221					$	25,460					$	42,700											$	1,032,091
Special mention			746						10,462						19,811						—						—						—						—												31,019
Classified			191						3,132						41						240						662						560						2,289												7,115
Total construction/land/land development loans			$	260,439					$	474,967					$	234,378					$	21,549					$	7,883					$	26,020					$	44,989											$	1,070,225
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—
Residential real estate:
Pass			$	332,874					$	549,504					$	289,289					$	237,813					$	79,499					$	142,265					$	91,972											$	1,723,216
Special mention			250						—						—						141						—						—						—												391
Classified			689						1,985						1,439						407						1,367						4,949						492												11,328
Total residential real estate loans			$	333,813					$	551,489					$	290,728					$	238,361					$	80,866					$	147,214					$	92,464											$	1,734,935
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	5					$	—					$	22					$	—											$	27
Commercial and industrial:
Pass			$	399,485					$	272,152					$	160,636					$	36,995					$	57,562					$	48,523					$	1,035,021											$	2,010,374
Special mention			498						6,383						—						—						—						—						650												7,531
Classified			3,583						1,676						12,908						371						470						222						22,325												41,555
Total commercial and industrial loans			$	403,566					$	280,211					$	173,544					$	37,366					$	58,032					$	48,745					$	1,057,996											$	2,059,460
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	203					$	328					$	233					$	141					$	539					$	679					$	9,710											$	11,833
Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit:
Pass			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	329,966											$	329,966
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—
Consumer:
Pass			$	11,053					$	3,567					$	1,040					$	399					$	470					$	17					$	6,988											$	23,534
Classified			35						42						10						—						2						—						1												90
Total consumer loans			$	11,088					$	3,609					$	1,050					$	399					$	472					$	17					$	6,989											$	23,624
Year-to-date gross charge-offs			$	3					$	102					$	7					$	—					$	—					$	2					$	33											$	147

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following tables present the Company’s loan portfolio aging analysis at the dates indicated:

			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						Loans Past Due 90 Days or More						Total Past Due						Current Loans						Total Loans Receivable						Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate			$	893					$	59					$	789					$	1,741					$	2,523,023					$	2,524,764					$	—
Construction/land/land development			44						4,789						51						4,884						986,661						991,545						—
Residential real estate			1,341						7,330						5,289						13,960						1,834,370						1,848,330						—
Total real estate			2,278						12,178						6,129						20,585						5,344,054						5,364,639						—
Commercial and industrial			9,053						1,554						7,233						17,840						2,056,197						2,074,037						—
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			—						—						—						—						495,188						495,188						—
Consumer			60						16						337						413						22,513						22,926						—
Total LHFI			$	11,391					$	13,748					$	13,699					$	38,838					$	7,917,952					$	7,956,790					$	—

			December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						Loans Past Due 90 Days or More						Total Past Due						Current Loans						Total Loans Receivable						Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate			$	2,264					$	—					$	—					$	2,264					$	2,440,470					$	2,442,734					$	—
Construction/land/land development			834						27						13						874						1,069,351						1,070,225						—
Residential real estate			8,055						1,326						5,960						15,341						1,719,594						1,734,935						—
Total real estate			11,153						1,353						5,973						18,479						5,229,415						5,247,894						—
Commercial and industrial			1,221						713						5,417						7,351						2,052,109						2,059,460						—
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			—						—						—						—						329,966						329,966						—
Consumer			200						10						3						213						23,411						23,624						—
Total LHFI			$	12,574					$	2,076					$	11,393					$	26,043					$	7,634,901					$	7,660,944					$	—

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following tables detail activity in the ALCL by portfolio segment. Accrued interest of $36.1 million and $33.0 million was not included in the book value for the purposes of calculating the allowance at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

			Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
			Commercial Real Estate						Construction/ Land/ Land Development						Residential Real Estate						Commercial and Industrial						Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit						Consumer						Total
			(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance			$	17,244					$	9,274					$	11,780					$	61,184					$	676					$	707					$	100,865
Charge-offs			—						—						11						11,195						—						20						11,226
Recoveries			21						—						4						1,680						—						1						1,706
Provision(1)			(435)						(546)						302						5,070						(13)						266						4,644
Ending balance			$	16,830					$	8,728					$	12,075					$	56,739					$	663					$	954					$	95,989
Average balance			$	2,507,566					$	1,019,302					$	1,824,725					$	2,071,984					$	484,680					$	22,739					$	7,930,996
Net charge-offs to loan average balance (annualized)			—		%				—		%				—		%				1.83		%				—		%				0.33		%				0.48		%
____________________________ (1)The $4.6 million provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income includes a $4.6 million provision for loan credit losses, a $36,000 net benefit provision for off-balance sheet commitments and a $5,000 net benefit provision for held to maturity securities credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

			Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
			Commercial Real Estate												Construction/ Land/ Land Development						Residential Real Estate						Commercial and Industrial						Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit						Consumer																					Total
			(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance			$	20,839											$	8,729					$	9,018					$	54,173					$	817					$	777																				$	94,353
Charge-offs			—												—						—						3,187						—						15																					3,202
Recoveries			28												3						3						477						—						5																					516
Provision(1)			(1,758)												613						1,048						3,990						(359)						(24)																					3,510
Ending balance			$	19,109											$	9,345					$	10,069					$	55,453					$	458					$	743																				$	95,177
Average balance			$	2,428,969											$	1,044,180					$	1,663,291					$	2,024,675					$	376,275					$	23,704																				$	7,561,094
Net charge-offs to loan average balance (annualized)			—		%										—		%				—		%				0.53		%				—		%				0.17		%																			0.14		%
____________________________ (1)The $3.5 million provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income includes a $3.5 million provision for loan credit losses, a $50,000 provision for off-balance sheet commitments and a $45,000 net benefit provision for held to maturity securities credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
			Commercial Real Estate						Construction/ Land/ Land Development						Residential Real Estate						Commercial and Industrial						Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit						Consumer						Total
			(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance			$	19,625					$	9,990					$	10,619					$	55,330					$	529					$	775					$	96,868
Charge-offs			480						—						11						21,044						—						80						21,615
Recoveries			318						—						12						6,228						—						9						6,567
Provision(1)			(2,633)						(1,262)						1,455						16,225						134						250						14,169
Ending balance			$	16,830					$	8,728					$	12,075					$	56,739					$	663					$	954					$	95,989
Average balance			$	2,481,274					$	1,069,360					$	1,784,035					$	2,107,195					$	407,553					$	22,818					$	7,872,235
Net charge-offs to loan average balance (annualized)			0.01		%				—		%				—		%				0.94		%				—		%				0.42		%				0.26		%
_________________________ (1)The $12.8 million provision for credit losses on the consolidated statement of income includes a $14.2 million provision for loan losses, a $1.3 million and $11,000 net benefit provision for off-balance sheet commitments and held to maturity securities credit losses, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
			Commercial Real Estate												Construction/ Land/ Land Development						Residential Real Estate						Commercial and Industrial						Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit						Consumer																					Total
			(Dollars in thousands)
Beginning balance			$	19,772											$	7,776					$	8,230					$	50,148					$	379					$	856																				$	87,161
Charge-offs			42												—						27						8,070						—						107																					8,246
Recoveries			113												3						13						2,189						—						12																					2,330
Provision(1)			(734)												1,566						1,853						11,186						79						(18)																					13,932
Ending balance			$	19,109											$	9,345					$	10,069					$	55,453					$	458					$	743																				$	95,177
Average balance			$	2,393,028											$	997,296					$	1,599,803					$	2,051,272					$	329,205					$	24,836																				$	7,395,440
Net charge-offs to loan average balance (annualized)			—		%										—		%				—		%				0.38		%				—		%				0.51		%																			0.11		%
____________________________ (1)The $14.0 million provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income includes a $13.9 million provision for loan credit losses, a $95,000 provision for off-balance sheet commitments and a $9,000 net benefit provision for held to maturity securities credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ALCL allocated to these loans.

			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			Commercial Real Estate						Construction/ Land/ Land Development						Residential Real Estate						Commercial and Industrial						Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit						Consumer						Total
Real Estate			$	—					$	20					$	10,890					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	10,910
Other			—						—						—						—						—						93						93
Total			$	—					$	20					$	10,890					$	—					$	—					$	93					$	11,003
ALCL Allocation			$	—					$	—					$	32					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	32

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

			December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Commercial Real Estate						Construction/ Land/ Land Development						Residential Real Estate						Commercial and Industrial						Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit						Consumer						Total
Real Estate			$	605					$	—					$	4,029					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	4,634
Equipment			—						—						—						119						—						—						119
Other			—						—						—						258						—						—						258
Total			$	605					$	—					$	4,029					$	377					$	—					$	—					$	5,011
ALCL Allocation			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—

Collateral-dependent loans consist primarily of residential real estate, commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. These loans are individually evaluated when foreclosure is probable or when the repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral. In the case of commercial and industrial loans secured by equipment, the fair value of the collateral is estimated by third-party valuation experts. Loan balances are charged down to the underlying collateral value when they are deemed uncollectible. Note that the Company did not elect to use the collateral maintenance agreement practical expedient available under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) guidance.

Nonaccrual LHFI was as follows:

			Nonaccrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss												Total Nonaccrual
(Dollars in thousands) Loans secured by real estate:			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate			$	2,449					$	746					$	2,776					$	786
Construction/land/land development			19,176						96						26,291						305
Residential real estate			12,410						5,695						14,313						13,037
Total real estate			34,035						6,537						43,380						14,128
Commercial and industrial			2,915						4,706						20,486						15,897
Consumer			93						—						407						90
Total nonaccrual loans			$	37,043					$	11,243					$	64,273					$	30,115

All interest formerly accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual status is reversed from interest income. Subsequent receipts on nonaccrual loans are recorded as a reduction of principal, and interest income is recorded only after principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

No interest income was recorded on nonaccrual loans while they were considered nonaccrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Company elects the fair value option for recording residential mortgage loans held for sale in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company had zero nonaccrual mortgage loans held for sale that were recorded using the fair value option election at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The tables below summarize modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by loan and modification type during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

															Amortized Cost Basis at September 30, 2024
									Term Extension
(Dollars in thousands)															Amortized Cost						% of Loans
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate															$	257					0.01		%
Construction/land/land development															346						0.03
Residential real estate															1,769						0.10
Total real estate															2,372						0.04
Commercial and industrial(1)															10,689						0.52
Total															$	13,061					0.16

____________________________

(1)Does not include the loans impacted by the questioned activity as a result of not meeting the modification criteria as described in the Accounting Standards Codification 310-10-50-36, “Modifications”.

			Amortized Cost Basis at September 30, 2023
			Term Extension												Combination: Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction																								Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay
(Dollars in thousands)			Amortized Cost						% of Loans						Amortized Cost						% of Loans																														Amortized Cost						% of Loans
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate			$	7,507					0.31		%				$	—					—		%																												$	427					0.02		%
Construction/land/land development			3,807						0.35						—						—																														—						—
Residential real estate			745						0.04						—						—																														—						—
Total real estate			12,059						0.23						—						—																														427						0.01
Commercial and industrial			13,935						0.68						923						0.04																														53						—
Total			$	25,994					0.34						$	923					0.01																														$	480					0.01

The tables below summarize modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by loan and modification type during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

															Amortized Cost Basis at September 30, 2024
									Term Extension												Combination: Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction												Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay
(Dollars in thousands)															Amortized Cost						% of Loans						Amortized Cost						% of Loans						Amortized Cost						% of Loans
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate															$	257					0.01		%				$	—					—		%				$	—					—		%
Construction/land/land development															346						0.03						—						—						—						—
Residential real estate															1,998						0.11						132						0.01						—						—
Total real estate															2,601						0.05						132						—						—						—
Commercial and industrial(1)															15,331						0.74						—						—						35						—
Consumer															—						—						4						0.02						—						—
Total															$	17,932					0.23						$	136					—						$	35					—

____________________________

(1)Does not include the loans impacted by the questioned activity as a result of not meeting the modification criteria as described in the Accounting Standards Codification 310-10-50-36, “Modifications”.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

															Amortized Cost Basis at September 30, 2023
									Term Extension																								Combination: Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction												Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay
(Dollars in thousands)															Amortized Cost						% of Loans																														Amortized Cost						% of Loans						Amortized Cost						% of Loans
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate															$	7,853					0.32		%																												$	—					—		%				$	427					0.02		%
Construction/land/land development															3,808						0.35																														—						—						—						—
Residential real estate															2,477						0.15																														—						—						—						—
Total real estate															14,138						0.27																														—						—						427						0.01
Commercial and industrial															15,562						0.76																														1,091						0.05						53						—
Total															$	29,700					0.39																														$	1,091					0.01						$	480					0.01

The following tables describe the financial effects of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

Term Extension

Commercial real estate

Added a weighted average 29.0 months to the life of the modified loans

Construction/land/land development

Added a weighted average 4.1 months to the life of the modified loans

Residential real estate

Added a weighted average 8.7 months to the life of the modified loans

Commercial and industrial(1)

Added a weighted average 4.4 months to the life of the modified loans

____________________________

(1)Does not include the loans impacted by the questioned activity as a result of not meeting the modification criteria as described in the Accounting Standards Codification 310-10-50-36, “Modifications”.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Interest Rate Reduction

Term Extension

Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay

Commercial real estate

N/A

Added a weighted average 10.1 months to the life of the modified loans

Delayed payment of weighted average 6 months

Construction/land/land development

N/A

Added a weighted average 8.6 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Residential real estate

N/A

Added a weighted average 18.4 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Commercial and industrial

Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 10.1% to 9.5%

Added a weighted average 6.7 months to the life of the modified loans

Delayed payment of weighted average 6 months

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Interest Rate Reduction

Term Extension

Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay

Commercial real estate

N/A

Added a weighted average 32.0 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Construction/land/land development

N/A

Added a weighted average 6.6 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Residential real estate

Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 9.0% to 8.0%

Added a weighted average 10.4 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Commercial and industrial(1)

N/A

Added a weighted average 5.9 months to the life of the modified loans

Delayed payment of weighted average 2.0 months

Consumer

Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 9.5% to 6.0%

Added a weighted average 5.0 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

____________________________

(1)Does not include the loans impacted by the questioned activity as a result of not meeting the modification criteria as described in the Accounting Standards Codification 310-10-50-36, “Modifications”.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Interest Rate Reduction

Term Extension

Other-Than-Insignificant Payment Delay

Commercial real estate

N/A

Added a weighted average 12.1 months to the life of the modified loans

Delayed payment of weighted average 6 months

Construction/land/land development

N/A

Added a weighted average 13.1 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Residential real estate

N/A

Added a weighted average 9.3 months to the life of the modified loans

N/A

Commercial and industrial

Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate from 9.9% to 9.0%

Added a weighted average 9.0 months to the life of the modified loans

Delayed payment of weighted average 6 months

The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified during the last twelve months ended September 30, 2024.

			Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			Current						30-89 Days Past Due						90 Days or More Past Due
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate			$	272					$	10					$	—
Construction/land/land development			452						—						—
Residential real estate			936						1,485						115
Total real estate			1,660						1,495						115
Commercial and industrial(1)			12,865						618						2,007
Consumer			4						—						—
Total LHFI			$	14,529					$	2,113					$	2,122

____________________________

(1)Does not include the loans impacted by the questioned activity as a result of not meeting the modification criteria as described in the Accounting Standards Codification 310-10-50-36, “Modifications”.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

			Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
			September 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Current						30-89 Days Past Due						90 Days or More Past Due
Loans secured by real estate:
Commercial real estate			$	8,280					$	—					$	—
Construction/land/land development			3,808						—						—
Residential real estate			2,195						282						—
Total real estate			14,283						282						—
Commercial and industrial			16,705												—
Total LHFI			$	30,988					$	282					$	—

At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had $745,000 and $1.6 million funding commitments for loans in which the terms were modified as a result of the borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, respectively.

The table below provides the details of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified within the last twelve months and defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There were no loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, that were modified within the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

									Term Extension
(Dollars in thousands)									Amortized Cost at September 30, 2024						Default Amount During the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Residential real estate									$	115					$	115
Commercial and industrial(1)									2,007						9,453
Total									$	2,122					$	9,568

____________________________

(1)Does not include the loans impacted by the questioned activity as a result of not meeting the modification criteria as described in the Accounting Standards Codification 310-10-50-36, “Modifications”.

A payment default is defined as a loan that was 90 or more days past due. The Company monitors the performance of modified loans on an ongoing basis. In the event of subsequent default, the ALCL is assessed on the basis of an individual evaluation of each loan. The modifications made during the periods presented did not significantly impact the Company’s determination of the allowance for credit losses.

Note 5 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the exchange price that is expected to be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Certain assets and liabilities are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements at fair value. Some are recorded on a recurring basis and some on a nonrecurring basis.

The Company utilizes fair value measurement to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The determination of fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. In cases where quoted market values in an active market are not available, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach to estimate the fair values of its financial instruments. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied.

A hierarchy for fair value has been established, which categorizes the valuation techniques into three levels used to measure fair value. The three levels are as follows:

Level 1 - Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Level 2 - Fair value is based on significant other observable inputs that are generally determined based on a single price for each financial instrument provided to the Company by an unrelated third-party pricing service and is based on one or more of the following:

•Quoted prices for similar, but not identical, assets or liabilities in active markets;

•Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active;

•Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, such as interest rate and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and

•Other inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market inputs.

Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant and unobservable in the market. These instruments are valued using the best information available, some of which is internally developed, and reflects the Company’s own assumptions about the risk premiums that market participants would generally require and the assumptions they would use. These estimates can be inherently uncertain.

There were no transfers between fair value reporting levels for any period presented.

Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities Recorded on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize financial assets and financial liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value. There were no changes in the valuation techniques during 2024 or 2023.

			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total
State and municipal securities			$	—					$	246,707					$	42,155					$	288,862
Corporate bonds			—						79,268						1,000						80,268
U.S. treasury securities			30,729						—						—						30,729
U.S. government agency securities			—						14,658						—						14,658
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			—						100,172						—						100,172
Residential mortgage-backed securities			—						475,169						—						475,169
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			—						48,510						—						48,510
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			—						122,597						—						122,597
Securities available for sale			30,729						1,087,081						43,155						1,160,965
Securities carried at fair value through income			—						—						6,533						6,533
Loans held for sale			—						7,631						—						7,631
Other assets - derivatives			—						13,135						—						13,135
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets			$	30,729					$	1,107,847					$	49,688					$	1,188,264
Other liabilities - derivatives			$	—					$	(11,993)					$	—					$	(11,993)
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities			$	—					$	(11,993)					$	—					$	(11,993)

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

			December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total
State and municipal securities			$	—					$	232,679					$	49,447					$	282,126
Corporate bonds			—						82,635						1,000						83,635
U.S. treasury securities			55,480						—						—						55,480
U.S. government agency securities			—						24,160						—						24,160
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			—						93,396						—						93,396
Residential mortgage-backed securities			—						506,502						—						506,502
Commercial collateralized mortgage obligations			—						35,183						—						35,183
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations			—						130,144						—						130,144
Asset-backed securities			—						43,005						—						43,005
Securities available for sale			55,480						1,147,704						50,447						1,253,631
Securities carried at fair value through income			—						—						6,808						6,808
Loans held for sale			—						16,852						—						16,852
Mortgage servicing rights			—						—						15,637						15,637
Other assets - derivatives			—						20,487						—						20,487
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets			$	55,480					$	1,185,043					$	72,892					$	1,313,415
Other liabilities - derivatives			$	—					$	(18,300)					$	—					$	(18,300)
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities			$	—					$	(18,300)					$	—					$	(18,300)

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)									MSRs						Securities Available for Sale						Securities at Fair Value Through Income
Balance at January 1, 2024									$	15,637					$	50,447					$	6,808
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings:
Mortgage banking revenue									450						—						—
Other noninterest income									—						—						24
Loss recognized in AOCI									—						511						—
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
Sales									(16,087)						—						—
Settlements									—						(7,803)						(299)
Balance at September 30, 2024									$	—					$	43,155					$	6,533

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands)									MSRs						Securities Available for Sale						Securities at Fair Value Through Income
Balance at January 1, 2023									$	20,824					$	55,769					$	6,368
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings:
Mortgage banking revenue(1)									(485)						—						—
Other noninterest income									—						—						689
Loss recognized in AOCI									—						(703)						—
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
Originations									656						—						—
Sales									(1,806)						—						—
Settlements									—						(2,627)						(285)
Balance at September 30, 2023									$	19,189					$	52,439					$	6,772

___________________________

(1)Total mortgage banking revenue includes changes in fair value due to market changes and run-off.

The Company obtains fair value measurements for securities available for sale and securities at fair value through income from an independent pricing service; therefore, quantitative unobservable inputs are unknown.

The following methodologies were used to measure the fair value of financial assets and liabilities valued on a recurring basis:

Securities Available for Sale

Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 inputs. For Level 1 securities, the Company obtains the fair value measurements for those identical assets from an independent pricing service. For Level 2 securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the security's terms and conditions, among other things. In order to ensure the fair values are consistent with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the Company periodically checks the fair value by comparing them to other pricing sources, such as Bloomberg LP. The third-party pricing service is subject to an annual review of internal controls in accordance with the Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements No. 16, which was made available to the Company. In certain cases where Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. For Level 3 securities, the Company determines the fair value of the instruments based on their callability, putability and prepay optionality. Putable instruments are valued at book value, non-putable instruments are priced mainly using a present value calculation based on the spread to the yield curve.

Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”)

During December 2023 and January 2024, the Company solicited non-binding indications of interest with respect to the proposed sale of substantially all of the Company’s MSR asset. The Company subsequently sold its MSR asset and recorded a $410,000 gain on the sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. There were no MSR assets recognized or recorded during the quarter ended September 30, 2024, and the carrying value of the MSR is zero at September 30, 2024. At December 31, 2023, the carrying amounts of the MSRs equal fair value, which are determined using a discounted cash flow valuation model. The significant assumptions used to value MSRs were as follows:

									December 31, 2023
															Range						Weighted Average(1)
Prepayment speeds															7.49% - 8.50%						8.10		%
Discount rates															10.25% - 12.75%						10.31		%

__________________________

(1)The weighted average was calculated with reference to the principal balance of the underlying mortgages.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

There have been significant market-driven fluctuations in the assumptions listed above. Typically, loans with higher average coupon rates have a greater likelihood of prepayment during comparatively low interest rate environments, while loans with lower average coupon rates have a lower likelihood of prepayment. Estimating these assumptions within ranges that market participants would use in determining the fair value of MSRs requires significant management judgment.

Derivatives

Fair values for interest rate swap agreements and interest rate lock commitments are based upon the amounts that would be required to settle the contracts. Fair values for risk participations and loan sale commitments are based on the fair values of the underlying mortgage loans or securities and the probability of such commitments being exercised. Significant management judgment and estimation is required in determining these fair value measurements.

Fair Values of Assets Recorded on a Recurring Basis for which the Fair Value Option has been Elected

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a recurring basis due to the Company’s election to adopt fair value accounting treatment for those assets. This election allows for a more effective offset of the changes in fair values of the assets and the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. For assets for which the fair value has been elected, the earned current contractual interest payment is recognized in interest income. At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, there were no gains or losses recorded attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk. The following tables summarize the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:

			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			Aggregate Fair Value						Principal Balance/Amortized Cost						Difference
Loans held for sale(1)			$	7,631					$	7,394					$	237
Securities carried at fair value through income			6,533						6,515						18
Total			$	14,164					$	13,909					$	255

____________________________

(1)There were no loans held for sale that were designated as nonaccrual or 90 days or more past due at September 30, 2024.

			December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Aggregate Fair Value						Principal Balance/Amortized Cost						Difference
Loans held for sale(1)			$	16,852					$	16,475					$	377
Securities carried at fair value through income			6,808						6,815						(7)
Total			$	23,660					$	23,290					$	370

____________________________

(1)There were no of loans held for sale that were designated as nonaccrual or 90 days or more past due at December 31, 2023.

Changes in the fair value of assets for which the Company elected the fair value option are classified in the consolidated statements of income line items reflected in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands)			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
Changes in fair value included in noninterest income:			2024						2023						2024						2023
Mortgage banking revenue (loans held for sale)(1)			$	(273)					$	(22)					$	(139)					$	(214)
Other income:
Securities carried at fair value through income			35						666						25						689
Total fair value option impact on noninterest income			$	(238)					$	644					$	(114)					$	475

____________________________

(1)The fair value option impact on noninterest income is offset by the derivative gain/loss recognized in noninterest income. Please see Note 6 — Mortgage Banking for more detail.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following methodologies were used to measure the fair value of financial assets valued on a recurring basis for which the fair value option was elected:

Securities at Fair Value through Income

Securities carried at fair value through income are valued using a discounted cash flow with a credit spread applied to each instrument based on the creditworthiness of each issuer. Credit spreads ranged from 83 to 227 basis points at both September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023. The Company believes the fair value approximates an exit price.

Loans Held for Sale

Fair values for loans held for sale are established using anticipated sale prices for loans allocated to a sale commitment, and those unallocated to a commitment are valued based on the interest rate and term for similar loans allocated. The Company believes the fair value approximates an exit price.

Fair Value of Assets Recorded on a Nonrecurring Basis

Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions

The majority of the Company’s non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions are within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and qualify for the practical expedient allowed for equity securities without a readily determinable fair values, such that the Company has elected to carry these securities at cost adjusted for any observable transactions during the period, less any impairment. Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions totaled $67.1 million and $55.2 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are shown on the face of the consolidated balance sheets. To date, no impairment has been recorded on the Company's investments in equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company observed a price change in multiple orderly transactions for identical equity securities in one of the Company’s equity securities and adjusted the Company’s basis upwards by $5.2 million.

Individually Evaluated Loans with Credit Losses

Loans for which it is probable that the Company will not collect all principal and interest due according to contractual terms are measured to determine if any credit loss exists. Allowable methods for determining the amount of credit loss include estimating the fair value using the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans and a discounted cash flow methodology for other evaluated loans that are not collateral dependent. If the loan is identified as collateral-dependent, the fair value method of measuring the amount of credit loss is utilized. Evaluating the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans requires obtaining a current independent appraisal of the collateral and applying a discount factor to the value. If the loan is not collateral-dependent, the discounted cash flow method is utilized, which involves assumptions and judgments as to credit risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, default rates, loss severity, payment speeds, collateral values and discount rate. Loans that have experienced a credit loss with specific allocated losses are within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when the credit loss is determined using the fair value method. The fair value of collateral-dependent loans that have specific allocated reserves was approximately $3.9 million and $3.8 million at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Non-Financial Assets

Foreclosed assets held for sale are the only non-financial assets valued on a nonrecurring basis that are initially recorded by the Company at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the ALCL. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management, and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The carrying value and fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale was estimated using Level 3 inputs based on observable market data and was $6.0 million and $3.9 million at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had $669,000 and zero, respectively, principal amounts of residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Fair Values of Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value

The carrying value and estimated fair values of financial instruments not recorded at fair value are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024												December 31, 2023
Financial assets: Level 1 inputs:			Carrying Value						Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Value						Estimated Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents			$	321,191					$	321,191					$	280,441					$	280,441
Level 2 inputs:
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions			67,068						67,068						55,190						55,190
Accrued interest and loan fees receivable			42,925						42,925						41,688						41,688
Level 3 inputs:
Securities held to maturity			11,096						10,701						11,615						10,848
LHFI, net			7,860,801						7,547,324						7,564,076						7,177,720
Financial liabilities:
Level 2 inputs:
Deposits			8,486,568						8,481,684						8,251,125						8,240,520
FHLB advances, repurchase agreements and other borrowings			30,446						30,359						83,598						83,187
Subordinated indebtedness			159,861						159,277						194,279						186,251
Accrued interest payable			15,510						15,510						12,272						12,272

Note 6 — Mortgage Banking

The following table presents the Company’s revenue from mortgage banking operations:

(Dollars in thousands)			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
Mortgage banking revenue			2024						2023												2024						2023
Origination			$	151					$	124											$	421					$	384
Gain on sale of loans held for sale			1,535						757												3,836						2,380
Originations of MSRs			—						225												—						656
Servicing			3						915												738						2,840
Total gross mortgage revenue			1,689						2,021												4,995						6,260
MSR valuation adjustments, net			—						(122)												450						(485)
Gain on sale of MSR			—						—												410						—
Mortgage HFS and pipeline fair value adjustment			(536)						(110)												53						(27)
MSR hedge impact			—						(897)												(479)						(1,673)
Mortgage banking revenue			$	1,153					$	892											$	5,429					$	4,075

During 2023, management used forward-settling mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury futures to mitigate the impact of changes in fair value of MSRs. See Note 8 — Derivative Financial Instruments for further information.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Activity in MSRs was as follows:

			Three Months Ended September 30,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)			2024						2023												2024									2023
Balance at beginning of period			$	—					$	19,086											$	15,637								$	20,824
Addition of servicing rights			—						225												—									656
Settlement of sale of MSR			—						—												(16,087)									(1,806)
Valuation adjustment, net of amortization			—						(122)												450									(485)
Balance at end of period			$	—					$	19,189											$	—								$	19,189

During December 2023 and January 2024, the Company solicited non-binding indications of interest with respect to the proposed sale of substantially all of the Company’s MSR asset. The Company subsequently sold its MSR asset and recorded a $410,000 gain on the sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. There were no MSR assets recognized or recorded during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2024, and the Company is no longer retaining servicing on sold loans.

During the second half of 2022, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its GNMA MSR portfolio, which met all final sale conditions in early 2023. The Company sold $1.8 million in GNMA MSR, with no significant gain or loss realized, and derecognized the related GNMA repurchase asset and offsetting liability during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

Prior to the sale of the Company’s MSR, the Company received annual servicing fee income approximating 0.25% of the outstanding balance of the underlying loans. In connection with the Company's activities as a servicer of mortgage loans, the investors and the securitization trusts have no recourse to the Company’s assets for failure of debtors to pay when due.

The Company is potentially subject to losses on loans previously sold due to loan foreclosures. The Company has obligations to either repurchase the outstanding principal balance of a loan or make the purchaser whole for the economic benefits of a loan if it is determined that the loan sold violated representations or warranties made by the Company and/or the borrower at the time of the sale, which the Company refers to as mortgage loan putback expenses. Such representations and warranties typically include those made regarding loans that had missing or insufficient file documentation and/or loans obtained through fraud by borrowers or other third parties. Putback claims may be made until the loan is paid in full. When a putback claim is received, the Company evaluates the claim and takes appropriate actions based on the nature of the claim. The Company is required by the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation to provide a response to putback claims within 60 days of the date of receipt.

At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the reserve for mortgage loan putback expenses totaled $103,000 and $127,000, respectively. There is inherent uncertainty in reasonably estimating the requirement for reserves against future mortgage loan putback expenses. Future putback expenses depend on many subjective factors, including the review procedures of the purchasers and the potential refinance activity on loans sold with servicing released and the subsequent consequences under the representations and warranties.

Note 7 — Borrowings

Borrowed funds are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Short-term FHLB advances			$	20,000					$	70,000
Long-term FHLB advances			6,268						6,474
Overnight repurchase agreements with depositors			4,178						7,124
Total FHLB advances and other borrowings			$	30,446					$	83,598
Subordinated indebtedness, net			$	159,861					$	194,279

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At December 31, 2023, the Company had $34.7 million in subordinated promissory notes that were assumed in the merger with BTH (“BTH Notes”) with origination dates ranging from June 2015 to June 2021. After the five-year anniversary of issuance, the Company had the right to redeem the BTH Notes in part or in full at the Company’s discretion and, if applicable, subject to receipt of any required regulatory approvals. Primarily due to the declining Tier 2 capital contribution of the BTH Notes, the Company elected to redeem all but $1.1 million of the BTH Notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Note 8 — Derivative Financial Instruments

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage risks related to differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments, as well as to manage changes in fair values of some assets which are marked at fair value through the consolidated statement of income on a recurring basis.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company is a party to interest rate swap agreements under which the Company receives interest at a variable rate and pays at a fixed rate. The derivative instruments represented by these swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges of the Company’s forecasted variable cash flows under variable-rate term borrowing agreements. During the terms of the swap agreements, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the periods that the hedged forecasted variable-rate interest payments affected earnings. There was no ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives recognized directly in earnings. The entire swap fair value will be reclassified into earnings before the expiration dates of the swap agreements.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges

Customer interest rate derivative program

The Company offers certain derivatives products, primarily interest rate swaps, directly to qualified commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies. In most instances, the Company acts only as an intermediary, simultaneously entering into offsetting agreements with unrelated financial institutions, thereby mitigating its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions without significantly impacting its results of operations. Because the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and any offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings as a component of noninterest income.

From time to time, the Company shares in credit risk on interest rate swap arrangements, by entering into risk participation agreements with syndication partners. These are accounted for at fair value and disclosed as risk participation derivatives.

Mortgage banking derivatives

As part of its mortgage banking and related risk management activities, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”) agreements on prospective residential mortgage loans. These IRLCs are derivative financial instruments and the fair value of these IRLCs are included in other assets. Prior to January 1, 2024, the Company also economically hedged the value of MSRs by entering into a series of commitments to purchase mortgage-backed securities in the future and U.S. Treasury Notes.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets

The following tables disclose the fair value of derivative instruments in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as the effect of these derivative instruments on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are reported in other operating activities, net in the statements of cash flows.

(Dollars in thousands)			Notional Amounts(1)												Fair Values
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments:			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Interest rate swaps included in other assets			$	10,500					$	10,500					$	534					$	786
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps included in other assets			$	364,855					$	363,498					$	12,188					$	18,567
Interest rate swaps included in other liabilities			358,340						356,683						(11,992)						(18,298)
Risk participation agreements included in other liabilities			32,578						20,000						(1)						(2)
Forward commitments to purchase forward-settling mortgage-backed securities included in other assets			—						9,000						—						91
Forward commitments to purchase treasury notes in other assets			—						22,500						—						822
Interest rate-lock commitments on residential mortgage loans included in other assets			14,532						8,471						413						221
			$	770,305					$	780,152					$	608					$	1,401

____________________________

(1)Notional or contractual amounts, which represent the extent of involvement in the derivatives market, are used to determine the contractual cash flows required in accordance with the terms of the agreement. These amounts are typically not exchanged, significantly exceed amounts subject to credit or market risk and are not reflected in the consolidated balance sheets.

The weighted-average rates paid and received for interest rate swaps were as follows:

			Weighted-Average Interest Rate
			September 30, 2024												December 31, 2023
Interest rate swaps:			Paid						Received						Paid						Received
Cash flow hedges			4.24		%				8.23		%				4.24		%				8.35		%
Non-hedging interest rate swaps - financial institution counterparties			5.11						7.79						4.88						7.82
Non-hedging interest rate swaps - customer counterparties			7.79						5.11						7.82						4.88

Gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)			Three Months Ended September 30,															Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:			2024						2023																					2024						2023
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in mortgage banking revenue (1)			$	(261)					$	(1,102)																				$	123					$	(1,613)
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in other non-interest income			(136)						82																					(72)						167

____________________________

(1)Gains and losses on these instruments are largely offset by market fluctuations in mortgage servicing rights. The Company sold substantially all of its MSR recognizing a gain on the sale of $410,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. See Note 6 — Mortgage Banking for more information on components of mortgage banking revenue.

Some interest rate swaps included in other assets were subject to a master netting arrangement with the counterparty in all periods presented and could be offset against some amounts included in interest rate swaps included in other liabilities. The Company has chosen not to net these exposures in the consolidated balance sheets, and any impact of netting these amounts would not be significant.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had cash collateral on deposit with swap counterparties totaling $570,000 and $865,000, respectively. These amounts are included in interest-bearing deposits in banks in the consolidated balance sheets and are considered restricted cash until such time as the underlying swaps are settled.

Note 9 — Stock and Incentive Compensation Plans

The Company has granted, and currently has outstanding, stock and incentive compensation awards subject to the provisions of the Company’s 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). Additionally, the Company’s stockholders approved the Origin Bancorp, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (“Omnibus Plan”) at the April 24, 2024, Annual Meeting.

The 2012 Plan and the Omnibus Plan (collectively, the “Incentive Plans”) are designed to provide flexibility to the Company regarding its ability to motivate, attract and retain the services of key officers, employees and directors. The Incentive Plans allow the Company to make grants of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards (“RSA”), restricted stock units (“RSU”), dividend equivalent rights, performance stock units (“PSU”) or any combination thereof. A maximum of 1,375,000 shares were originally reserved for issuance under the Incentive Plans. The Omnibus Plan, approved in April 2024, allows for the issuance of 675,000 shares, and no future awards may be granted under the 2012 Plan after adoption of the Omnibus Plan. At September 30, 2024, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock no longer able to be granted under the 2012 Plan due to the adoption of the Omnibus Plan was 2,233, and the maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for grant under the Omnibus Plan was 502,283.

Additionally, the Company’s stockholders previously approved an employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) which qualified as an ESPP under IRS guidelines. The ESPP provides for the purchase of up to an aggregate 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock by employees. Under the ESPP, employees of the Company, who elect to participate, have the right to purchase a limited number of shares of the Company’s common stock at a 15% discount from the lower of the market value of the common stock at the beginning or the end of each one year offering period, beginning on June 1st. The ESPP benefit is treated as compensation to the employee, and the compensation expense will be recognized over the service period based on the grant date fair value of the rights determined at the beginning of the purchase period, adjusted for forfeitures and certain modifications. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. At September 30, 2024, there was $346,189 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to estimated ESPP shares for the June 1, 2024 - May 31, 2025 ESPP offering period. These costs are expected to be recognized over a period of 0.7 years.

The table below includes the weighted-average assumptions used to calculate the grant date fair value of the ESPP rights for the periods indicated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024						2023						2024						2023
Expected term (in years)			1.00						1.00						1.00						1.00
Dividend yield			$	1.98					$	2.08					$	2.03					$	1.81
Risk-free interest rate			4.94		%				4.94		%				4.94						3.52		%
Expected volatility			30.40						31.12						30.78						31.81

The ESPP shares purchased are as follows for the dates indicated:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024						2023						2024						2023
ESPP shares purchased			—						—						56,658						46,213
Shares available for issuance under the ESPP			871,040						927,698						871,040						927,698

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Compensation Committee (“Committee”) has approved, and the Company has granted PSUs to select officers and employees under the 2012 Plan and Omnibus Plan. Each PSU represents a right for the participant to receive shares of Company common stock or cash equal to the fair market value of such stock, as determined by the Committee. The number of PSUs to which the participant may be entitled will vary from 0% to 150% of the target number of PSUs, based on the Company’s achievement of specified performance criteria during the performance period compared to performance benchmarks adopted by the Committee and, further, the participant’s continuous service with the Company through the third anniversary of the date of the grant. Each performance period commences on January 1 and ends three years later on December 31 (“Performance Period”).

Share-based compensation cost charged to income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, is presented below. There was no stock option expense for any of the periods shown.

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
RSA & RSU			$	1,260					$	1,180					$	3,475					$	3,236
PSU			782						41						2,109						336
ESPP			144						114						369						314
Total stock compensation expense			$	2,186					$	1,335					$	5,953					$	3,886
Related tax benefits recognized in net income			$	459					$	280					$	1,250					$	816

Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Grants

The Company’s RSAs and RSUs are time-vested awards and are granted to the Company’s Board of Directors, executives and senior management team. The service period in which time-vested awards are earned ranges from one to seven years. Time-vested awards are valued utilizing the fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant date. These awards are recognized on the straight-line method over the requisite service period, with forfeitures recognized as they occur.

The Company’s PSU awards, excluding certain PSUs granted to the Company’s CEO in 2022, are three-year cliff-vested awards, with each unit divided into two categories (“ROAA Unit Group” and “ROAE Unit Group”), composed of an equivalent number of initial PSUs granted. The PSU share amounts do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the interim performance results until the final performance results are determined at the end of the three-year period. The ROAA Unit Group is based upon the Company’s Performance Period Return on Average Assets performance, as defined in the award agreement, and the ROAE Unit Group is based upon the Company’s Performance Period Return on Average Equity performance, as defined in the award agreement. The PSUs are initially valued utilizing the fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant date, assuming 100% of the target number of units are achieved. Subsequent valuation of the PSUs is determined using the ratio of the actual Company’s Performance Period ROAA or ROAE to the Company’s targeted Performance Period ROAA or ROAE. The determination of whether and to what extent the performance criteria has been satisfied during the applicable Performance Period shall be made by the Compensation Committee, in its sole and absolute discretion, including disregarding certain nonrecurring, unusual or infrequent items in the ROAA or ROAE calculation as described further in the PSU award agreement. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table summarizes the Company’s award activity:

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024												2023
			Shares						Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value						Shares						Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested RSAs, January 1,			17,629						$	29.33					27,391						$	35.27
Granted RSAs			19,682						33.03						16,788						28.61
Vested RSAs			(17,629)						29.33						(17,237)						34.33
Nonvested RSAs, September 30,			19,682						33.03						26,942						31.82
Nonvested RSUs, January 1,			318,168						$	37.69					270,390						$	39.63
Granted RSUs			117,597						31.98						113,674						35.70
Vested RSUs			(80,948)						38.89						(53,263)						41.94
Forfeited RSUs			(785)						42.55						(10,014)						43.44
Nonvested RSUs, September 30,			354,032						35.51						320,787						37.73
Nonvested PSUs, January 1,			197,842						$	28.33					157,367						$	29.06
Granted PSUs			67,355						33.03						43,591						30.69
Forfeited PSUs			—						—						(3,116)						30.69
Nonvested PSUs, September 30,			265,197						32.07						197,842						27.96

At September 30, 2024, there was $394,000, $10.4 million and $4.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSA shares, RSU shares and PSU shares under the Incentive Plans, respectively. Those costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.6, 3.2 and 1.5 years for RSA, RSU and PSU shares, respectively.

Stock Option Grants

The Company has previously issued common stock options to select officers and employees primarily through individual agreements. The exercise price of each option varies by agreement and is based on the fair value of the stock at the date of the grant. No outstanding stock option has a term that exceeds twenty years, and all of the outstanding options are fully vested. The Company recognized compensation cost for stock option grants over the required service period based upon the grant date fair value, which is established using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes valuation model uses assumptions of risk-free interest rate, expected term of stock options, expected stock price volatility and expected dividends. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

In conjunction with the BTH merger, the Company assumed the BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and converted all outstanding options to purchase BTH common stock into options to purchase an aggregate of 611,676 shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the terms of applicable change in control provisions within the BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and BTH Notice Of Stock Option Award, all BTH stock options fully vested immediately prior to the closing of the merger that occurred on August 1, 2022. BTH converted options have no expiration dates past August 16, 2031, and no further grants will be made under the BTH 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below summarizes the status of the Company’s stock options and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)			Number of Shares						Weighted Average Exercise Price						Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)						Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Outstanding at January 1, 2024			353,473						$	31.49					4.46						$	1,670
Exercised			(46,009)						27.80						—						282
Expired			(45,680)						35.52						—						—
Outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2024			261,784						31.43						3.72						758
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Outstanding at January 1, 2023			504,437						$	29.46					5.13						$	3,736
Exercised			(55,897)						17.35						—						918
Expired			(11,081)						33.63						—						—
Outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2023			437,459						30.90						3.88						917

Note 10 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”) includes the after-tax change in unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities and cash flow hedging activities.

(Dollars in thousands)			Unrealized (Loss) Gain on AFS Securities						Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges						Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Balance at January 1, 2024			$	(121,646)					$	623					$	(121,023)
Net change			26,977						(199)						26,778
Balance at September 30, 2024			$	(94,669)					$	424					$	(94,245)
Balance at January 1, 2023			$	(160,700)					$	825					$	(159,875)
Net change			(12,904)						50						(12,854)
Balance at September 30, 2023			$	(173,604)					$	875					$	(172,729)

Note 11 — Capital and Regulatory Matters

The Company (on a consolidated basis) and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

The Company is subject to the Basel III regulatory capital framework (“Basel III Capital Rules”), which includes a 2.5% capital conservation buffer. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and requires increased capital levels for the purpose of capital distributions and other payments. Failure to meet the full amount of the buffer will result in restrictions on the Company’s ability to make capital distributions, which include dividend payments, stock repurchases and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total, common equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average total consolidated assets (as defined). Management believes, at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, that the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject, including the capital buffer requirement.

At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded those levels necessary to be categorized as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as “well capitalized,” the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, common equity Tier 1 risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. A final rule adopted by the federal banking agencies in February 2019 provides banking organizations with the option to phase in, over a three-year period, the adverse day-one regulatory capital effects of the adoption of CECL. In addition, on March 27, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interim final rule that gives banking organizations that were required to implement CECL before the end of 2020 the option to delay for two years CECL’s adverse effects on regulatory capital. The Bank elected to adopt CECL in the first quarter of 2020 and exercised the option to delay the estimated impact of the adoption of CECL on the Company’s regulatory capital for two years (from January 2020 through December 31, 2021). The two-year delay is followed by a three-year transition period of CECL’s initial impact on the Company’s regulatory capital (from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024). The amount representing the CECL impact to the Company’s regulatory capital that will be ratably transitioning back into regulatory capital over the transition period is $637,000 and $2.5 million at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The actual capital amounts and ratios of the Company and the Bank at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, are presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024			Actual												Minimum Capital Required - Basel III												To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets			Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			$	1,073,318					12.46		%				$	603,075					7.00		%				N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,064,953						12.43						599,867						7.00						$	557,020					6.50		%
Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,089,200						12.64						732,308						8.50						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,064,953						12.43						728,410						8.50						685,563						8.00
Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,331,311						15.45						904,611						10.50						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,233,004						14.39						899,803						10.50						856,955						10.00
Leverage Ratio
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,089,200						10.93						398,551						4.00						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,064,953						10.75						396,243						4.00						495,304						5.00
December 31, 2023
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,012,916						11.83						599,455						7.00						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,019,732						11.95						597,548						7.00						554,866						6.50
Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,028,729						12.01						727,907						8.50						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,019,732						11.95						725,593						8.50						682,912						8.00
Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,286,604						15.02						899,184						10.50						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,188,000						13.92						896,320						10.50						853,638						10.00
Leverage Ratio
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			1,028,729						10.50						391,822						4.00						N/A						N/A
Origin Bank			1,019,732						10.45						390,246						4.00						487,807						5.00

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In the ordinary course of business, the Company depends on dividends from the Bank to provide funds for the payment of dividends to stockholders and to provide for other cash requirements. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of the Bank to fall below specified minimum levels. Approval is also required if dividends declared and paid exceed the Bank’s year-to-date net income combined with the retained net income for the preceding year, which was $69.6 million at September 30, 2024.

Stock Repurchases

In July 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase up to $50 million of its outstanding common stock. The shares may be repurchased in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, depending upon market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The stock repurchase program is intended to expire in three years but may be terminated or amended by the Board of Directors at any time. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares at any time.

There have been no stock repurchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023.

Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies

Credit-Related Commitments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into financial instruments, such as commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of its customers. Such instruments are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements until they are funded, although they expose the Company to varying degrees of credit risk and interest rate risk in much the same way as funded loans.

Commitments to extend credit include revolving commercial credit lines, non-revolving loan commitments issued mainly to finance the merger and development or construction of real property or equipment, and credit card and personal credit lines. The availability of funds under commercial credit lines and loan commitments generally depends on whether the borrower continues to meet credit standards established in the underlying contract and has not violated other contractual conditions. Loan commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee by the borrower. Credit card and personal credit lines are generally subject to cancellation if the borrower’s credit quality deteriorates. A number of commercial and personal credit lines are used only partially or, in some cases, not at all before they expire, and the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Company.

A substantial majority of the letters of credit are standby agreements that obligate the Company to fulfill a customer’s financial commitments to a third party if the customer is unable to perform. The Company issues standby letters of credit primarily to provide credit enhancement to its customers’ other commercial or public financing arrangements and to help them demonstrate financial capacity to vendors of essential goods and services.

The contract amounts of these instruments reflect the Company’s exposure to credit risk. The Company undertakes the same credit evaluation in making loan commitments and assuming conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments and may require collateral or other credit support.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below presents the Company’s commitments to extend credit by commitment expiration date for the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2024
			Less than One Year						One-Three Years						Three-Five Years						Greater than Five Years						Total
Commitments to extend credit(1)			$	789,841					$	634,711					$	329,739					$	41,184					$	1,795,475
Standby letters of credit			141,770						67,823						11,273						350						221,216
Total off-balance sheet commitments			$	931,611					$	702,534					$	341,012					$	41,534					$	2,016,691
December 31, 2023
Commitments to extend credit(1)			$	955,486					$	990,690					$	349,918					$	58,954					$	2,355,048
Standby letters of credit			103,280						20,458						32,957						—						156,695
Total off-balance sheet commitments			$	1,058,766					$	1,011,148					$	382,875					$	58,954					$	2,511,743

____________________________

(1)Includes $717.3 million and $759.4 million of unconditionally cancellable commitments at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

At September 30, 2024, the Company held 39 unfunded letters of credit from the FHLB totaling $729.2 million, with expiration dates ranging from October 16, 2024, to September 22, 2027. At December 31, 2023, the Company held 31 unfunded letters of credit from the FHLB totaling $693.6 million, with expiration dates ranging from January 14, 2024, to September 22, 2027.

Management establishes an asset-specific allowance for certain lending-related commitments and computes a formula-based allowance for performing consumer and commercial lending-related commitments. These are computed using a methodology similar to that used for the commercial loan portfolio, modified for expected maturities and probabilities of drawdown. The reserve for lending-related commitments was $3.4 million and $4.7 million at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Loss Contingencies

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company discovered certain questioned activity involving a former banker. The activity involved the banker, who has since been terminated, facilitating advances in and among certain customer loans and accounts that, in one or more instances, may not have been appropriately documented. The Company has notified its insurance providers of anticipated claims resulting from this activity, but there is no consideration in the Company’s financial results of any potential insurance recoveries. The Company’s investigation into the questioned activity and impact on its financial statements remains ongoing.

As a result of these specific activities, the Company recorded a provision for loan credit losses of $3.2 million during the quarter ended June 30, 2024. Also, during the quarter ended June 30, 2024, several of the relationships impacted by the activity were placed on non-accrual and we recorded an additional $4.1 million provision for loan credit losses in conjunction with these loan relationships. No additional provision for loan credit losses, or release of provision, has been made related to this activity during the quarter ended September 30, 2024. Therefore, we have total loan loss reserves related to the questioned/impacted activity of $7.3 million at September 30, 2024.

Also, as a result of the questioned activity and during the second and third quarters ended June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2024, the Company recorded additional expenses totaling $2.3 million, which consisted of a loss contingency and interest expense accrual of $1.2 million and legal and professional fees of $1.1 million, recorded in noninterest expense.

The Company continues to work with a third-party forensic accounting team to confirm the Bank’s identification and reconciliation of the activity, and also assist in evaluating any additional impact from the questioned activity. There is at least a reasonable possibility that an additional loss may have been incurred in excess of the amount accrued above and that a change in the estimate will occur in the near term. As of the date of this report, management has assessed that an estimate for this additional loss cannot be made. At this time, we believe that any ultimate loss arising from the situation will not be material to our financial position.

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ORIGIN BANCORP, INC.

Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

From time to time, the Company is also party to various other legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, management has not identified any other loss contingencies, either individually or in the aggregate, that would have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or liquidity of the Company.

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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” “the Company” or “Origin” refer to Origin Bancorp, Inc., a Louisiana corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries. All references to “Origin Bank” or “the Bank” refer to Origin Bank our wholly-owned bank subsidiary.

The following discussion and analysis presents our financial condition and results of operations on a consolidated basis. However, we conduct all of our material business operations through our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank, the discussion and analysis that follows primarily relates to activities conducted at the Bank level.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related condensed notes contained in Item 1 of this report. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of our future financial outcomes. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and in the section titled “Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

General

We are a financial holding company headquartered in Ruston, Louisiana. Origin’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Origin Bank, was founded in 1912 in Choudrant, Louisiana. Deeply rooted in Origin’s history is a culture committed to providing personalized relationship banking to businesses, municipalities, and personal clients to enrich the lives of the people in the communities it serves. Origin provides a broad range of financial services and currently operates more than 60 locations in Dallas/Fort Worth, East Texas, Houston, North Louisiana, Mississippi, South Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. As a financial holding company operating through one segment, we generate the majority of our revenue from interest earned on loans and investments, service charges and fees on deposit accounts.

We incur interest expense on deposits and other borrowed funds and noninterest expense, such as salaries and employee benefits and occupancy expenses. We analyze our ability to maximize the income generated from interest-earning assets and minimize expense of our liabilities through our net interest margin. Net interest margin is a ratio calculated as net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans, securities and interest-bearing cash, and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Net interest spread is the average yield on interest-earning assets minus the average rate on interest-bearing liabilities.

Changes in market interest rates and the interest rates we earn on interest-earning assets or pay on interest-bearing liabilities, as well as in the volume and types of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are usually the largest drivers of periodic changes in net interest spread, net interest margin and net interest income.

2024 Third Quarter Highlights

•Total loans held for investment (“LHFI”) were $7.96 billion at September 30, 2024, reflecting an increase of $295.8 million, or 3.9%, compared to December 31, 2023. LHFI, excluding mortgage warehouse lines of credit, were $7.46 billion at September 30, 2024, reflecting an increase of $130.6 million, or 1.8%, compared to December 31, 2023.

•Total deposits were $8.49 billion at September 30, 2024, reflecting an increase of $235.4 million, or 2.9%, compared to December 31, 2023. Deposits, excluding brokered deposits, were $8.05 billion reflecting an increase of $248.8 million, or 3.2%, compared to December 31, 2023.

•Net interest income was $74.8 million for three months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting an increase of $674,000, or 0.9%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.

•Book value per common share was $36.76 at September 30, 2024, reflecting an increase of $2.46, or 7.2%, compared to December 31, 2023.

•Stockholders’ equity was $1.15 billion at September 30, 2024, reflecting an increase of $82.8 million, or 7.8%, compared to December 31, 2023.

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•At September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, Company level common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets was 12.46%, and 11.83%, respectively, the Tier 1 leverage ratio was 10.93% and 10.50%, respectively, and the total capital ratio was 15.45% and 15.02%, respectively.

Results of Operations

Our net income decreased $5.7 million, or 23.5%, to $18.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $24.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. On a diluted EPS basis, we reported $0.60 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $0.79 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net income decreased $8.2 million, or 11.6%, to $62.2 million, from $70.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. We reported $2.00 diluted EPS per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $2.28 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was impacted by certain questioned activity involving a former banker which was explained in detail in Part I, Item 1, Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies under Loss Contingencies. These items negatively impacted our diluted EPS by $0.02 and $0.27 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

Net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was $74.8 million, an increase of $674,000, or 0.9%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an $8.8 million increase in total interest income, partially offset by an $8.1 million increase in interest expense during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to three months ended September 30, 2023.

Interest income earned on LHFI increased by $11.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, with $6.3 million of the increase attributed to higher yields and $5.6 million due to higher average LHFI balances. Interest income earned on LHFI during the three months ended September 30, 2024, increased in substantially all loan categories, when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Interest income earned on real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and mortgage warehouse lines of credit contributed $6.9 million, $2.5 million and $2.5 million, respectively, when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Increases in interest rates drove $4.2 million and $1.6 million of the increase in interest income earned on real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans, and increases in average loan balances drove $2.8 million and $2.0 million of the increase in interest income earned on real estate loans and mortgage warehouse lines of credit for the comparable periods, respectively. The increase in interest income earned on LHFI was partially offset by a $2.0 million decrease in interest income earned on investment securities, primarily due to our strategic decision to sell available for sale investment securities to pay down FHLB advances during the intervening period.

Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased by $11.5 million, with $9.3 million of the increase driven by higher interest rates during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by a decrease of $2.7 million due to lower average FHLB advances and other borrowings during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.

The Federal Reserve Board sets various benchmark rates, including the federal funds rate, and thereby influences the general market rates of interest, including the loan and deposit rates offered by financial institutions. The federal funds target rate range was reduced by 50 basis points on September 18, 2024, to a range of 4.75% to 5.00%, the first rate reduction since early 2020. Prior to this movement, the fed funds rate was at a 23-year high.

The NIM-FTE was 3.18% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a four-basis point increase from 3.14% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The primary driver of the increase was a change in the mix of interest-earning assets with higher yielding average LHFI balances increasing to 84.1% of total interest-earning assets during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 80.1% during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Partially offsetting this increase was continued decrease in the net interest spread reflected by a 45-basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities to 4.04% from 3.59% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, with only a 40-basis point increase in the yield earned on interest-earning assets to 6.09% from 5.69% for the same period.

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The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned, and rates paid for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

			Three Months Ended September 30,
			2024																		2023
(Dollars in thousands) Assets			Average Balance(1)						Income/Expense						Yield/Rate						Average Balance(1)						Income/Expense						Yield/Rate
Commercial real estate			$	2,507,566					$	37,398					5.93		%				$	2,428,969					$	35,090					5.73		%
Construction/land/land development			1,019,302						18,873						7.37						1,044,180						18,539						7.04
Residential real estate			1,824,725						25,499						5.56						1,663,291						21,195						5.06
Commercial and industrial			2,071,984						41,439						7.96						2,024,675						38,907						7.62
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			484,680						9,302						7.64						376,275						6,838						7.21
Consumer			22,739						453						7.93						23,704						462						7.74
LHFI			7,930,996						132,964						6.67						7,561,094						121,031						6.35
Loans held for sale			14,645						231						6.28						11,829						173						5.81
Loans receivable			7,945,641						133,195						6.67						7,572,923						121,204						6.35
Investment securities-taxable			1,038,634						6,536						2.50						1,310,459						8,194						2.48
Investment securities-non-taxable			146,619						905						2.46						216,700						1,281						2.35
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions			66,409						475						2.85						58,421						952						6.47
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			229,224						3,146						5.46						279,383						3,820						5.42
Total interest-earning assets			9,426,527						144,257						6.09						9,437,886						135,451						5.69
Noninterest-earning assets			559,309																		597,678
Total assets			$	9,985,836																	$	10,035,564
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts			$	5,177,522					$	50,554					3.88		%				$	4,728,211					$	39,042					3.28		%
Time deposits			1,469,849						16,497						4.47						1,626,935						16,557						4.04
Total interest-bearing deposits			6,647,371						67,051						4.01						6,355,146						55,599						3.47
FHLB advances & other borrowings			40,331						482						4.75						230,815						3,207						5.51
Subordinated indebtedness			159,826						1,920						4.78						196,792						2,515						5.07
Total interest-bearing liabilities			6,847,528						69,453						4.04						6,782,753						61,321						3.59
Noninterest-bearing liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits			1,850,046																		2,088,183
Other liabilities			162,565																		151,716
Total liabilities			8,860,139																		9,022,652
Stockholders’ Equity			1,125,697																		1,012,912
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	9,985,836																	$	10,035,564
Net interest spread															2.05		%																2.10		%
Net interest income and margin									$	74,804					3.16												$	74,130					3.12
Net interest income and margin - (tax equivalent)(2)									$	75,338					3.18												$	74,775					3.14

___________________

(1)Nonaccrual loans are included in their respective loan category for the purpose of calculating the yield earned. All average balances are daily average balances.

(2)In order to present pre-tax income and resulting yields on tax-exempt investments comparable to those on taxable investments, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed. This adjustment also includes income tax credits received on Qualified School Construction Bonds and income from tax-exempt investments, and tax credits were computed using a federal income tax rate of 21%.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It distinguishes between the changes related to outstanding balances and those due to changes in interest rates. The change in interest attributable to rate changes has been determined by applying the change in rate between periods to average balances outstanding in the earlier period. The change in interest due to volume has been determined by applying the rate from the earlier period to the change in average balances outstanding between periods. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated, including the difference in day count, have been allocated to rate.

			Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets			Increase (Decrease) Due To Change In
Loans:			Volume						Yield/Rate						Total Change
Commercial real estate			$	1,135					$	1,173					$	2,308
Construction/land/land development			(442)						776						334
Residential real estate			2,057						2,247						4,304
Commercial and industrial			909						1,623						2,532
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			1,970						494						2,464
Consumer			(19)						10						(9)
Loans held for sale			41						17						58
Loans receivable			5,651						6,340						11,991
Investment securities-taxable			(1,700)						42						(1,658)
Investment securities-non-taxable			(414)						38						(376)
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions			130						(607)						(477)
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			(686)						12						(674)
Total interest-earning assets			2,981						5,825						8,806
Interest-bearing liabilities
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts			3,710						7,802						11,512
Time deposits			(1,599)						1,539						(60)
FHLB advances & other borrowings			(2,647)						(78)						(2,725)
Subordinated indebtedness			(472)						(123)						(595)
Total interest-bearing liabilities			(1,008)						9,140						8,132
Net interest income			$	3,989					$	(3,315)					$	674

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses, which includes the provisions for loan credit losses, off-balance sheet commitments credit losses and security credit losses, is based on management’s assessment of the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) for loans, securities, and our reserve for off-balance-sheet lending commitments. Factors impacting the provision include inherent risk characteristics in our loan portfolio, the level of nonperforming loans and net charge-offs, both current and historic, local economic and credit conditions, the direction of the change in collateral values, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and the funding probability on unfunded lending commitments. The provision for credit losses is charged against earnings in order to maintain our ACL, which reflects management’s best estimate of the life of loan credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date, and our reserve for off-balance-sheet lending commitments, which reflects management’s best estimate of losses inherent in our legally binding lending-related commitments. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan credit losses and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries.

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Total provision expense increased by $1.1 million, to $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by an $1.1 million increase in provision expense for loan credit losses. The net increase in the provision expense for loan credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in provision for loans individually evaluated.

Net charge-offs increased to $9.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $2.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to charge-offs on three commercial and industrial relationships totaling $10.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, which was partially offset by a $1.2 million increase in recoveries. The allowance for loan credit losses (“ALCL”) to nonperforming LHFI was 149.35% at September 30, 2024, compared to 301.12% at September 30, 2023, primarily driven by an increase of $32.7 million in our nonperforming LHFI compared to September 30, 2023, with $32.8 million of the increase primarily driven by five loan relationships, related to or impacted by, the questioned loan activity described in Part I, Item 1, Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies under Loss Contingencies. Net charge-offs to total average LHFI (annualized) increased to 0.48% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from 0.14% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, due to higher net charge-offs during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Noninterest Income

Our primary sources of recurring noninterest income are insurance commission and fee income, service charges and fees, other fee income, and mortgage banking revenue.

The table below presents the various components of and changes in our noninterest income for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)			Three Months Ended September 30,
Noninterest income:			2024						2023						$ Change						% Change
Insurance commission and fee income			$	6,928					$	6,443					$	485					7.5		%
Service charges and fees			4,664						4,621						43						0.9
Other fee income			2,114						2,006						108						5.4
Mortgage banking revenue			1,153						892						261						29.3
Swap fee income			106						366						(260)						(71.0)
Gain (loss) on sales of securities, net			221						(7,173)						7,394						103.1
Change in fair value of equity investments			—						10,096						(10,096)						(100.0)
Other income			803						868						(65)						(7.5)
Total noninterest income			$	15,989					$	18,119					$	(2,130)					(11.8)

Noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024, decreased by $2.1 million, or 11.8%, to $16.0 million, compared to $18.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to a decrease of $10.1 million in the change in fair value of equity investments partially offset by an increase of $7.4 million in gain (loss) on sales of securities, net.

Change in fair value of equity investments. The $10.1 million decrease in change in fair value of equity investments was primarily due to a $10.1 million positive valuation adjustment on a non-marketable equity security that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2023, with no comparable amount realized during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Gain (loss) on sales of securities, net. The $7.4 million increase in gain (loss) on sales of securities, net was due to the sale of available for sale investment securities with a book value of $181.9 million, which realized a loss on sale of $7.2 million during three months ended September 30, 2023, with no comparable loss realized during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

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Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)			Three Months Ended September 30,
Noninterest expense:			2024						2023						$ Change						% Change
Salaries and employee benefits			$	38,491					$	34,624					$	3,867					11.2		%
Occupancy and equipment, net			6,298						6,790						(492)						(7.2)
Data processing			3,470						2,775						695						25.0
Office and operations			2,984						2,868						116						4.0
Intangible asset amortization			1,905						2,264						(359)						(15.9)
Regulatory assessments			1,791						1,913						(122)						(6.4)
Advertising and marketing			1,449						1,371						78						5.7
Professional services			2,012						1,409						603						42.8
Loan-related expenses			751						1,220						(469)						(38.4)
Electronic banking			1,308						1,384						(76)						(5.5)
Franchise tax expense			721						520						201						38.7
Other expense			1,341						1,525						(184)						(12.1)
Total noninterest expense			$	62,521					$	58,663					$	3,858					6.6

Noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024, increased by $3.9 million, or 6.6%, to $62.5 million, compared to $58.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to increases of $3.9 million, $695,000 and $603,000 in salaries and employee benefits expense, data processing expense and professional services expense, respectively.

Salaries and employee benefits. The $3.9 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expenses was primarily driven by increases of $1.5 million, $783,000, $751,000 and $606,000 in salary expense, share-based compensation, medical insurance expense and incentive compensation bonus, respectively. The increase in salary expense was mainly attributed to raises given as a result of our annual salary reviews in March 2024, combined with an increase of 12 full-time equivalent employees to 1,049 at September 30, 2024, from 1,037 at September 30, 2023. The increase in share-based compensation was primarily due to quarterly evaluation adjustments on performance stock units to align with payout expectations based on company performance. Medical insurance expense increased as a result of higher insurance premiums combined with higher self-insurance claims during the current period. The increase in incentive compensation bonuses can be attributed primarily to elevated anticipated payouts, driven by a greater focus on meeting deposit objectives. This is evidenced by a larger sum of incentives linked to these deposit goals, alongside an increase in accruals associated with financial targets for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, leading to an increase in bonus expense.

Data Processing. The $695,000 increase in data processing expense was primarily due to an increase of $437,000 in software expenses, primarily driven by new services and increased fees for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to three months ended September 30, 2023.

Professional Services. The $603,000 increase in professional services was primarily due to $848,000 legal and audit fees that were incurred during the current quarter related to the questioned activity mentioned previously.

Income Tax Expense

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized income tax expense of $5.1 million, compared to $5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 21.4% and 19.1%, respectively.

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Comparison of Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was $222.0 million, a decrease of $4.6 million, or 2.0%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decline was primarily due to an increase in our total interest expense of $41.4 million, while total interest income increased by $36.8 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased by $58.7 million, with $45.0 million of the increase driven by higher interest rates during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by a decrease of $15.4 million due to lower average FHLB advances and other borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as a result of a strategic decision to sell available for sale securities to pay down borrowings and fund loan growth during the intervening period.

Interest income earned on LHFI during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, increased in substantially all loan categories when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Interest income earned on real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and mortgage warehouse lines of credit contributed $31.3 million, $9.0 million and $6.9 million, respectively, of the $47.1 million total increase in interest income earned on LHFI when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Increases in interest rates drove $17.2 million, $5.8 million and $3.1 million of the increase in interest income earned on real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and mortgage warehouse lines of credit, and increases in average loan balances drove $14.1 million, $3.9 million and $3.2 million of the increase in interest income earned on real estate loans, mortgage warehouse lines of credit and commercial and industrial loans for the comparable periods, respectively.

The increase in interest income earned on LHFI was partially offset by lower average balances in investment securities and interest-bearing deposits in banks during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decline led to a decrease of $11.0 million in interest income and was a result of our strategic decision to sell available for sale securities to pay down borrowings, fund loan growth, and to hold excess cash for contingency liquidity purposes during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The NIM-FTE was 3.18% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, a six basis point decrease from 3.24% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There was no impact to the NIM-FTE as a result of purchase accounting accretion income due to the BTH merger for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to three basis points for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The primary driver of this margin compression was a 72-basis point increase in the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities to 3.96% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from 3.24% for nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to just a 54-basis point increase in the yield earned on interest-earning assets to 6.04% from 5.50%.

As discussed previously in the Part I, Item 1, Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies under Loss Contingencies, the reversal of $1.2 million of accrued interest associated with the impact of the questioned activity drove a two-basis point decline in the NIM-FTE for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Had we not experienced the reversal of the accrued interest, our NIM-FTE would have been 3.20% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, reflecting a four basis point decrease compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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The following table presents average consolidated balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned, and rates paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024																		2023
(Dollars in thousands) Assets			Average Balance(1)						Income/Expense						Yield/Rate						Average Balance(1)						Income/Expense						Yield/Rate
Commercial real estate			$	2,481,274					$	109,475					5.89		%				$	2,393,028					$	99,497					5.56		%
Construction/land/land development			1,069,360						57,632						7.20						997,296						50,354						6.75
Residential real estate			1,784,035						73,186						5.48						1,599,803						59,155						4.94
Commercial and industrial			2,107,195						124,733						7.91						2,051,272						115,750						7.54
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			407,553						23,194						7.60						329,205						16,262						6.60
Consumer			22,818						1,370						8.02						24,836						1,431						7.71
LHFI			7,872,235						389,590						6.61						7,395,440						342,449						6.19
Loans held for sale			14,086						670						6.35						20,105						693						4.61
Loans receivable			7,886,321						390,260						6.61						7,415,545						343,142						6.19
Investment securities-taxable			1,060,060						19,991						2.52						1,358,913						24,658						2.43
Investment securities-non-taxable			145,978						2,708						2.48						224,985						3,974						2.36
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions			60,400						1,936						4.28						69,505						2,772						5.33
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			241,383						9,857						5.45						352,166						13,360						5.07
Total interest-earning assets			9,394,142						424,752						6.04						9,421,114						387,906						5.50
Noninterest-earning assets			557,748																		582,983
Total assets			$	9,951,890																	$	10,004,097
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts			$	5,105,883					$	144,909					3.79		%				$	4,706,150					$	101,674					2.89		%
Time deposits			1,522,647						50,453						4.43						1,329,881						35,012						3.52
Total interest-bearing deposits			6,628,530						195,362						3.94						6,036,031						136,686						3.03
FHLB advances & other borrowings			41,424						1,514						4.88						430,650						17,038						5.29
Subordinated indebtedness			161,677						5,859						4.84						199,568						7,614						5.10
Total interest-bearing liabilities			6,831,631						202,735						3.96						6,666,249						161,338						3.24
Noninterest-bearing liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits			1,870,154																		2,205,664
Other liabilities			159,087																		136,789
Total liabilities			8,860,872																		9,008,702
Stockholders’ Equity			1,091,018																		995,395
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	9,951,890																	$	10,004,097
Net interest spread															2.08		%																2.26		%
Net interest income and margin									$	222,017					3.16												$	226,568					3.22
Net interest income and margin - (tax equivalent)(2)									$	223,640					3.18												$	228,538					3.24

____________________________

(1)Nonaccrual loans are included in their respective loan category for the purpose of calculating the yield earned. All average balances are daily average balances.

(2)In order to present pre-tax income and resulting yields on tax-exempt investments comparable to those on taxable investments, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed. This adjustment also includes income tax credits received on Qualified School Construction Bonds and income from tax-exempt investments, and tax credits were computed using a federal income tax rate of 21%.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following tables present the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It distinguishes between the changes related to outstanding balances and those due to changes in interest rates. The change in interest attributable to rate changes has been determined by applying the change in rate between periods to average balances outstanding in the earlier period. The change in interest due to volume has been determined by applying the rate from the earlier period to the change in average balances outstanding between periods. For purposes of the below table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated, including the difference in day count, have been allocated to rate.

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands) Interest-earning assets			Increase (Decrease) due to Change in
Loans:			Volume						Yield/Rate						Total Change
Commercial real estate			$	3,669					$	6,309					$	9,978
Construction/land/land development			3,639						3,639						7,278
Residential real estate			6,812						7,219						14,031
Commercial and industrial			3,156						5,827						8,983
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			3,870						3,062						6,932
Consumer			(116)						55						(61)
Loans held for sale			(207)						184						(23)
Loans receivable			20,823						26,295						47,118
Investment securities-taxable			(5,423)						756						(4,667)
Investment securities-non-taxable			(1,396)						130						(1,266)
Non-marketable equity securities held in other financial institutions			(363)						(473)						(836)
Interest-bearing deposits in banks			(4,203)						700						(3,503)
Total interest-earning assets			9,438						27,408						36,846
Interest-bearing liabilities
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts			8,636						34,599						43,235
Time deposits			5,075						10,366						15,441
FHLB advances & other borrowings			(15,399)						(125)						(15,524)
Subordinated indebtedness			(1,446)						(309)						(1,755)
Total interest-bearing liabilities			(3,134)						44,531						41,397
Net interest income			$	12,572					$	(17,123)					$	(4,551)

Provision for Credit Losses

We recorded a provision expense of $12.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, a $1.2 million decrease from $14.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a $1.4 million decrease in provision for off-balance sheet items, primarily due to lower loan commitment balances at September 30, 2024, compared to September 30, 2023.

Additionally, as discussed in detail in Part I, Item 1, Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies under Loss Contingencies, we experienced a combined $7.3 million provision increase associated with the questioned activity recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Net charge-offs were $15.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $5.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to a $8.9 million increase in net charge-offs on commercial and industrial loans. The increase was primarily due to charge-offs on three relationships totaling $10.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, partially offset by recoveries on one relationship totaling $2.8 million.

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Noninterest Income

The table below presents the various components of and changes in our noninterest income for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)			Nine Months Ended September 30,
Noninterest income:			2024						2023															$ Change						% Change
Insurance commission and fee income			$	21,318					$	19,639														$	1,679					8.5		%
Service charges and fees			14,214						13,914															300						2.2
Other fee income			6,765						5,970															795						13.3
Mortgage banking revenue			5,429						4,075															1,354						33.2
Swap fee income			207						1,081															(874)						(80.9)
(Loss) gain on sales of securities, net			(182)						(7,029)															6,847						97.4
Change in fair value of equity investments			5,188						10,096															(4,908)						(48.6)
Other income			2,770						2,393															377						15.8
Total noninterest income			$	55,709					$	50,139														$	5,570					11.1

Noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, increased by $5.6 million, or 11.1%, to $55.7 million, compared to $50.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases of $6.8 million, $1.7 million and $1.4 million in (loss) gain on sales of securities, net, insurance commission and fee income and mortgage banking revenue, respectively. These increases were offset by decreases of $4.9 million and $874,000 in change in fair value of equity investments and swap fee income, respectively.

(Loss) gain on sales of securities, net. The $6.8 million increase in (loss) gain on sales of securities, net was mainly due to sale of available for sale investment securities with a book value of $181.9 million, which realized a loss on sale of $7.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, with no comparable amount realized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Insurance commission and fee income. The $1.7 million increase in insurance commission and fee income was mainly due to increases in both direct bill commission and contingency income. The increase in direct bill commission was mainly driven by higher commissions from property and casualty insurance. The increase in contingency income was mainly due to new commercial accounts combined with lower claims for catastrophic events experienced by our insurance agency counterparties during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Mortgage banking revenue. The $1.4 million increase in mortgage banking revenue compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to a $1.5 million increase in gain on sale of loans held for sale combined with the $410,000 gain on sale of MSR, partially offset by a $549,000 decrease in servicing revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Change in fair value of equity investments. The decrease in change in fair value of equity investments was primarily due to a $5.2 million positive valuation adjustment on a non-marketable equity security during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which was more than offset by a $10.1 million positive valuation adjustment on a non-marketable equity security that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Swap fee income. The $874,000 decrease in swap fee income was primarily due to a lower amount of swaps executed during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This was largely due to the expectation throughout nine months ended September 30, 2024, that the Federal Reserve would cut rates.

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Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)			Nine Months Ended September 30,
Noninterest expense:			2024						2023												$ Change						% Change
Salaries and employee benefits			$	112,418					$	102,888											$	9,530					9.3		%
Occupancy and equipment, net			19,952						19,871												81						0.4
Data processing			10,083						8,528												1,555						18.2
Office and operations			8,558						7,887												671						8.5
Intangible asset amortization			6,179						7,369												(1,190)						(16.1)
Regulatory assessments			5,367						4,596												771						16.8
Advertising and marketing			4,221						4,296												(75)						(1.7)
Professional services			4,546						4,491												55						1.2
Loan-related expenses			2,733						3,941												(1,208)						(30.7)
Electronic banking			3,785						3,609												176						4.9
Franchise tax expense			2,013						2,392												(379)						(15.8)
Other expense			5,761						4,442												1,319						29.7
Total noninterest expense			$	185,616					$	174,310											$	11,306					6.5

Noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, increased by $11.3 million, or 6.5%, to $185.6 million, compared to $174.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to increases of $9.5 million, $1.6 million and $1.3 million in salaries and employee benefits, data processing and other expense, respectively. These increases were offset by decreases of $1.2 million in both loan-related expenses and intangible asset amortization, respectively

Salaries and employee benefits. The $9.5 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expenses was primarily driven by increases of $5.3 million, $2.0 million, and $1.3 million and $1.1 million in salary expense, share-based compensation, medical insurance expenses and incentive compensation bonus, respectively. The increase in salary expense was mainly attributed to raises given as a result of our annual salary reviews in March 2024 and March 2023, combined with an increase of 12 full-time equivalent employees to 1,049 at September 30, 2024, from 1,037 at September 30, 2023. The increase in share-based compensation was primarily due to quarterly evaluation adjustments on performance stock units to align with payout expectations based on company performance. Medical insurance expense increased as a result of higher insurance premiums combined with higher self-insurance claims during the current period. The increase in incentive compensation bonuses can be attributed primarily to elevated anticipated payouts, driven by a greater focus on meeting deposit objectives. This is evidenced by a larger sum of incentives linked to these deposit goals, alongside an increase in accruals associated with financial targets for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Data Processing. The $1.6 million increase in data processing expense was primarily due to an increase of $969,000 in software expenses, primarily driven by new services and increased fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Also, contributing a combined increase of $563,000 were increased expenses associated with core services, compliance systems and finance and accounting data processing costs.

Other expense. The increase in other expense resulted from recognizing a contingent liability associated with certain questioned activity involving a single banker in one of our East Texas markets totaling approximately $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Loan-related expenses. The $1.2 million decrease in loan-related expenses was primarily due to decreases of $397,000 and $395,000 in loan related legal fees and servicing costs, respectively.

Intangible asset amortization. The $1.2 million decrease in intangible asset amortization is primarily due to the accelerated amortization method used to measure the amortization expense of the assets.

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Income Tax Expense

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized income tax expense of $17.0 million, compared to $18.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our effective tax rate was 21.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 20.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023

General

Total assets increased by $243.4 million, or 2.5%, to $9.97 billion at September 30, 2024, from $9.72 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase in total assets is primarily due to increases of $295.8 million and $40.8 million in our LHFI and cash and cash equivalents, respectively. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $92.7 million in available for sale securities. LHFI were $7.96 billion at September 30, 2024, an increase of 3.9%, compared to $7.66 billion at December 31, 2023. Cash and cash equivalents increased to $321.2 million, an increase of 14.5%, at September 30, 2024, compared to $280.4 million at December 31, 2023. Available for sale securities declined to $1.16 billion, reflecting a 7.4% decrease, at September 30, 2024, compared to $1.25 billion at December 31, 2023.

Total deposits increased by $235.4 million, or 2.9%, to $8.49 billion at September 30, 2024, from $8.25 billion at December 31, 2023, primarily due to increases of $201.6 million and $55.4 million in money market and time deposits, respectively. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $25.9 million in noninterest-bearing demand deposits. The increase in total deposits was partially offset by decreases in Federal Home Loan Bank advances, repurchase agreements and other borrowings of $53.2 million, or 63.6%, to $30.4 million at September 30, 2024, from $83.6 million at December 31, 2023.

Loan Portfolio

Our loan portfolio is our largest category of interest-earning assets, and interest income earned on our loan portfolio is our primary source of income. At September 30, 2024, 76.5% of the loan portfolio held for investment was comprised of commercial and industrial loans, including mortgage warehouse lines of credit, commercial real estate and construction/land/land development loans, which were primarily originated within our legacy market areas of Texas, North Louisiana, and Mississippi, compared to 77.1% at December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the ending balance of our loan portfolio held for investment at the dates indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024												December 31, 2023												2024 vs. 2023
Real estate:			Amount						Percent						Amount						Percent						$ Change						% Change
Commercial real estate (“CRE”)(1)			$	2,524,764					31.7		%				$	2,442,734					31.9		%				$	82,030					3.4		%
Construction/land/land development			991,545						12.5						1,070,225						14.0						(78,680)						(7.4)
Residential real estate			1,848,330						23.2						1,734,935						22.6						113,395						6.5
Total real estate			5,364,639						67.4						5,247,894						68.5						116,745						2.2
Commercial and industrial			2,074,037						26.1						2,059,460						26.9						14,577						0.7
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			495,188						6.2						329,966						4.3						165,222						50.1
Consumer			22,926						0.3						23,624						0.3						(698)						(3.0)
Total LHFI			$	7,956,790					100.0		%				$	7,660,944					100.0		%				$	295,846					3.9

______________________

(1)Includes owner-occupied CRE of $991.7 million and $953.8 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

At September 30, 2024, total LHFI were $7.96 billion, an increase of $295.8 million, or 3.9%, compared to $7.66 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by loan growth of $165.2 million, $113.4 million and $82.0 million in mortgage warehouse lines of credit loans, residential real estate, and CRE, respectively. These increases were offset by a decrease of $78.7 million in construction/land/land development loans. Total LHFI at September 30, 2024, excluding mortgage warehouse lines of credit, were $7.46 billion, reflecting an increase of $130.6 million, or 1.8%, compared to December 31, 2023.

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A significant portion, 31.7%, of our LHFI portfolio at September 30, 2024, consisted of CRE loans secured by real estate properties. Such loans can involve high principal loan amounts, and the repayment of these loans is dependent, in large part, on a borrower’s ongoing business operations or on income generated from the properties that are leased to third parties.

The table below sets forth the CRE loan portfolio, by portfolio industry sector and collateral location as of September 30, 2024.

			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			Texas State						Louisiana State						Mississippi State						All Other States						Total
Non-owner occupied CRE:
Office building			$	278,911					$	21,677					$	46,104					$	17,997					$	364,689
Retail shopping			259,785						46,013						33,593						103,466						442,857
Real estate & construction			161,238						49,807						5,430						39,402						255,877
Healthcare			73,125						45,771						5,769						27,319						151,984
Hotels			5,558						51,116						35,654						9,370						101,698
All other sectors			136,339						11,156						9,416						59,077						215,988
Total non-owner occupied CRE			914,956						225,540						135,966						256,631						1,533,093
Owner occupied CRE:
Real estate & construction			183,209						47,057						17,770						13,932						261,968
Retail shopping			120,028						15,862						760						1,829						138,479
Consumer Services			40,865						15,308						268						—						56,441
Entertainment & Recreation			37,581						21,151						10,292						—						69,024
All other sectors			251,666						122,150						26,147						65,796						465,759
Total owner occupied CRE			633,349						221,528						55,237						81,557						991,671
Total CRE loans			$	1,548,305					$	447,068					$	191,203					$	338,188					$	2,524,764

Loan Portfolio Maturity Analysis

The table below presents the maturity distribution of our LHFI at September 30, 2024. The table also presents the portion of our loans that have fixed interest rates, rather than interest rates that fluctuate over the life of the loans, based on changes in the interest rate environment.

			September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			One Year or Less						After One  Year Through Five Years						After Five Years Through Fifteen Years						After Fifteen Years						Total
Real estate:
Commercial real estate			$	367,620					$	1,777,695					$	361,978					$	17,471					$	2,524,764
Construction/land/land development			333,714						588,803						43,548						25,480						991,545
Residential real estate			163,460						780,732						69,455						834,683						1,848,330
Total real estate			864,794						3,147,230						474,981						877,634						5,364,639
Commercial and industrial			848,733						1,129,777						95,399						128						2,074,037
Mortgage warehouse lines of credit			495,188						—						—						—						495,188
Consumer			8,260						13,710						515						441						22,926
Total LHFI			$	2,216,975					$	4,290,717					$	570,895					$	878,203					$	7,956,790
Amounts with fixed rates			$	487,719					$	2,257,402					$	357,189					$	180,193					$	3,282,503
Amounts with variable rates			1,729,256						2,033,315						213,706						698,010						4,674,287
Total			$	2,216,975					$	4,290,717					$	570,895					$	878,203					$	7,956,790

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Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming/nonaccrual loans and property acquired through foreclosures or repossession, as well as bank-owned property not in use and listed for sale.

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions, and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status even if the contractual payments are not past due if information becomes available that causes substantial doubt about the borrower’s ability to meet the contractual obligations of the loan. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. Interest income on nonaccrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, but payments received are usually applied to principal. Nonaccrual loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. If a loan is determined by management to be uncollectible, regardless of size, the portion of the loan determined to be uncollectible is then charged to the ALCL.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. The Company evaluates acquired loans for deterioration in credit quality based on any of, but not limited to, the following: (1) nonaccrual status; (2) borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty which results in modification to the loan terms; (3) risk ratings of special mention, substandard or doubtful; (4) watchlist credits; and (5) delinquency status, including loans that are current on merger/acquisition date, but had previously been 60 days delinquent twice. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses. We held approximately $25.0 million of unpaid principal balance PCD loans at September 30, 2024, and $34.8 million of unpaid principal balance PCD loans at December 31, 2023.

We manage the quality of our lending portfolio in part through a disciplined underwriting policy and through continual monitoring of loan performance and borrowers’ financial condition. There can be no assurance, however, that our loan portfolio will not become subject to losses due to declines in economic conditions or deterioration in the financial condition of our borrowers.

The following table shows our nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)
Nonperforming LHFI:															September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate															$	2,776					$	786
Construction/land/land development															26,291						305
Residential real estate															14,313						13,037
Commercial and industrial															20,486						15,897
Consumer															407						90
Total nonperforming LHFI															64,273						30,115
Other real estate owned:
Commercial real estate, construction/land/land development															4,782						3,068
Residential real estate															1,261						846
Total other real estate owned															6,043						3,914
Other repossessed assets owned															—						15
Total repossessed assets owned															6,043						3,929
Total nonperforming assets															$	70,316					$	34,044
Total LHFI															$	7,956,790					$	7,660,944
Ratio of nonperforming LHFI to total LHFI															0.81		%				0.39		%
Ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets															0.71						0.35

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As discussed in our June 30, 2024, Origin Bancorp, Inc. Form 10-Q, and explained in detail in Part I, Item 1, Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies under Loss Contingencies, our credit metrics were negatively impacted by certain questioned activity involving a single banker, who has since been terminated, in our East Texas market. Our investigation of this activity remains ongoing and is not final. We continue to work with an outside forensic accounting firm to confirm the Bank’s identification and reconciliation of the activity, targeting a conclusion of this analysis by the end of this year. At this time, we believe that any ultimate loss arising from the situation will not be material to our financial position.

Nonperforming LHFI increased $34.2 million at September 30, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, and nonperforming LHFI to LHFI increased to 0.81% compared to 0.39%. The $34.2 million increase in non-performing loans was primarily driven by $32.8 million, or five loan relationships, related to, or impacted by, the questioned loan activity mentioned above. Please see Note 4 — Loans to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this report for more information on nonperforming loans.

Potential Problem Loans

From a credit risk standpoint, we classify loans using risk grades which fall into one of five categories: pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss. The classifications of loans reflect a judgment about the risks of default and loss associated with the loan. We review the ratings on loans and adjust them to reflect the degree of risk and loss that is felt to be inherent or expected in each loan. The methodology is structured, so that reserve allocations are increased in accordance with deterioration in credit quality (and a corresponding increase in risk and loss) or decreased in accordance with improvement in credit quality (and a corresponding decrease in risk and loss). Loans rated special mention reflect borrowers who exhibit credit weaknesses or downward trends deserving close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Bank’s credit position at some future date. While potentially weak, no loss of principal or interest is envisioned, and these borrowers currently do not pose sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Loans rated substandard are those borrowers with deteriorating trends and well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of debt. A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any, and where normal repayment from the borrower might be in jeopardy.

Loans rated as doubtful have the weaknesses of substandard assets with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full questionable, and there is a high probability of loss based on currently existing facts, conditions and values. Loans classified as loss are charged-off, and we have no expectation of the recovery of any payments with respect to loans rated as loss. Information regarding the internal risk ratings of our loans at September 30, 2024, is included in Note 4 — Loans to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Allowance for Loan Credit Losses

The ALCL represents the estimated losses for loans accounted for on an amortized cost basis. Expected losses are calculated using relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. We evaluate LHFI on a pool basis with pools of loans characterized by loan type, collateral, industry, internal credit risk rating and FICO score. We apply a probability of default, loss given default loss methodology, to the loan pools at September 30, 2024. Historical loss rates for each pool are calculated based on charge-off and recovery data beginning with the second quarter of 2012. These loss rates are adjusted for the effects of certain economic variables forecast over a one-year period, particularly for differences between current period conditions and the conditions existing during the historical loss period. Subsequent to the forecast effects, historical loss rates are used to estimate losses over the estimated remaining lives of the loans. The estimated remaining lives consist of the contractual lives, adjusted for estimated prepayments. Loans that exhibit characteristics different from their pool characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Certain of these loans are considered to be collateral dependent, with the borrower experiencing financial difficulty. For these loans, the fair value of collateral practical expedient is elected whereby the allowance is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell (if applicable). Those individual loans that are not collateral dependent are evaluated based on a discounted cash flow methodology.

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The amount of the ALCL is affected by loan charge-offs, which decrease the allowance, recoveries on loans previously charged off, which increase the allowance, as well as the provision for loan credit losses charged to income, which increases the allowance. In determining the provision for loan credit losses, management monitors fluctuations in the allowance resulting from actual charge-offs and recoveries and periodically reviews the size and composition of the loan portfolio in light of current and forecasted economic conditions. If actual losses exceed the amount of the ALCL, it would materially and adversely affect our earnings.

Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans. We account for our mergers/acquisitions under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, we record a discount or premium, and also an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An ALCL is determined using the same methodology as other individually evaluated loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ALCL are recorded through the provision for credit losses.

As a general rule, when it becomes evident that the full principal and accrued interest of a loan may not be collected, or at 90 days past due, we will reflect that loan as nonperforming. It will remain nonperforming until it performs in a manner that it is reasonable to expect that we will collect principal and accrued interest in full. When the amount or likelihood of a loss on a loan has been confirmed, a charge-off will be taken in the period it is determined.

We establish general allocations for each major loan category and credit quality. The general allocation is based, in part, on historical charge-off experience and loss given default methodology, derived from our internal risk rating process. Other adjustments may be made to the allowance for pools of loans after an assessment of internal or external influences on credit quality that are not fully reflected in the historical loss or risk rating data. We give consideration to trends, changes in loan mix, delinquencies, prior losses, reasonable and supportable forecasts and other related information.

In connection with the review of our loan portfolio, we consider risk elements attributable to particular loan types or categories in assessing the quality of individual loans. Some of the risk elements we consider include:

•for commercial real estate loans, the debt service coverage ratio, operating results of the owner in the case of owner-occupied properties, the loan to value ratio, the age and condition of the collateral and the volatility of income, property value and future operating results typical of properties of that type;

•for construction, land and land development loans, the perceived feasibility of the project, including the ability to sell developed lots or improvements constructed for resale or the ability to lease property constructed for lease, the quality and nature of contracts for presale or prelease, if any, experience and ability of the developer and loan to value ratio;

•for residential mortgage loans, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, including a consideration of the debt to income ratio and employment and income stability, the loan-to-value ratio, and the age, condition and marketability of the collateral;

•for commercial and industrial loans, the debt service coverage ratio (income from the business in excess of operating expenses compared to loan repayment requirements), the operating results of the commercial, industrial or professional enterprise, the borrower’s business, professional and financial ability and expertise, the specific risks and volatility of income and operating results typical for businesses in that category and the value, nature and marketability of collateral; and

•for mortgage warehouse loans, the borrower’s adherence to agency or investor underwriting guidelines, while the risk associated with the underlying consumer mortgage loan repayments, similar to other consumer loans, depends on the borrower’s financial stability and are more likely than commercial loans to be adversely affected by divorce, job loss, illness and other personal hardships.

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The ALCL to nonperforming LHFI decreased to 149.35% at September 30, 2024, compared to 321.66% at December 31, 2023, primarily driven by an increase of $34.2 million in the Company’s nonperforming LHFI as explained in the preceding Nonperforming Assets section, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The following table presents an analysis of the ALCL and other related data at the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)			Nine Months Ended September 30,															Year Ended December 31,
ALCL			2024						2023									2023
Balance at beginning of period			$	96,868					$	87,161								$	87,161
Provision for loan credit losses			14,169						13,932									17,514
Charge-offs:
Commercial real estate			480						42									42
Residential real estate			11						27									27
Commercial and industrial			21,044						8,070									11,833
Consumer			80						107									147
Total charge-offs			21,615						8,246									12,049
Recoveries:
Commercial real estate			318						113									140
Construction/land/land development			—						3									3
Residential real estate			12						13									17
Commercial and industrial			6,228						2,189									4,068
Consumer			9						12									14
Total recoveries			6,567						2,330									4,242
Net charge-offs			15,048						5,916									7,807
Balance at end of period			$	95,989					$	95,177								$	96,868
Ratio of ALCL to:
Nonperforming LHFI			149.35		%				301.12		%							321.66		%
LHFI			1.21						1.26									1.26
Net charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of:
Provision for loan credit loss			106.20						42.46									44.58
ALCL			20.94						8.31									8.06
Average LHFI			0.26						0.11									0.10

Securities

Our securities portfolio totaled $1.18 billion at September 30, 2024, representing a decrease of $93.5 million, or 7.3%, from $1.27 billion at December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to sales, maturities and calls, as well as normal principal paydowns during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Our available for sale portfolio totaled $1.16 billion at September 30, 2024, and represented 98.5% of our total security portfolio and is comprised of 49.6% mortgage-backed, 24.9% municipal, 14.7% collateralized mortgage obligations, 6.9% corporate and 3.9% treasury/agency securities. Our available for sale portfolio totaled $1.25 billion at December 31, 2023, and represented 98.6% of our total security portfolio and is comprised of 47.8% mortgage-backed, 22.5% municipal, 13.2% collateralized mortgage obligations, 10.1% corporate/asset-backed and 6.4% treasury/agency securities.

All of our mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are issued and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored entities. We do not hold any Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac preferred stock, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations, structured investment vehicles, private label collateralized mortgage obligations, subprime, Alt-A, or second lien elements in our investment portfolio. As of September 30, 2024, our investment portfolio did not contain any securities that are directly backed by subprime or Alt-A mortgages.

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The securities portfolio had a weighted average effective duration of 4.21 years at September 30, 2024, compared to 4.28 years at December 31, 2023. For additional information regarding our securities portfolio, please see Note 3 — Securities in the condensed notes to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary funding source used to fund our loans, investments and operating needs. We offer a variety of products designed to attract and retain both consumer and commercial deposit customers. These products consist of noninterest and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings deposits, money market accounts and time deposits. Deposits are primarily gathered from individuals, partnerships and corporations in our market areas. We also obtain deposits from local municipalities and state agencies.

Total deposits increased at September 30, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, primarily due to increases of $201.6 million, $55.4 million and $20.5 million in money market, time and savings deposits, respectively, and partially offset by a decrease of $25.9 million in noninterest-bearing demand deposits. Typically, higher interest rates and sustained inflation will cause customers to move liquid asset balances into higher interest-earning vehicles such as money market funds.

The following table presents our deposit mix at the dates indicated:

			September 30, 2024												December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Balance						% of Total						Balance						% of Total						$ Change						% Change
Noninterest-bearing demand			$	1,893,767					22.3		%				$	1,919,638					23.3		%				$	(25,871)					(1.3)		%
Money market			2,974,401						35.0						2,772,807						33.6						201,594						7.3
Interest-bearing demand			1,873,066						22.1						1,875,864						22.7						(2,798)						(0.1)
Time deposits			1,023,252						12.1						967,901						11.7						55,351						5.7
Brokered deposits(1)			431,609						5.1						444,989						5.4						(13,380)						(3.0)
Savings			290,473						3.4						269,926						3.3						20,547						7.6
Total deposits			$	8,486,568					100.0		%				$	8,251,125					100.0		%				$	235,443					2.9

_____________________

(1)At September 30, 2024, brokered deposits included brokered time deposits and brokered interest-bearing demand of $331.3 million and $100.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2023, brokered deposits included brokered time deposits of $445.0 million.

We manage our interest expense on deposits through specific deposit product pricing that is based on competitive pricing, economic conditions and current and anticipated funding needs. We may use interest rates as a mechanism to attract or deter additional deposits based on our anticipated funding needs and liquidity position. We also consider potential interest rate risk caused by extended maturities of time deposits when setting the interest rates in periods of future economic uncertainty.

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The following table reflects the classification of our average deposits and the average rate paid on each deposit category for the periods indicated:

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2024																		2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Average Balance						Interest Expense						Average Rate Paid						Average Balance						Interest Expense						Average Rate Paid
Interest-bearing demand			$	1,864,257					$	48,265					3.46		%				$	1,797,370					$	35,480					2.64		%
Money market			2,894,086						90,365						4.17						2,612,275						64,332						3.29
Time deposits			1,012,218						29,958						3.95						898,227						18,738						2.79
Brokered deposits(1)			571,392						23,011						5.38						431,654						16,274						5.04
Savings			286,577						3,763						1.75						296,505						1,862						0.84
Total interest-bearing			6,628,530						195,362						3.94						6,036,031						136,686						3.03
Noninterest-bearing demand			1,870,154						—												2,205,664						—
Total average deposits			$	8,498,684					$	195,362					3.07						$	8,241,695					$	136,686					2.22

______________________

(1)Average brokered deposits include average brokered time deposits and average brokered interest-bearing demand of $510.4 million and $61.0 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Average brokered deposits included average brokered time deposits of $431.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Our average deposit balance was $8.50 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $257.0 million, or 3.1%, from $8.24 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The average annualized rate paid on our interest-bearing deposits for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was 3.94%, compared to 3.03% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The increase in the average cost of our deposits was primarily the result of the rapidly rising interest rate environment experienced since March 2022, when the Federal Reserve Board started a series of eleven federal funds target range rate increases cumulating in a 525-basis point increase to a target range of 5.25% to 5.50%. More recently, in September 2024, the Federal Reserve Board cut the federal funds target range rate 50 basis points from a 23-year high of 5.25% to 5.50% to 4.75% to 5.00%.

Average noninterest-bearing deposits during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were $1.87 billion, compared to $2.21 billion at September 30, 2023, a decrease of $335.5 million, or 15.2%, and represented 22.0% and 26.8% of average total deposits for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits have been impacted by the higher interest rate environment, as customers have been moving out of noninterest-bearing deposit balances into higher interest-earning investments, however, this trend has been slowing as rates begin to stabilize.

Borrowings

Borrowed funds are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Short-term FHLB advances			$	20,000					$	70,000
Long-term FHLB advances			6,268						6,474
Overnight repurchase agreements with depositors			4,178						7,124
Total FHLB advances and other borrowings			$	30,446					$	83,598
Subordinated indebtedness, net			$	159,861					$	194,279

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At December 31, 2023, the Company had $34.7 million in subordinated promissory notes that were assumed in the merger with BTH (“BTH Notes”) with origination dates ranging from June 2015 to June 2021. After the five-year anniversary of issuance, the Company had the right to redeem the BTH Notes in part or in full at the Company’s discretion and, if applicable, subject to receipt of any required regulatory approvals. Primarily due to the declining Tier 2 capital contribution of the BTH Notes, the Company elected to redeem all but $1.1 million of the BTH Notes during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we were eligible to borrow an additional $2.11 billion and $2.01 billion, respectively, from the FHLB.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Management oversees our liquidity position to ensure adequate cash and liquid assets are available to support our operations and satisfy current and future financial obligations, including demand for loan funding and deposit withdrawals. Management continually monitors, forecasts and tests our liquidity and non-core dependency ratios to ensure compliance with targets established by our Asset-Liability Management Committee and approved by our board of directors.

Management measures our liquidity position by giving consideration to both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet sources of, and demands for, funds on a daily and weekly basis.

The Company, which is a separate legal entity apart from the Bank, must provide for its own liquidity, including payment of any dividends that may be declared for its common stockholders and interest and principal on any outstanding debt or trust preferred securities incurred by the Company. The cash held at the holding Company is available for general corporate purposes described above, as well as providing capital support to the Bank. In addition, at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had a line of credit under the terms of which the loan amount shall not exceed an aggregate principal balance of $100 million, consisting of an initial $50 million extension of credit and any one or more potential incremental revolving loan amounts that the lender may make in its sole discretion, up to an aggregate principal of $50 million, upon the request of the Company.

The table below shows the liquidity measures for the Company at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Available cash balances at the holding company (unconsolidated)			$	55,437					$	87,698
Cash and liquid securities as a percentage of total assets			10.7		%				10.9		%

There are regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends under federal and state laws, regulations and policies; please see Note 11 — Capital and Regulatory Matters in the condensed notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information on the availability of Bank dividends.

Liquidity Sources

In addition to cash generated from operations, we utilize a number of funding sources to manage our liquidity, including core deposits, investment securities, cash and cash equivalents, loan repayments, federal funds lines of credit available from other financial institutions, as well as advances from the FHLB. We also have access to the Federal Reserve discount window as a source of short-term funding.

Core deposits, which are total deposits excluding time deposits greater than $250,000 and brokered deposits, are a major source of funds used to meet our cash flow needs. Maintaining the ability to acquire these funds as needed in a variety of markets is the key to assuring our liquidity.

Our investment portfolio is another source for meeting our liquidity needs. Monthly payments on mortgage-backed securities are used for short-term liquidity, and our investments are generally traded in active markets that offer a readily available source of cash liquidity through sales, if needed. Securities in our investment portfolio are also used to secure certain deposit types, such as deposits from state and local municipalities, and can be pledged as collateral for other borrowing sources.

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Other sources available for meeting liquidity needs include long- and short-term advances from the FHLB and unsecured federal funds lines of credit. Long-term funds obtained from the FHLB are primarily used as an alternative source to fund long-term growth of the balance sheet by supporting growth in loans and other long-term interest-earning assets. We typically rely on such funding when the cost of such borrowings compares favorably to the rates that we would be required to pay for other funding sources, including certain deposits.

We also had unsecured federal funds lines of credit available to us, with no amounts outstanding at either September 30, 2024, or December 31, 2023. These lines of credit primarily provide short-term liquidity and, in order to ensure the availability of these funds, we test these lines of credit at least annually. Interest is charged at the prevailing market rate on federal funds purchased and FHLB advances.

Additionally, at September 30, 2024, we had the ability to borrow $1.40 billion from the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (“FRB”), with $1.61 billion in commercial and industrial loans pledged as collateral. There were no borrowings against this line at September 30, 2024, or December 31, 2023.

In the normal course of business as a financial services provider, we enter into financial instruments, such as certain contractual obligations and commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of our customers. These commitments involve elements of credit risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Some instruments may not be reflected in our consolidated financial statements until they are funded, and a significant portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn, although they expose us to varying degrees of credit risk and interest rate risk in much the same way as funded loans. Please see Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies in the condensed notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our off-balance sheet commitments.

Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ equity provides a source of permanent funding, allows for future growth and provides a degree of protection to withstand unforeseen adverse developments. Changes in stockholders’ equity is reflected below:

(Dollars in thousands)			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2024			$	1,062,905
Net income			62,222
Other comprehensive income, net of tax			26,778
Dividends declared - common stock ($0.45 per share)			(14,222)
Stock compensation, net			7,990
Balance at September 30, 2024			$	1,145,673

Please see Part II, Item 2. “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” below for information on the Company’s stock repurchase program.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

Together with the Bank, we are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may result in certain actions by regulators that, if enforced, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital requirements, and the Bank was classified as “well capitalized” for purposes of the prompt corrective action regulations of the Federal Reserve. As we deploy capital and continue to grow operations, regulatory capital levels may decrease depending on the level of earnings. However, we expect to monitor and control growth in order to remain “well capitalized” under applicable regulatory guidelines and in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital standards. While we are currently classified as “well capitalized,” an extended economic recession could adversely impact our reported and regulatory capital ratios.

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The following table presents our regulatory capital ratios, as well as those of the Bank, at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)			September 30, 2024												December 31, 2023
Origin Bancorp, Inc.			Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)			$	1,073,318					12.46		%				$	1,012,916					11.83		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)			1,089,200						12.64						1,028,729						12.01
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)			1,331,311						15.45						1,286,604						15.02
Tier 1 capital (to average total consolidated assets)			1,089,200						10.93						1,028,729						10.50
Origin Bank
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)			$	1,064,953					12.43		%				$	1,019,732					11.95		%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)			1,064,953						12.43						1,019,732						11.95
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)			1,233,004						14.39						1,188,000						13.92
Tier 1 capital (to average total consolidated assets)			1,064,953						10.75						1,019,732						10.45

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

SEC guidance requires disclosure of “critical accounting estimates.” The SEC defines “critical accounting estimates” as those estimates made in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations of the registrant.

Our accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our management’s discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition. We have identified certain significant accounting policies which involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in making certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. Please see Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in the Company's 2023 Form 10-K filed with the SEC for more information about our critical accounting policies and use of estimates.

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Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk

As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our financial management policy provides management with guidelines for effective funds management, and we have established a measurement system for monitoring the net interest rate sensitivity position.

Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short-term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential for economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the consolidated balance sheets to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.

We manage exposure to interest rates by structuring the consolidated balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. We may utilize derivative financial instruments as part of an ongoing effort to mitigate interest rate risk exposure to interest rate fluctuations and facilitate the needs of our customers. For more information about our derivative financial instruments, see Note 8 — Derivative Financial Instruments in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this report. Based on the nature of operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the Bank’s Asset-Liability Management Committee in accordance with policies approved by the Bank’s board of directors. The committee formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, the committee considers the impact on earnings and capital of the current outlook on interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors.

The committee meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, purchase and sale activities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, the committee reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity. We employ methodologies to manage interest rate risk, which includes an analysis of relationships between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and an interest rate shock simulation model.

We use interest rate risk simulation models and shock analyses to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and fair value of equity, and the impact of changes in interest rates on other financial metrics. Our interest rate risk modeling incorporates a number of assumptions, including the repricing sensitivity of certain assets and liabilities, asset prepayment speeds, and the expected average life of non-maturity deposits. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain, and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies.

On a quarterly basis, we run various simulation models, including a static balance sheet and a dynamic growth balance sheet. These models test the impact on net interest income and fair value of equity from changes in market interest rates under various scenarios. Under the static model, rates are shocked instantaneously, and ramped rates change over a twelve-month and twenty-four-month horizon based upon parallel yield curve shifts. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Additionally, we run a non-parallel simulation involving analysis of interest income and expense under various changes in the shape of the yield curve. Internal policy regarding interest rate risk simulations currently specifies that for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net interest income at risk for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than 10.0% for a 100-basis point shift, 15.0% for a 200-basis point shift, 20.0% for a 300-basis point shift, and 25.0% for a 400-basis point shift. We continue to monitor our asset sensitivity and evaluate strategies to prevent being significantly impacted by future changes in interest rates.

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The following table summarizes the impact of an instantaneous, sustained simulated change in net interest income and fair value of equity over a 12-month horizon at the date indicated.

			September 30, 2024
Change in Interest Rates (basis points)			% Change in Net Interest Income						% Change in Fair Value of Equity
+400			12.8		%				(13.1)		%
+300			9.7						(9.8)
+200			6.6						(6.3)
+100			3.3						(3.0)
Base
-100			(3.9)						3.0
-200			(6.0)						6.1
-300			(7.6)						9.5
-400			(7.9)						14.2

We have found that, historically, interest rates on deposits do not change completely in tandem with the changes in the discount and federal funds rates. Overall, interest rates on deposits typically experience a lower degree of rate change than changes in market interest rates. This assumption is incorporated into the simulation model and is generally not fully reflected in a gap analysis, meaning that process by which we measure the gap between interest rate sensitive assets versus interest rate sensitive liabilities. The assumptions incorporated into the model are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various strategies.

The Federal Reserve Board sets various benchmark rates, including the federal funds rate, and thereby influences the general market rates of interest, including the loan and deposit rates offered by financial institutions and the fair value of our available for sale securities. The federal funds target rate range has increased 525 basis points starting with the Federal Reserve Board’s first rate increase in March 2022, and in order to remain competitive as market interest rates increased, we increased interest rates paid on our deposits. During September 2024, the Federal Reserve cut the federal funds target rate range 50 basis points from a 23-year high of 5.25% to 5.50% to 4.75% to 5.00%.

Impact of Inflation

Our financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which presently requires us to measure the majority of our financial position and operating results primarily in terms of historic dollars. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or recession are generally not considered.

Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the general level of inflation. However, inflation affects financial institutions by increasing their cost of goods and services purchased, as well as the cost of salaries and benefits, occupancy expense, and similar items. Inflation and related increases in interest rates generally decrease the market value of investments and loans held and may adversely affect liquidity, earnings, and stockholders’ equity. In management’s opinion, changes in interest rates affect the financial condition of a financial institution to a far greater degree than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including changes in the expected rate of inflation, the influence of general and local economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities.

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Item 4.    Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures — As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, identified no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three month period ended September 30, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting. However, we continually evaluate and seek to enhance our internal controls over financial reporting, and, in this regard, we have recently made certain enhancements designed to identify and mitigate events like the questioned activity by the former banker in East Texas previously discussed in this report.

The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time. Because of these limitations, any system of disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting may not be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.

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PART II: OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings

Refer to Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies - Loss Contingencies in the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information regarding legal proceedings not reportable under this Item.

Item 1A.    Risk Factors

There are no material changes during the period covered by this Report to the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(a)    Not applicable.

(b)    Not applicable.

(c)    In July 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase up to $50 million of its outstanding common stock. The shares may be repurchased in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, depending upon market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the SEC. The stock repurchase program is intended to expire in three years but may be terminated or amended by the Board of Directors at any time. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares at any time.

There were no stock repurchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2024.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information

(a)    Not applicable.

(b)    Not applicable.

(c)    Pursuant to Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, none of our directors or executive officers adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

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Item 6.     Exhibits

Exhibit Number						Description
3.1						Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed April 28, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)).
3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed April 28, 2020 (File No. 001-38487)).
4.1						Specimen common stock certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed April 10, 2018 (File No. 333-224225)
						Instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Company and its subsidiaries are not filed as Exhibits because the amount of debt under each instrument is less than 10% of the consolidated assets of the Company. The Company undertakes to file these instruments with the SEC upon request.
10.1						Origin Bancorp, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement Schedule 14 A filed March 14, 2024 (File No. 001-38487)
31.1						Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a).
31.2						Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a).
32.1						Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2						Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101						The following financial information from Origin Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, is formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity, (v) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Condensed Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

						Origin Bancorp, Inc.

Date:			November 6, 2024			By:			/s/ Drake Mills
									Drake Mills
									Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Date:			November 6, 2024			By:			/s/ William J. Wallace, IV
									William J. Wallace, IV
									Senior Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer

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