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美國
證券交易委員會
華盛頓特區 20549
表單10-Q
（Mark One）
☒ 根據1934年《證券交易法》第13或15（d）條提交的季度報告
在截至的季度期間 2024 年 9 月 30 日
要麼
☐ 根據1934年《證券交易法》第13或15（d）條提交的過渡報告
在從 __________ 到 __________ 的過渡期內。
委員會文件號： 001-38314
MVB 金融公司.
（註冊人章程中規定的確切名稱）
西弗吉尼亞州						20-0034461
（公司或組織的州或其他司法管轄區）						（美國國稅局僱主識別號）
301 弗吉尼亞大道, 費爾蒙特, WV						26554
（主要行政辦公室地址）						（郵政編碼）
(304) 363-4800
（註冊人的電話號碼，包括區號）
不適用
（如果自上次報告以來發生了變化，則以前的姓名、以前的地址和以前的財政年度）

根據該法第12（b）條註冊的證券：

每個課程的標題

交易符號

註冊的每個交易所的名稱

普通股，面值1.00美元

MVBF

納斯達克股票市場有限責任公司

請用勾號勾選以下內容：（1）在過去的12個月內（或者c註冊人所需要提交此類報告的更短期限內），c註冊人已經提交了根據1934年證券交易法第13或第15（d）條規定需要提交的全部報告；和（2）c註冊人在過去的90天內一直需要遵守此類提交要求。Yes ☒ 否 ☐

請在檢查標記處指示註冊人是否在過去的12個月內（或更短的時間段內）電子提交併發佈了根據S-t規則405條要求提交和發佈的每個交互式數據文件（本章第232.405條）。 Yes ☒ 沒有 ☐

請在以下選項前打勾，註冊人是屬於大型加速文件申報人、加速文件申報人、非加速文件申報人、小型報告公司還是新興增長型公司。請參見證券交易法規120億.2條中「大型加速文件申報人」、「加速文件申報人」、「小型報告公司」和「新興增長型公司」的定義。 x 加速文件申報人 ¨ 非加速文件申報人 ¨ 小型報告公司

大型加速報告人☐

加速文件提交人 ☒

非加速提交者☐

小型報告公司☐

新興增長型企業 ☐

如果公司無法符合證券交易法第13(a)條規定，使用延長過渡期來遵守任何新的或修訂的財務會計準則，請在複選框中指示。 ☐

請在檢查標記處指示註冊人是否爲空殼公司（根據證券交易法規則120億.2定義）。 是 ☐ 否 ☒

請指示註冊人每種普通股的流通股數，最新可行日期爲：

截至2024年11月4日， 12,940,462 我們的普通股的每股面值爲1.00美元。

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目錄

第一部分			財務信息			5
項目1			基本報表			5
			合併資產負債表			5
			綜合收益表			6
			綜合收益的合併報表			8
			股東權益變動表			9
			合併現金流量表			11
			合併財務報表附註			13
項目2			分銷計劃			53
項目3			有關市場風險的定量和定性披露			67
項目4			控制和程序			68
第II部分			其他信息			69
項目1			法律訴訟			69
項目1A			風險因素			69
項目2			未註冊的股票股權銷售和籌款用途			69
項目3			對優先證券的違約			69
項目4			礦山安全披露			69
項目5			其他信息			69
項目6			展示資料			69
			簽名			70

2

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前瞻性聲明：

除了基於歷史數據的聲明外，本季度10-Q表格中的其他聲明屬於「前瞻性聲明」，根據1995年《私人證券訴訟改革法》的定義。前瞻性聲明提供對未來事件的當前期望或預測，包括但不限於關於信念、計劃、目標、指導方針、期望、預期和未來財務狀況、經營業績的聲明，以及包括「可能」、「可能」、「應該」、「將」、「相信」、「預見」、「估計」、「目標」、「期望」、「打算」、「計劃」、「項目」、「展望」或這些術語的否定形式或類似表達的聲明。

這些前瞻性聲明並不代表未來績效的保證，也不應被視爲代表我們在任何隨後日期觀點的依據。前瞻性聲明涉及重大風險和不確定性（已知和未知），實際結果可能與所介紹的表達或暗示不同，包括但不限於在 第2項，財務狀況和經營成果的管理層討論和分析。可能導致這種差異的因素包括但不限於：

l			因經濟狀況和各政府和監管機構的政策而產生的利率波動；
l			經濟變化，這可能會對信貸質量趨勢以及產生貸款和籌集存款的能力產生重大影響；
l			行業因素以及總體經濟和政治狀況和事件，例如全國和我們經營所在市場的經濟放緩或衰退；
l			我們開展業務的領域金融市場狀況的變化，包括但不限於存款流量、資金成本、業務組建和增長率的降低、商業和住宅房地產開發以及房地產價格的變化；
l			新興金融科技（「金融科技」）和銀行即服務領域的立法不斷演變，監管審查得到加強；
l			鑑於聯邦存款保險公司（「FDIC」）提議制定規則或將當前存款框架適用於該銀行的銀行即服務存款，現行經紀存款監管框架發生了變化，某些銀行即服務存款可能被重新歸類爲經紀存款；
l			我們有能力招聘、留住和培訓具有此類知識、經驗和行業專業知識的優秀員工和高管，以了解和遵守不斷變化的立法和法規，成功實施此類員工和高管的繼任計劃；
l			我們適應技術變革、維護安全可靠的信息和技術系統以及成功執行業務計劃、管理風險和實現目標（包括與金融科技投資相關的戰略）的能力；
l			與我們的業務相關的市場、經濟、運營、流動性、信用和利率風險；
l			地方、國家和國際政治和經濟狀況的變化、動盪和混亂，包括但不限於戰爭、氣候變化和自然災害、流行病和流行病以及任何政府或社會對此的應對措施、軍事行動、恐怖襲擊和地緣政治衝突等重大事態發展；
l			我們的流動性狀況發生意想不到的變化，包括但不限於爲滿足我們的流動性需求而獲得流動性和資本來源的變化；
l			我們的存款基礎數量或構成的變化，包括對大型客戶和某些行業（例如博彩、支付和銀行即服務）的某些集中度；
l			我們的貸款和證券投資組合的質量和構成；
l			我們的股票投資主要集中在私人實體，缺乏流動性和易於確定的公允市場價值，這意味着無法保證我們會實現這些投資的價值或能夠輕易將其剝離；
l			成功進行收購和整合收購業務的能力，以及在現有和新市場擴展業務方面可能遇到的困難；
l			成功管理信用風險的能力和信貸損失備抵的充足性；
l			虧損、客戶破產、銀行倒閉、索賠和評估水平的增加；
l			政府立法和會計政策的變化，包括但不限於財務會計準則 理事會（「FASB」）的政策和程序、與持續通貨膨脹壓力相關的聯儲局政策、《多德-弗蘭克華爾街改革和消費者保護法》和《經濟增長、監管救濟和消費者保護法》（「EGRRCPA」），以及2024年美國總統大選的影響；
l			金融服務業的競爭和整合；

3

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l			new legal claims against us, including litigation, arbitration and proceedings brought by governmental or self-regulatory agencies or changes in existing legal matters;
l			success in gaining regulatory approvals, when required, including for proposed mergers or acquisitions;
l			changes in consumer spending and savings habits, including demand for loan products and deposit flow;
l			increased competitive challenges and expanding product and pricing pressures among financial institutions and non-bank financial companies;
l			operational risks or risk management failures by us, our customers or critical third parties, including without limitation, with respect to data processing, information systems, compliance with bank secrecy and anti-money laundering laws, technological changes, vendor problems, business interruptions and fraud risk;
l			increasing risk of continually evolving, sophisticated cybersecurity activities faced by financial institutions and others, including new developments in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics, that may create new vulnerabilities and cybersecurity risks and could result in, among other things, theft, loss, misuse or disclosure of confidential client, customer or corporate information or assets and a disruption of computer, software or network systems and the potential impact from such risks, including reputational damage, regulatory penalties, loss of revenues, additional costs (including repair, remediation and other costs), exposure to litigation and other financial losses;
l			risks, uncertainties and losses involved with the developing digital assets industry, including the evolving regulatory framework;
l			failure or circumvention of internal controls;
l			legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our operations or business, including the possibility of increased regulatory oversight due to changes in the nature and complexity of our business model;
l			increased emphasis by regulators on federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern customer relationships;
l			risks and potential losses involved with uninsured deposits beyond FDIC limitations;
l			costs of deposit insurance and changes with respect to FDIC insurance coverage levels; and
l			our ability to navigate any environmental, social, governmental or sustainability concerns arising from our business activities.

Further, we urge you to carefully review and consider the cautionary statements and disclosures, specifically those made in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 13, 2024, and from time to time, in our other filings with the SEC. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any forward-looking statement. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. Except to the extent required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance occurring after the date of this report or currently unknown facts or conditions or the occurrence of unanticipated events. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.

REFERENCES

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this report to “MVB,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “ours” refer to the registrant, MVB Financial Corp., and its subsidiaries consolidated for the purposes of its financial statements.

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 – Financial Statements

MVB Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
						(Unaudited)						(Audited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and due from banks						$	4,615					$	6,564
Interest-bearing balances with banks						606,296						391,665
Total cash and cash equivalents						610,911						398,229
Investment securities available-for-sale						374,828						345,275
Equity securities						41,760						41,086
Loans held-for-sale						—						629
Loans receivable						2,171,272						2,317,594
Allowance for credit losses						(21,499)						(22,124)
Loans receivable, net						2,149,773						2,295,470
Premises and equipment, net						18,838						20,928
Bank-owned life insurance						45,154						44,287
Equity method investments						77,172						75,754
Accrued interest receivable and other assets						100,320						92,224
TOTAL ASSETS						$	3,418,756					$	3,313,882
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing						$	989,144					$	1,197,272
Interest-bearing						2,012,504						1,704,204
Total deposits						3,001,648						2,901,476
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities						35,428						37,917
Repurchase agreements						4,755						4,821
Subordinated debt						73,725						73,540
Senior term loan						—						6,786
Total liabilities						3,115,556						3,024,540
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock - par value $1; 40,000,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 13,775,978 and 12,927,962 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, as of September 30, 2024 and 13,606,399 and 12,758,383 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, as of December 31, 2023						13,776						13,606
Additional paid-in capital						163,532						160,488
Retained earnings						164,978						160,862
Accumulated other comprehensive loss						(22,459)						(28,831)
Treasury stock - 848,016 shares as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, at cost						(16,741)						(16,741)
Total equity attributable to parent						303,086						289,384
Noncontrolling interest						114						(42)
Total stockholders' equity						303,200						289,342
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY						$	3,418,756					$	3,313,882

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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MVB Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2024						2023						2024						2023
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans						$	38,851					$	40,030					$	117,657					$	118,046
Interest on deposits with banks						5,218						6,404						17,624						15,099
Interest on investment securities						1,846						1,056						5,494						4,133
Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities						712						835						2,009						2,841
Total interest income						46,627						48,325						142,784						140,119
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest on deposits						19,214						17,460						55,775						44,063
Interest on short-term borrowings and repurchase agreements						19						—						25						888
Interest on subordinated debt						809						809						2,426						2,409
Interest on senior term loan						—						191						264						583
Total interest expense						20,042						18,460						58,490						47,943
NET INTEREST INCOME						26,585						29,865						84,294						92,176
Provision (release of allowance) for credit losses						959						(159)						3,210						182
Net interest income after provision (release of allowance) for credit losses						25,626						30,024						81,084						91,994
NONINTEREST INCOME
Payment card and service charge income						3,852						2,852						12,482						9,965
Insurance income						78						81						208						251
Gain (loss) on sale of available-for-sale securities, net						—						—						658						(1,536)
Gain (loss) on sale of equity securities, net						—						25						103						(269)
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net						26						330						26						(1,015)
Holding gain on equity securities						498						219						463						71
Compliance and consulting income						1,291						1,314						3,565						3,326
Equity method investments income (loss)						746						(750)						102						(70)
Loss on divestiture activity						—						—						—						(986)
Other operating income						166						1,720						4,026						5,540
Total noninterest income						6,657						5,791						21,633						15,277
NONINTEREST EXPENSES
Salaries and employee benefits						16,722						16,016						49,160						48,508
Occupancy expense						1,041						921						2,854						2,803
Equipment depreciation and maintenance						1,130						1,439						3,564						4,347
Data processing and communications						1,356						1,257						4,128						3,523
Professional fees						4,649						5,682						15,578						12,581
Insurance, tax and assessment expense						1,041						1,397						3,018						3,432
Travel, entertainment, dues and subscriptions						1,782						1,362						4,766						5,421
Other operating expenses						1,764						2,651						5,538						8,709
Total noninterest expense						29,485						30,725						88,606						89,324
Income from continuing operations, before income taxes						2,798						5,090						14,111						17,947
Income taxes						642						1,218						3,304						3,639
Net income from continuing operations						2,156						3,872						10,807						14,308

6

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Income from discontinued operations, before income taxes						—						—						—						11,831
Income taxes from discontinued operations						—						—						—						3,049
Net income from discontinued operations						—						—						—						8,782
Net income, before noncontrolling interest						2,156						3,872						10,807						23,090
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest						(76)						(5)						(156)						231
Net income attributable to parent						$	2,080					$	3,867					$	10,651					$	23,321
Earnings per share from continuing operations - basic						$	0.16					$	0.30					$	0.83					$	1.15
Earnings per share from discontinued operations - basic						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	0.69
Earnings per common shareholder - basic						$	0.16					$	0.30					$	0.83					$	1.84
Earnings per share from continuing operations - diluted						$	0.16					$	0.29					$	0.81					$	1.12
Earnings per share from discontinued operations - diluted						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	0.67
Earnings per common shareholder - diluted						$	0.16					$	0.29					$	0.81					$	1.79
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic						12,927,962						12,722,010						12,874,311						12,678,708
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted						13,169,011						13,116,629						13,121,245						13,012,834

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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MVB Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands)

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2024						2023						2024						2023
Net income, before noncontrolling interest						$	2,156					$	3,872					$	10,807					$	23,090
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale						8,257						(7,748)						8,514						(5,131)
Reclassification adjustment for (gain) loss recognized in income						—						—						(658)						1,536
Change in defined benefit pension plan						(496)						100						406						443
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net actuarial loss recognized in income						43						29						129						87
Reclassification adjustment for investment hedge carrying value adjustment recognized in income						—						—						—						(289)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax						7,804						(7,619)						8,391						(3,354)
Income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale						(1,986)						1,863						(2,048)						1,234
Reclassification adjustment for (gain) loss recognized in income						—						—						158						(369)
Change in defined benefit pension plan						119						(24)						(99)						(106)
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net actuarial loss recognized in income						(10)						(7)						(30)						(21)
Reclassification adjustment for investment hedge carrying value adjustment recognized in income						—						—						—						69
Income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income (loss):						(1,877)						1,832						(2,019)						807
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax						5,927						(5,787)						6,372						(2,547)
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest						(76)						(5)						(156)						231
Comprehensive income (loss)						$	8,007					$	(1,920)					$	17,023					$	20,774

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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MVB Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands except per share data)

												Common stock												Additional paid-in capital						Retained earnings						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						Treasury stock												Total stockholders' equity attributable to parent						Noncontrolling interest						Total stockholders' equity
															Shares																											Amount			Shares																								Amount
Balance at December 31, 2023																		13,606,399						$	13,606					$	160,488					$	160,862					$	(28,831)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	289,384					$	(42)					$	289,342
Net income																		—						—						—						4,482						—						—						—						4,482						20						4,502
Other comprehensive loss																		—						—						—						—						(1,968)						—						—						(1,968)						—						(1,968)
Dividends on common stock ($0.17 per share)																		—						—						—						(2,145)						—						—						—						(2,145)						—						(2,145)
Stock-based compensation																		—						—						780						—						—						—						—						780						—						780
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investments																		—						—						104						—						—						—						—						104						—						104
Common stock options exercised																		82,500						83						1,130						—						—						—						—						1,213						—						1,213
Balance at March 31, 2024																		13,688,899						$	13,689					$	162,502					$	163,199					$	(30,799)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	291,850					$	(22)					$	291,828
Net income																		—						—						—						4,089						—						—						—						4,089						60						4,149
Other comprehensive income																		—						—						—												2,413						—						—						2,413						—						2,413
Dividends on common stock ($0.17 per share)																		—						—						—						(2,192)						—						—						—						(2,192)						—						(2,192)
Stock-based compensation																		—						—						814						—						—						—						—						814						—						814
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investments																		—						—						104						—						—						—						—						104						—						104
Common stock options exercised																		1,650						2						26						—						—						—						—						28						—						28
Restricted stock units vested																		111,500						111						(111)						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Minimum tax withholding on restricted stock units issued																		(26,071)						(26)						(455)						—						—						—						—						(481)						—						(481)
Balance at June 30, 2024																		13,775,978						$	13,776					$	162,880					$	165,096					$	(28,386)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	296,625					$	38					$	296,663
Net income																		—						—						—						2,080						—						—						—						2,080						76						2,156
Other comprehensive income																		—						—						—						—						5,927						—						—						5,927						—						5,927
Dividends on common stock ($0.17 per share)																		—						—						—						(2,198)						—						—						—						(2,198)						—						(2,198)
Stock-based compensation																		—						—						548						—						—						—						—						548						—						548
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investment																		—						—						104						—						—						—						—						104						—						104
Balance at September 30, 2024																		13,775,978						$	13,776					$	163,532					$	164,978					$	(22,459)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	303,086					$	114					$	303,200

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												Common stock												Additional paid-in capital						Retained earnings						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						Treasury stock												Total stockholders' equity attributable to parent						Noncontrolling interest						Total stockholders' equity
															Shares																											Amount			Shares																								Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022																		13,466,281						$	13,466					$	157,152					$	144,911					$	(37,704)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	261,084					$	307					$	261,391
Net income																		—						—						—						11,342						—						—						—						11,342						(122)						11,220
Other comprehensive income																		—						—						—						—						6,766						—						—						6,766						—						6,766
Dividends on common stock ($0.17 per share)																		—						—						—						(2,146)						—						—						—						(2,146)						—						(2,146)
Impact of adopting ASC 326, net of tax																		—						—						—						(6,642)						—						—						—						(6,642)						—						(6,642)
Stock-based compensation																		—						—						831						—						—						—						—						831						—						831
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investments																		—						—						69						—						—						—						—						69						—						69
Common stock options exercised																		4,450						4						66						—						—						—						—						70						—						70
Restricted stock units vested																		43,882						44						(44)						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Minimum tax withholding on restricted stock units issued																		(13,416)						(13)						(230)						—						—						—						—						(243)						—						(243)
Balance at March 31, 2023																		13,501,197						$	13,501					$	157,844					$	147,465					$	(30,938)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	271,131					$	185					$	271,316
Net income																		—						—						—						8,112						—						—						—						8,112						(114)						7,998
Other comprehensive loss																		—						—						—						—						(3,526)						—						—						(3,526)						—						(3,526)
Dividends on common stock ($0.17 per share)																		—						—						—						(2,163)						—						—						—						(2,163)						—						(2,163)
Stock-based compensation																		—						—						792						—						—						—						—						792						—						792
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investments																		—						—						104						—						—						—						—						104						—						104
Common stock options exercised																		3,000						3						40						—						—						—						—						43						—						43
Restricted stock units vested																		86,520						87						(87)						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Minimum tax withholding on restricted stock units issued																		(22,878)						(23)						(415)						—						—						—						—						(438)						—						(438)
Redemption of noncontrolling interest																		—						—						294						—						—						—						—						294						(123)						171
Balance at June 30, 2023																		13,567,839						$	13,568					$	158,572					$	153,414					$	(34,464)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	274,349					$	(52)					$	274,297
Net income																		—						—						—						3,867						—						—						—						3,867						5						3,872
Other comprehensive loss																		—						—						—						—						(5,787)						—						—						(5,787)						—						(5,787)
Dividends on common stock ($0.17 per share)																		—						—						—						(2,164)						—						—						—						(2,164)						—						(2,164)
Stock-based compensation																		—						—						949						—						—						—						—						949						—						949
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investment																		—						—						104						—						—						—						—						104						—						104
Common stock options exercised																		6,400						6						92						—						—						—						—						98						—						98
Balance at September 30, 2023																		13,574,239						$	13,574					$	159,717					$	155,117					$	(40,251)					848,016						$	(16,741)					$	271,416					$	(47)					$	271,369

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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MVB Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited) (Dollars in thousands)

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2024						2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income, before noncontrolling interest						$	10,807					$	23,090
Adjustments to reconcile net income, before noncontrolling interest, to net cash from operating activities:
Net amortization and accretion of investments						1,583						1,521
Net amortization of deferred loan costs						1,478						1,133
Provision for credit losses						3,210						182
Depreciation and amortization						3,071						3,894
Stock-based compensation						2,142						2,572
Stock-based compensation related to equity method investments						312						277
Loans originated for sale						—						(402)
Proceeds of loans held-for-sale sold						—						23,562
Holding gain on equity securities						(463)						(71)
(Gain) loss on sale of available-for-sale securities, net						(658)						1,536
(Gain) loss on sale of equity securities, net						(103)						269
Gain on sale of loans held-for-sale						—						(256)
Gain (loss) on sale of loans held-for-investment						(26)						1,271
Gain on sale of discontinued operations						—						(11,800)
Loss on acquisition and divestiture activity						—						986
Gain on sale of other real estate owned						—						(176)
Income on bank-owned life insurance						(867)						(870)
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense						(340)						65
Equity method investments (income) loss						(102)						70
Return on equity method investments						632						368
Other assets						(8,460)						(11,495)
Other liabilities						(1,954)						4,963
Net cash from operating activities						10,262						40,689
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities						(57,956)						(70,413)
Net maturities/paydowns of available-for-sale investment securities						10,377						75,098
Sales of available-for-sale investment securities						24,327						54,531
Purchases of premises and equipment						(1,486)						(1,441)
Disposals of premises and equipment						69						425
Net change in loans						141,028						87,505
Proceeds of loans held-for-investment sold						636						12,556
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned						—						464
Investment in equity method investments						(1,948)						(1,214)
Purchase of equity securities						(147)						(169)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities						39						566
Net cash transferred for sale of discontinued operations						—						(3,935)
Net cash transferred in divestiture activity						—						(8)
Net cash from investing activities						114,939						153,965
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net change in deposits						100,172						468,407
Net change in repurchase agreements						(66)						(5,535)
Net change in FHLB and other borrowings						—						(102,333)
Principal payments on senior term loan						(6,850)						(1,331)
Common stock options exercised						1,241						211
Withholding cash issued in lieu of restricted stock						(481)						(680)
Cash dividends paid on common stock						(6,535)						(6,473)
Redemption of noncontrolling interest						—						(100)

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Net cash from financing activities						87,481						352,166
Net change in cash and cash equivalents						212,682						546,820
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period						398,229						40,280
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period						$	610,911					$	587,100
Cash payments for:
Interest on deposits, repurchase agreements and borrowings						$	57,487					$	48,378
Income taxes						592						12,211
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Change in unrealized holding losses on securities available-for-sale						7,226						(3,594)
Restricted stock units vested						111						131
Employee stock-based compensation tax withholding obligations						(26)						(36)
Impact of adopting ASC 326, net of tax						—						6,642
Creation of servicing assets from loan sales						—						406
Loans transferred to (out of) loans held-for-sale						(629)						8,487

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 – Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

Business and Organization

MVB Financial Corp. is a financial holding company organized in 2003 as a West Virginia corporation that operates principally through its wholly-owned subsidiary, MVB Bank, Inc. (the “Bank”). The Bank’s consolidated subsidiaries include MVB Edge Ventures, Inc. (“Edge Ventures”), Paladin Fraud, LLC (“Paladin Fraud”) and MVB Insurance, LLC (“MVB Insurance”). The Bank owns a controlling interest in Trabian Technology, Inc. (“Trabian”). Edge Ventures wholly-owns Victor Technologies, Inc. (“Victor”) and MVB Technology, LLC ("MVB Technology"). The Bank also owns an equity method investment in Intercoastal Mortgage Company, LLC (“ICM”) and MVB Financial Corp. owns equity method investments in Warp Speed Holdings, LLC (“Warp Speed”) and Ayers Socure II, LLC (“Ayers Socure II”). MVB Financial Corp.'s consolidated subsidiaries also includes SPE PR, LLC.

Through our professional services entities, which include Paladin Fraud and Trabian, we provide consulting solutions to assist clients in building digital products and meeting their fraud defense needs.

In February 2023, we completed the sale of the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ProCo Global, Inc. (“Chartwell,” which does business under the registered trade name Chartwell Compliance). In May 2023, we entered into an agreement with Flexia Payments, LLC ("Flexia"), to facilitate the divestiture of our interests in the ongoing business of Flexia. Refer to Note 15 – Acquisition & Divestiture Activity.

We conduct a wide range of business activities through the Bank, primarily commercial and retail (“CoRe”) banking services, as well as Fintech banking.

CoRe Banking

We offer our customers a full range of products and services including:

l			Various demand deposit accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit;
l			Commercial, consumer and real estate mortgage loans and lines of credit;
l			Debit cards;
l			Cashier’s checks; and
l			Safe deposit rental facilities.

Fintech Banking

We provide innovative strategies to independent banking and corporate clients throughout the United States. Our dedicated Fintech team specializes in providing banking services to corporate Fintech clients, primarily focusing on operational risk management and compliance. Managing banking relationships with clients in the gaming, payments and banking-as-a-service industries is complex, from an operational and regulatory perspective. Due to this complexity, a limited number of banking institutions serve these industries, which can result in a lack of quality focus on these entities, providing us with an expanded pool of potential customers. When serviced safely and efficiently, we believe these industries provide a source of stable, lower-cost deposits and noninterest, fee-based income. We thoroughly analyze each industry in which our customers operate, as well as any new products or services provided, from an operational and regulatory perspective.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The financial statements are consolidated to include the accounts of MVB and its subsidiaries, including the Bank and the Bank’s subsidiaries. In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements contain all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of our financial statements for interim periods in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the SEC. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 has been derived from audited financial statements included in our 2023 Form 10-K. The information presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in

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conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2023 Form 10-K. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Wholly-owned investments or investments in which we have a controlling financial interest, whether majority owned or in certain circumstances a minority interest, are required to be consolidated into our financial statements. We evaluate investments in entities on an ongoing basis to determine the need to consolidate.

The Bank owns an 80.8% interest in Trabian, which ownership interest represents a controlling interest. Accordingly, we are required to consolidate 100% of Trabian within our consolidated financial statements. The remaining interests in Trabian are accounted for separately as noncontrolling interests within our consolidated financial statements. Noncontrolling interest represents the portion of ownership and profit or loss that is attributable to the minority owners of this entity.

Unconsolidated investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the respective investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Those investments that are not consolidated or accounted for using the equity method of accounting are accounted for under cost or fair value accounting. For investments accounted for under the equity method, we record our investment in non-consolidated affiliates and the portion of income or loss in equity in earnings of non-consolidated affiliates. We periodically evaluate these investments for impairment. As of September 30, 2024, we held three equity method investments. See Note 5 – Equity Method Investments for further information.

Preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based upon the best available information and actual results could differ from those estimates. An estimate that is particularly significant to the consolidated financial statements relates to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”).

In certain instances, amounts reported in prior period consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes may be reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Specifically, in Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses, certain amounts within the table presenting the amortized cost of loans summarized by vintage year as of December 31, 2023 were reclassified. At September 30, 2024, we elected to disaggregate the revolving loans amortized costs basis balances and present the balances by year of origination, rather than disclosing in a single column as they were presented as of December 31, 2023. The impact of this reclassification was only to Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses and did not affect the financial statements. In addition, within the consolidated statement of cash flows, certain amounts were reclassified from operating activities to investing activities related to our equity method investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

We have evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for certain contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of rate reform. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASC 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which extends the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024. The guidance permits entities to not apply modification accounting or remeasure lease payments in lease contracts if the changes to the contract are related to the discontinuation of the reference rate. If certain criteria are met, the amendments also allow exceptions to the de-designation criteria of the hedging relationship and the assessment of hedge effectiveness during the transition period. In January 2021, ASU 2021-01 was issued by the FASB and clarified that certain exceptions in reference rate reform apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. As of September 30, 2024, all loans and other relevant financial instruments that referenced LIBOR have been transitioned to the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR").

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. The amendments are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss and provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years

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beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact these changes may have on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments require disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effect tax rate reconciliation, as well as information on income taxes paid. Public business entities will be required to disclose additional information in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory rate for federal, state and foreign income taxes. The amendments also require greater detail about individual reconciling items in the rate reconciliation to the extent that the impact of those items exceeds a specified threshold. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact these changes may have on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards. The amendments clarify how an entity determines whether a profits interest or similar award is (i) within the scope of Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) or (ii) not a share-based payment arrangements and therefore within the scope of other guidance. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We do not currently expect these amendments to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) in commonly presented expense captions (such as cost of sales and research and development). The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact these changes may have on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In January 2023, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, which collectively comprise Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("ASC 326"). ASC 326 replaced the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with an expected credit loss methodology and required consideration of a broader range of information to determine credit loss estimates. Financial assets measured at amortized cost are presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an ACL. Purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans received an allowance account at the acquisition date that represents a component of the purchase price allocation. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities are recorded through an ACL, with such allowance limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. We adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method for loans, leases and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Adoption of this guidance resulted in a $10.0 million increase in the ACL, comprised of increases in the ACL for loans of $8.9 million and the ACL for unfunded commitments of $1.1 million, with $1.2 million of the increase reclassified from the amortized cost basis of PCD financial assets. This increase was offset by $2.1 million related to tax effect, resulting in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings of $6.6 million. For additional information on the new standard, see Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of the 2023 Form 10-K.

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Note 2 – Investment Securities

The following tables present amortized cost and fair values of investment securities available-for-sale as of the periods shown:

						September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)						Amortized Cost						Unrealized Gain						Unrealized Loss						Fair Value
United States government agency securities						$	45,715					$	107					$	(4,185)					$	41,637
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities						115,279						946						(8,947)						107,278
United States treasury securities						106,172						—						(2,931)						103,241
Municipal securities						115,593						238						(9,859)						105,972
Corporate debt securities						8,583						15						(147)						8,451
Other debt securities						7,500						—						—						7,500
Total available-for-sale debt securities						398,842						1,306						(26,069)						374,079
Other securities						749						—						—						749
Investment securities available-for-sale						$	399,591					$	1,306					$	(26,069)					$	374,828

						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)						Amortized Cost						Unrealized Gain						Unrealized Loss						Fair Value
United States government agency securities						$	44,003					$	8					$	(5,603)					$	38,408
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities						91,939						992						(10,549)						82,382
United States treasury securities						106,401						—						(6,045)						100,356
Municipal securities						118,065						—						(11,158)						106,907
Corporate debt securities						9,076						—						(134)						8,942
Other debt securities						7,500						—						—						7,500
Total available-for-sale debt securities						376,984						1,000						(33,489)						344,495
Other securities						780						—						—						780
Investment securities available-for-sale						$	377,764					$	1,000					$	(33,489)					$	345,275

The following table presents amortized cost and fair values of available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity as of the period shown:

						September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)						Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Within one year						$	75,818					$	74,094
After one year, but within five years						42,555						40,812
After five years, but within ten years						42,135						39,043
After ten years						238,334						220,130
Total available-for-sale debt securities						$	398,842					$	374,079

The table above reflects contractual maturities. Actual results will differ as the loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities may be repaid sooner than scheduled.

Investment securities with a carrying value of $306.1 million and $223.4 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds, repurchase agreements and potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve discount window.

Our investment portfolio includes securities that are in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024. We evaluate available-for-sale debt securities to determine whether the unrealized loss is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors. When determining the ACL on securities, we consider such factors as adverse conditions specifically related to a certain security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area, our ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for anticipated recovery in value, whether or not the security has been downgraded by a rating agency and whether or not the financial condition of the security issuer has severely deteriorated.

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The following table summarizes the activity in the ACL related to available-for-sale debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There was no activity in the ACL related to available-for-sale debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

(Dollars in thousands)						Three Months Ended September 30, 2024						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
ACL, beginning of period						$	—					$	—
Provision for credit losses						500						500
Charge-offs						(500)						(500)
ACL, end of period						$	—					$	—

Although the available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position would result in a pre-tax loss of $26.1 million if sold at September 30, 2024, we have no intent to sell the applicable securities at such fair values, and maintain that we have the ability to hold these securities until all principal has been recovered. It is more likely than not that we will not, for liquidity purposes, sell any securities at a loss. Declines in the fair values of these securities can be traced to general market conditions, which reflect the prospect for the economy as a whole, rather than credit-related conditions. Therefore, we have no ACL related to these securities as of September 30, 2024.

The following tables show available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous loss position:

						September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)						Less than 12 months												12 months or more
Description and number of positions						Fair Value						Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Unrealized Loss
United States government agency securities (23)						$	302					$	(1)					$	34,215					$	(4,184)
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities (48)						4,842						(78)						48,286						(8,869)
United States treasury securities (23)						—						—						103,241						(2,931)
Municipal securities (191)						8,711						(827)						86,256						(9,032)
Corporate debt securities (6)						—						—						3,436						(147)
Total						$	13,855					$	(906)					$	275,434					$	(25,163)

						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)						Less than 12 months												12 months or more
Description and number of positions						Fair Value						Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Unrealized Loss
United States government agency securities (25)						$	316					$	—					$	34,619					$	(5,603)
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities (47)						—						—						50,345						(10,549)
United States treasury securities (23)						—						—						100,354						(6,045)
Municipal securities (216)						847						(10)						106,060						(11,148)
Corporate debt securities (7)						2,009						(67)						1,933						(67)
Total						$	3,172					$	(77)					$	293,311					$	(33,412)

The following table summarizes investment sales, related gains and losses and unrealized holding losses for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities						$	—					$	—					$	24,327					$	54,531
Gains, gross						—						—						658						—
Losses, gross						—						—						—						1,536
Proceeds from sales of equity securities						$	—					$	360					$	39					$	566
Gain, gross						—						25						103						25
Losses, gross						—						—						—						294
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on equity securities						$	498					$	219					$	463					$	71

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Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents the components of loans as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Commercial:
Business						$	701,974					$	797,100
Real estate						665,038						670,584
Acquisition, development and construction						113,521						134,004
Total commercial						1,480,533						1,601,688
Residential real estate						656,606						672,547
Home equity lines of credit						12,356						14,531
Consumer						20,452						27,408
Total loans						2,169,947						2,316,174
Deferred loan origination costs, net						1,325						1,420
Loans receivable						$	2,171,272					$	2,317,594

We currently manage our loan portfolios and the respective exposure to credit losses (credit risk) by the specific portfolio segments shown below. Our loan portfolio segmentation is based primarily on call report codes, which are levels at which we develop and document our systematic methodology to determine the ACL attributable to each respective portfolio segment. The ACL portfolio segments are aggregated into broader segments in order to present informative yet concise disclosures within this document, as follows:

Commercial business loans – Commercial business loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs, as well as to finance owner-occupied real estate, and to finance future cash flows of Federal government lease contracts. Repayment of these loans primarily uses the funds obtained from the operation of the borrower’s business. Commercial business loans also include lines of credit that are utilized to finance a borrower’s short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible receivables and inventory. This segment includes both internally originated and purchased participation loans. Credit risk arises from the successful operation of the business, which may be affected by competition, rising interest rates, regulatory changes and adverse conditions in the local and regional economy. Commercial business loans include the following ACL segments: commercial and industrial (including both healthcare and SBA subsegments), commercial real estate owner-occupied (including both healthcare and SBA subsegments), government leases, and other loans.

Commercial real estate loans – Commercial real estate loans consist of non-owner occupied properties, such as investment properties for retail, office and multifamily with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This segment includes both internally originated and purchased participation loans. These loans carry the risk of adverse changes in the local economy and a tenant’s deteriorating credit strength, lease expirations in soft markets and sustained vacancies, which can adversely impact cash flow. Commercial real estate loans include the following ACL segments: commercial real estate non-owner occupied (including both healthcare and SBA subsegments).

Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans – Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans are intended to finance the construction of commercial and residential properties, and also includes loans for the acquisition and development of land. Construction loans represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that the market may not absorb constructed units within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. The loan commitment on these loans often includes an interest reserve that allows the lender to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the loan. Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans include the following ACL segments: other construction (including an SBA subsegment).

Residential real estate – This residential real estate segment contains permanent and construction mortgage loans principally to consumers, but also includes loans to residential real estate developers, secured by residential real estate, which we previously presented under commercial acquisitions, development and construction loans under the incurred loss model. Residential real estate loans to consumers are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios and collateral values. Credit risk arises from the continuing financial stability of the borrower and, where applicable, the builder, which can be adversely impacted by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy, among other factors. Residential real estate secured loans to developers represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that the market may not absorb constructed units within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. Also

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impacting credit risk would be a shortfall in the value of the residential real estate in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default or subsequent liquidation of the real estate collateral. Residential real estate loans include the following ACL segments: residential and residential construction (including SBA subsegment).

Home equity lines of credit – This segment includes subsegments for senior lien and subordinate lien lines of credit. Credit risk is similar to residential real estate loans described above as it is subject to the borrower’s continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan.

Consumer loans – This segment of loans includes primarily installment loans and personal lines of credit. Consumer loans include installment loans used by clients to purchase automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles. Credit risk is similar to residential real estate loans described above as it is subject to the borrower’s continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan. This segment primarily includes loans purchased from a third-party originator that originates loans in order to finance the purchase of personal automotive vehicles. Credit risk is unique as this segment includes only those loans provided to consumers who cannot typically obtain financing through traditional lenders. As such, these loans are subject to a higher risk of default than the typical consumer loan. Consumer loans include the following ACL segments: subprime consumer automotive and consumer.

As of September 30, 2024, the Bank’s other real estate owned balance totaled $0.8 million, all of which was related to a 2020 acquisition of another bank. The other real estate owned balance consisted of two unrelated commercial properties. As of September 30, 2024, there were eight residential mortgages in the process of foreclosure with a loan balance totaling $3.4 million.

Bank management uses a nine-point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first five categories are considered not criticized and are aggregated as “Pass” rated. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions.

Loans categorized as “Pass” rated have adequate sources of repayment, with little identifiable risk of collection and general conformity to the Bank's policy requirements, product guidelines and underwriting standards. Any exceptions that are identified during the underwriting and approval process have been adequately mitigated by other factors.

Loans categorized as “Special Mention” rated have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Loans categorized as “Substandard” rated are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Loans categorized as “Doubtful” rated have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard with the added characteristic that the weakness makes collections or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. However, these loans are not yet rated as loss because certain events may occur which would salvage the debt.

Any portion of a loan that has been or is expected to be charged off is placed in the “Loss” category.

To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect the present and future capacity of borrowers to repay a loan as agreed, the Bank has a structured loan rating process with several layers of internal and external oversight. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories, unless a specific action, such as past due status, bankruptcy, repossession or death, occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Bank’s Chief Credit Officer is responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in the portfolio at origination and on an ongoing basis. The Bank's Credit Department ensures that a review of all commercial relationships of $1.0 million or more is performed annually.

Review of the appropriate risk grade is included in both the internal and external loan review process and on an ongoing basis. The Bank has an experienced credit department that continually reviews and assesses loans within the portfolio. The Bank engages an external consultant to conduct independent loan reviews on at least an annual basis. Generally, the external consultant reviews commercial relationships with the intent of reviewing 35% to 40% of the Bank's commercial outstanding loan balances on an annual basis. The Bank's credit department compiles detailed reviews, including plans for resolution, on loans classified as Substandard on a quarterly basis.

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The following table presents the amortized cost of loans summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful within the internal risk rating system by vintage year as of the period shown:

						Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior												Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
September 30, 2024
Commercial business:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	49,244					$	142,643					$	211,830					$	65,488					$	70,770					$	114,002											$	7,136					$	661,113
Special Mention						41						—						21,785						222						791						4,011												—						26,850
Substandard						—						1,242						5,178						285						—						4,410												202						11,317
Doubtful						—						—						1,011						382						285						1,016												—						2,694
Total commercial business loans						$	49,285					$	143,885					$	239,804					$	66,377					$	71,846					$	123,439											$	7,338					$	701,974
Gross charge-offs						$	2					$	—					$	1,083					$	840					$	—					$	367																	$	2,292
Commercial real estate:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	50,668					$	111,823					$	137,027					$	167,909					$	11,531					$	124,518											$	460					$	603,936
Special Mention						—						—						—						7,797						—						14,835												—						22,632
Substandard						—						—						—						18,002						—						20,468												—						38,470
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total commercial real estate loans						$	50,668					$	111,823					$	137,027					$	193,708					$	11,531					$	159,821											$	460					$	665,038
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—																	$	—
Commercial acquisition, development and construction:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	11,867					$	11,277					$	35,154					$	30,339					$	7,235					$	3,608											$	—					$	99,480
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Substandard						—						—						—						13,506						—						535												—						14,041
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total commercial acquisition, development and construction loans						$	11,867					$	11,277					$	35,154					$	43,845					$	7,235					$	4,143											$	—					$	113,521
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—																	$	—
Residential Real Estate:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	44,489					$	57,280					$	388,965					$	97,588					$	33,618					$	24,334											$	2,679					$	648,953
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						670												—						670
Substandard						—						—						1,821						—						2,490						2,252												116						6,679
Doubtful						—						—						—						211						—						93												—						304
Total residential real estate loans						$	44,489					$	57,280					$	390,786					$	97,799					$	36,108					$	27,349											$	2,795					$	656,606
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—																	$	—

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						Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2022						2021						2020						Prior												Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
September 30, 2024
Home equity lines of credit:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	—					$	57					$	35					$	—					$	1,052					$	10,858											$	—					$	12,002
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						229												—						229
Substandard						—						—						—						—						—						125												—						125
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total home equity lines of credit loans						$	—					$	57					$	35					$	—					$	1,052					$	11,212											$	—					$	12,356
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—																	$	—
Consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	—					$	1,709					$	14,131					$	4,383					$	—					$	42											$	—					$	20,265
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Substandard						—						—						151						36						—						—												—						187
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total consumer loans						$	—					$	1,709					$	14,282					$	4,419					$	—					$	42											$	—					$	20,452
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	352					$	2,057					$	379					$	—					$	—																	$	2,788
Total:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	156,268					$	324,789					$	787,142					$	365,707					$	124,206					$	277,362											$	10,275					$	2,045,749
Special Mention						41						—						21,785						8,019						791						19,745												—						50,381
Substandard						—						1,242						7,150						31,829						2,490						27,790												318						70,819
Doubtful						—						—						1,011						593						285						1,109												—						2,998
Total loans						$	156,309					$	326,031					$	817,088					$	406,148					$	127,772					$	326,006											$	10,593					$	2,169,947
Gross charge-offs						$	2					$	352					$	3,140					$	1,219					$	—					$	367											$	—					$	5,080

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						Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(Dollars in thousands)						2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior												Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
December 31, 2023
Commercial business:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	187,743					$	249,718					$	95,547					$	66,195					$	51,025					$	91,435											$	4,617					$	746,280
Special Mention						990						30,695						72						830						339						3,767												1,647						38,340
Substandard						368						988						317						—						4,640						1,436												204						7,953
Doubtful						—						2,022						839						264						—						1,402												—						4,527
Total commercial business loans						$	189,101					$	283,423					$	96,775					$	67,289					$	56,004					$	98,040											$	6,468					$	797,100
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	228					$	1,250					$	141					$	—					$	2,953											$	—					$	4,572
Commercial real estate:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	112,063					$	149,189					$	217,222					$	11,952					$	26,438					$	108,934											$	546					$	626,344
Special Mention						—						—						7,961						—						6,079						11,201												—						25,241
Substandard						—						—						—						—						—						18,999												—						18,999
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total commercial real estate loans						$	112,063					$	149,189					$	225,183					$	11,952					$	32,517					$	139,134											$	546					$	670,584
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—					$	—
Commercial acquisition, development and construction:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	6,546					$	54,468					$	31,120					$	22,041					$	2,940					$	1,483											$	—					$	118,598
Special Mention						—						—						14,652						—						—						—												—						14,652
Substandard						—						—						—						—						—						754												—						754
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total commercial acquisition, development and construction loans						$	6,546					$	54,468					$	45,772					$	22,041					$	2,940					$	2,237											$	—					$	134,004
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—					$	—
Residential Real Estate:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	54,453					$	429,326					$	107,763					$	40,202					$	8,292					$	21,313											$	—					$	661,349
Special Mention						—						—						—						4,224						414						708												—						5,346
Substandard						—						988						3,764						82						146						777												—						5,757
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						95												—						95
Total residential real estate loans						$	54,453					$	430,314					$	111,527					$	44,508					$	8,852					$	22,893											$	—					$	672,547
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	19					$	381											$	—					$	400

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						Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(Dollars in thousands)						2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior												Revolving Loans Converted to Term						Total
December 31, 2023
Home equity lines of credit:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	58					$	36					$	—					$	1,338					$	5,147					$	7,568											$	—					$	14,147
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						223												—						223
Substandard						—						—						—						—						—						161												—						161
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total home equity lines of credit loans						$	58					$	36					$	—					$	1,338					$	5,147					$	7,952											$	—					$	14,531
Gross charge-offs						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—											$	—					$	—
Consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	2,295					$	18,926					$	5,753					$	—					$	39					$	51											$	—					$	27,064
Special Mention						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Substandard						20						266						58						—						—						—												—						344
Doubtful						—						—						—						—						—						—												—						—
Total consumer loans						$	2,315					$	19,192					$	5,811					$	—					$	39					$	51											$	—					$	27,408
Gross charge-offs						$	1,144					$	10,608					$	1,753					$	—					$	—					$	2											$	—					$	13,507
Total:
Risk rating:
Pass						$	363,158					$	901,663					$	457,405					$	141,728					$	93,881					$	230,784											$	5,163					$	2,193,782
Special Mention						990						30,695						22,685						5,054						6,832						15,899												1,647						83,802
Substandard						388						2,242						4,139						82						4,786						22,127												204						33,968
Doubtful						—						2,022						839						264						—						1,497												—						4,622
Total loans						$	364,536					$	936,622					$	485,068					$	147,128					$	105,499					$	270,307											$	7,014					$	2,316,174
Gross charge-offs						$	1,144					$	10,836					$	3,003					$	141					$	19					$	3,336											$	—					$	18,479

Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due.

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis in loans by aging category and accrual status as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Current						30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						90+ Days Past Due						Total Past Due						Total Loans						Non-Accrual						90+ Days Still Accruing						Non Accrual with No Credit Loss						Interest Income Recognized
September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	691,716					$	813					$	2,379					$	7,066					$	10,258					$	701,974					$	8,639					$	—					$	3,388					$	—
Real estate						647,036						18,002						—						—						18,002						665,038						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						111,392						—						—						2,129						2,129						113,521						16,170						—						16,170						—
Total commercial						1,450,144						18,815						2,379						9,195						30,389						1,480,533						24,809						—						19,558						—
Residential real estate						651,768						1,330						395						3,113						4,838						656,606						3,388						—						906						—
Home equity lines of credit						12,307						—						—						49						49						12,356						172						—						—						—
Consumer						18,402						1,414						449						187						2,050						20,452						187						—						—						—
Total loans						$	2,132,621					$	21,559					$	3,223					$	12,544					$	37,326					$	2,169,947					$	28,556					$	—					$	20,464					$	—
December 31, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	788,430					$	4,728					$	448					$	3,494					$	8,670					$	797,100					$	6,926					$	—					$	1,825					$	—
Real estate						670,170						—						414						—						414						670,584						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						134,004						—						—						—						—						134,004						754						—						754						—
Total commercial						1,592,604						4,728						862						3,494						9,084						1,601,688						7,680						—						2,579						—
Residential real estate						670,539						1,671						337						—						2,008						672,547						82						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						14,522						9						—						—						9						14,531						161						—						—						—
Consumer						24,494						1,792						778						344						2,914						27,408						344						—						—						—
Total loans						$	2,302,159					$	8,200					$	1,977					$	3,838					$	14,015					$	2,316,174					$	8,267					$	—					$	2,579					$	—

The increase in acquisition, development and construction loans in non-accrual status from December 31, 2023 was primarily the result of the addition of a single commercial multifamily loan that was put into non-accrual status during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The loan had a balance of $13.5 million as of September 30, 2024.

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the ACL when management believes the loan balance is uncollectible. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Management determines the ACL balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit behaviors along with model judgments provide the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to modeled loss estimates may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in economic conditions, property values or other relevant factors.

The Bank’s methodology for determining the ACL is based on the requirements of ASC 326. The ACL is calculated on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The ACL for the majority of loans and leases was calculated using a discounted cash flow methodology applied at a loan level with a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period and a one-year straight-line reversion period with loss rates, prepayment assumptions and curtailment assumptions driven by each loan’s collateral type. Expected credit loss rates were estimated using a regression model based on historical data from peer banks which incorporates a third-party vendor’s economic forecast to predict the change in credit losses. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank

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expects the markets in which it operates will experience economic improvements over the next one to two years. The ACL for only one portfolio segment consisting entirely of automotive loans to consumers was calculated under the remaining life methodology using straight-line amortization over the remaining life of the portfolio.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. When Bank management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Real Estate						Vehicles and Equipment						Assignment of Cash Flow						Accounts Receivable						Other						Totals						Allowance for Credit Losses
September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	3,508					$	2,016					$	—					$	213					$	1,524					$	7,261					$	3,382
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						15,635						—						—						—						—						15,635						—
Total commercial						$	19,143					$	2,016					$	—					$	213					$	1,524					$	22,896					$	3,382
Residential						1,889						—						—						—						—						1,889						5
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						187						—						—						—						187						47
Total						$	21,032					$	2,203					$	—					$	213					$	1,524					$	24,972					$	3,434
Collateral value						$	39,883					$	2,994					$	—					$	84					$	—					$	42,961
December 31, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	424					$	2,277					$	—					$	452					$	1,037					$	4,190					$	1,583
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						$	424					$	2,277					$	—					$	452					$	1,037					$	4,190					$	1,583
Residential						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						344						—						—						—						344						60
Total						$	424					$	2,621					$	—					$	452					$	1,037					$	4,534					$	1,643
Collateral value						$	301					$	2,040					$	—					$	906					$	320					$	3,567

The Bank evaluates certain loans in homogeneous pools, rather than on an individual basis, when those loans are below specific thresholds based on outstanding principal balance. More specifically, residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and consumer loans are evaluated collectively for expected credit losses by applying allocation rates derived from the Bank’s historical losses specific to these loans. The reserve was immaterial at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Management has identified a number of additional qualitative factors that it uses to supplement the estimated losses derived from the loss rate methodologies employed within the Current Expected Credit Losses model because these factors are likely to cause estimated credit losses associated with the existing loan pools to differ from the loss rate methodologies. The additional factors that are evaluated quarterly and updated using information obtained from internal, regulatory and governmental sources are: lending policies and procedures, nature and volume of the portfolio, experience and ability of lending management and staff, volume and severity of problem credits, quality of the loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral, effect of concentrations of credit from a loan type, industry and/or geographic standpoint, changes in economic and business conditions, consumer sentiment and other external factors.

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To estimate the liability for off-balance sheet credit exposures, Bank management analyzed the portfolios of unfunded commitments based on the same segmentation used for the ACL calculation. The estimated funding rate for each segment was derived from a funding rate study created by a third-party vendor which analyzed funding of various loan types over time to develop industry benchmarks at the call report code level. Once the estimated future advances were calculated, the allocation rate applicable to that portfolio segment was applied in the same manner as those used for the ACL calculation. The resulting estimated loss allocations were totaled to determine the liability for unfunded commitments related to these loans, which management considers necessary to anticipate potential losses on those commitments that have a reasonable probability of funding. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the liability for unfunded commitments related to loans held-for-investment was $1.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

Bank management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently-applied process in order to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ACL. When information confirms that all or part of specific loans are uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the ACL.

The following table presents the balance and activity for the primary segments of the ACL as of the periods shown:

						Commercial																								Residential						Home Equity						Consumer						Total
(Dollars in thousands)						Business						Real Estate						Acquisition, development and construction						Total Commercial
ACL at June 30, 2024						$	9,573					$	2,472					$	1,437					$	13,482					$	6,248					$	85					$	2,269					$	22,084
Provision (release of allowance) for credit losses1						(743)						308						228						(207)						839						5						(511)						126
Charge-offs						(415)						—						—						(415)						—						—						(977)						(1,392)
Recoveries						—						3						—						3						—						1						677						681
ACL at September 30, 2024						$	8,415					$	2,783					$	1,665					$	12,863					$	7,087					$	91					$	1,458					$	21,499
(Dollars in thousands)
ALL at December 31, 2023						$	7,931					$	2,931					$	1,674					$	12,536					$	6,412					$	97					$	3,079					$	22,124
Provision (release of allowance) for credit losses1						2,734						(166)						(9)						2,559						640						(9)						(939)						2,251
Charge-offs						(2,292)						—						—						(2,292)						—						—						(2,788)						(5,080)
Recoveries						42						18						—						60						35						3						2,106						2,204
ACL at September 30, 2024						$	8,415					$	2,783					$	1,665					$	12,863					$	7,087					$	91					$	1,458					$	21,499

1 Excludes the provision for unfunded commitments and the provision for credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities.

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						Commercial																								Residential						Home Equity						Consumer						Total
(Dollars in thousands)						Business						Real Estate						Acquisition, development and construction						Total Commercial
ACL balance at June 30, 2023						$	11,308					$	3,051					$	1,707					$	16,066					$	7,168					$	114					$	6,946					$	30,294
Provision (release of allowance) for credit losses1						1,584						183						343						2,110						(242)						(15)						(2,012)						(159)
Charge-offs						(4,028)						—						—						(4,028)						(359)						—						(3,677)						(8,064)
Recoveries						4						7						—						11						—						1						2,193						2,205
ALL balance at September 30, 2023						$	8,868					$	3,241					$	2,050					$	14,159					$	6,567					$	100					$	3,450					$	24,276
(Dollars in thousands)
ALL, prior to adoption of ASC 326, at December 31, 2022						$	8,771					$	5,704					$	1,064					$	15,539					$	2,880					$	131					$	5,287					$	23,837
Impact of adopting ASC 326						(126)						(2,846)						288						(2,684)						3,889						(5)						6,482						7,682
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration						710						—						—						710						507						—						—						1,217
Provision (release of allowance) for credit losses1						3,770						363						698						4,831						(328)						(29)						(4,165)						309
Charge-offs						(4,297)						—						—						(4,297)						(381)						—						(11,933)						(16,611)
Recoveries						40						20						—						60						—						3						7,779						7,842
ACL balance at September 30, 2023						$	8,868					$	3,241					$	2,050					$	14,159					$	6,567					$	100					$	3,450					$	24,276

1 Excludes the provision for unfunded commitments and the provision for credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were charge offs totaling $1.4 million and $5.1 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, $1.0 million, or 71%, of charge offs were related to the subprime consumer automotive segment and $0.4 million, or 29%, was related to five commercial notes secured by business assets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the provision related to unfunded commitments was $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was an inconsequential and a $0.1 million release of allowance related to unfunded commitments, respectively.

The ACL is based on estimates and actual losses will vary from current estimates. Management believes that the granularity of the portfolio segments, the related loss estimation methodologies and other qualitative factors, as well as the consistency in the application of assumptions, result in an ACL that is representative of the risk found in the components of the portfolio at any given date.

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Occasionally, the Bank modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing concessions that allow for the borrower to lower their payment obligations for a defined period, these may include, but are not limited to: principal forgiveness, payment delays, term extensions, interest rate reductions and any combinations of the preceding.

The following table summarize the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified as of the period shown:

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(Dollars in thousands)						Principal Forgiveness						Payment Delay						Term Extension						Interest Rate Reduction						Total						Total Class of Financing Receivable
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	—					$	475					$	—					$	475					—		%
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total commercial						—						—						475						—						475						—		%
Residential						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total						$	—					$	—					$	475					$	—					$	475					—		%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	3,122					$	—					$	—					$	3,122					—		%
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total commercial						—						3,122						—						—						3,122						—		%
Residential						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total						$	—					$	3,122					$	—					$	—					$	3,122					—		%

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(Dollars in thousands)						Principal Forgiveness						Payment Delay						Term Extension						Interest Rate Reduction						Total						Total Class of Financing Receivable
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	5,333					$	475					$	—					$	5,808					1		%
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total commercial						—						5,333						475						—						5,808						—		%
Residential						—												—						—						—						—		%
Home equity lines of credit						—												—						—						—						—		%
Consumer						—												—						—						—						—		%
Total						$	—					$	5,333					$	475					$	—					$	5,808					—		%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	7,681					$	—					$	—					$	7,681					1		%
Real estate						—						11,321						—						—						11,321						2		%
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total commercial						—						19,002						—						—						19,002						1		%
Residential						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—						—		%
Total						$	—					$	19,002					$	—					$	—					$	19,002					1		%

The above table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at September 30, 2024 that were experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, by class and by type of modification. Also presented above is the percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified for borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable. There are 16 loans to 15 borrowers that received payment delay modifications in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and one loan received a term extension. These 17 total loans include 16 commercial loans with government guarantees totaling $5.6 million and one note secured by accounts receivable totaling $0.2 million.

The Bank closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified as of the periods shown:

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(Dollars in thousands)						30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						Greater Than 89 Days Past Due						Total Past Due
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	33					$	1,412					$	3,690					$	5,135
Real estate						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						33						1,412						3,690						5,135
Residential						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						—						—						—
Total						$	33					$	1,412					$	3,690					$	5,135
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	2,071					$	—					$	2,071
Real estate						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						—						2,071						—						2,071
Residential						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						—						—						—
Total						$	—					$	2,071					$	—					$	2,071

As of September 30, 2024, there are 12 modified loans past due, with an amortized cost basis of $5.1 million. This includes 11 commercial notes with government guarantees totaling $5.1 million secured by business assets. Seven notes totaling $4.1 million are considered non-accrual as of September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2023, there was one modified loan past due, with an amortized cost basis of $2.1 million. This note is a commercial note with a government guarantee and is considered non-accrual as of September 30, 2023.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default and were modified prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of the period shown:

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(Dollars in thousands)						Principal Forgiveness						Payment Delay						Term Extension						Interest Rate Reduction						Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	1,864					$	—					$	—					$	1,864
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						—						1,864						—						—						1,864
Residential						—						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—
Total						$	—					$	1,864					$	—					$	—					$	1,864
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						—						—						—						—						—
Residential						—						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—
Total						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	2,275					$	—					$	—					$	2,275
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						—						2,275						—						—						2,275
Residential						—						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—
Total						$	—					$	2,275					$	—					$	—					$	2,275
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial
Business						$	—					$	2,071					$	—					$	—					$	2,071
Real estate						—						—						—						—						—
Acquisition, development and construction						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial						—						2,071						—						—						2,071
Residential						—						—						—						—						—
Home equity lines of credit						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer						—						—						—						—						—
Total						$	—					$	2,071					$	—					$	—					$	2,071

As of September 30, 2024, there are three modified loans that have defaulted, with an amortized cost basis of $2.3 million. All three loans are commercial notes that have government guarantees and are considered non-accrual as of September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2023, there is one commercial note with a government guarantee that was considered non-accrual as of September 30, 2023. Upon the Bank’s determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed

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uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the ACL is adjusted by the same amount.

Note 4 – Premises and Equipment

The following table presents the components of premises and equipment as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Land						$	4,062					$	3,465
Buildings and improvements						13,393						13,393
Furniture, fixtures and equipment						15,856						18,300
Software						6,775						7,140
Construction in progress						271						45
Leasehold improvements						2,836						2,836
						43,193						45,179
Accumulated depreciation						(24,355)						(24,251)
Premises and equipment, net						$	18,838					$	20,928

We lease certain premises and equipment under operating and finance leases. At September 30, 2024, we had lease liabilities totaling $12.9 million and right-of-use assets totaling $11.7 million, substantially all of which was related to operating leases. At September 30, 2024, the weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases was 10.1 years and the weighted-average discount rate used in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was 3.1%.

At December 31, 2023, we had lease liabilities totaling $14.0 million and right-of-use assets totaling $12.9 million, substantially all of which was related to operating leases. At December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases was 10.5 years and the weighted-average discount rate used in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was 3.1%.

Lease liabilities and right-of-use assets are reflected in accrued interest payable and other liabilities and accrued interest receivable and other assets, respectively.

The following table presents lease costs for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Amortization of right-of-use assets, finance leases						$	—					$	1					$	1					$	9
Operating lease cost						537						435						1,439						1,331
Short-term lease cost						—						—						—						8
Variable lease cost						—						6						—						26
Sublease income						(97)						(114)						(291)						(288)
Total lease cost						$	440					$	328					$	1,149					$	1,086

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For operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as of September 30, 2024, the following table presents future minimum payments for the twelve month periods ended September 30:

(Dollars in thousands)						Operating Leases
2025						$	1,728
2026						1,604
2027						1,625
2028						1,651
2029						1,502
2030 and thereafter						7,211
Total future minimum lease payments						$	15,321
Less: Amounts representing interest						(2,413)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments						$	12,908

Future minimum payments on finance leases were not material as of September 30, 2024.

Note 5 – Equity Method Investments

In accordance with Rules 3-09 and 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X, we must assess whether our equity method investments are significant. In evaluating the significance of these investments, we performed the income, investment and asset tests described in S-X 1-02(w) for each equity method investment. Rule 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X requires summarized financial information for all equity method investees in a quarterly report if any of the equity method investees, individually or in the aggregate, result in any of the tests exceeding 10%.

Under the income test, our proportionate share of the revenue from equity method investments in the aggregate exceeded the applicable threshold under Rule 4-08(g) of 10%, accordingly, we are required to provide summarized income statement information for all investees for all periods presented. There were no equity method investments which met any of the applicable thresholds for reporting separate financial statements in accordance with Rule 3-09.

Our equity method investments are initially recorded at cost, including transaction costs to obtain the equity method investment, and are subsequently adjusted for changes due to our share of the entities' earnings.

ICM

The following table presents summarized income statement information for ICM for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Total revenues						$	11,530					$	9,943					$	34,251					$	31,588
Net income (loss)						724						(1,520)						1,419						(5,691)
Gain on loans sold						$	6,961					$	5,880					$	20,532					$	18,568
Gain (loss) on loans held-for-sale						665						(745)						1,060						(165)
Volume of loans sold						356,537						359,791						1,016,775						1,071,795

Our ownership percentage of 40% of ICM allows us to have significant influence over the operations and decision making at ICM. Accordingly, the investment, which had a carrying value of $23.8 million at September 30, 2024, is accounted for as an equity method investment. Our share of ICM's net income totaled $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, while our share of ICM's net loss totaled $0.6 million and $2.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the mortgage pipeline was $518.1 million and $439.0 million, respectively.

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Warp Speed

The following table presents summarized income statement information for our equity method investment in Warp Speed for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Total revenues						$	42,542					$	28,672					$	110,695					$	104,005
Net income (loss)						1,339						(218)						$	(3,012)					8,707
Gain on loans sold						$	13,770					$	3,985					$	35,309					$	11,915
Gain (loss) on loans held-for-sale						1,797						(4,735)						1,879						12,480
Volume of loans sold						463,811						381,486						1,082,435						979,692

Our ownership percentage of 37.5% of Warp Speed allows us to have significant influence over its operations and decision making. Accordingly, the investment, which had a carrying value of $51.9 million at September 30, 2024, is accounted for as an equity method investment. At the time of acquisition, we made a policy election to record our proportionate share of net income of the investee on a three month lag. Our share of Warp Speed's net income and loss totaled $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, while our share of net loss and income totaled $0.1 million and $3.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the mortgage pipeline was $530.8 million and $267.8 million, respectively.

Ayers Socure II

Our ownership percentage of Ayers Socure II is 10% and it was determined that we have significant influence over the company. Accordingly, the investment is accounted for as an equity method investment. Our share of net income from Ayers Socure II for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was not significant. The equity method investment in Ayers Socure II is not considered a significant investment based on the criteria of Rules 3-09 and 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X.

Ayers Socure II's sole business is ownership of equity securities in Socure Inc. (“Socure”). In addition to our equity method investment in Ayers Socure II, we also have a direct equity security ownership interest in Socure. With the combination of our investments in both Ayers Socure II and Socure directly, we own less than 1% of Socure in the aggregate.

Note 6 – Deposits

The following table presents the components of deposits as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Demand deposits of individuals, partnerships and corporations
Noninterest-bearing demand						$	989,144					$	1,197,272
NOW						615,236						538,444
Savings and money markets						542,227						571,299
Time deposits, including CDs and IRAs						855,041						594,461
Total deposits						$	3,001,648					$	2,901,476
Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit						$	2,703					$	3,150

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The following table presents the maturities of time deposits for the twelve month periods ended September 30:

(Dollars in thousands)
2025						$	467,748
2026						116,782
2027						185,596
2028						54,534
2029						30,362
Thereafter						19
Total						$	855,041

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, overdrawn deposit accounts totaling $2.2 million and $3.8 million were reclassified as loan balances.

Note 7 – Borrowed Funds

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank's maximum borrowing capacity with the FHLB was $689.0 million and the remaining borrowing capacity was $675.9 million, with the difference being deposit letters of credit of $11.9 million and credit enhancement recourse obligations related to the master commitments through the FHLB's Mortgage Partnership Finance program of $1.2 million.

Short-term borrowings

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank had no short-term borrowings with the FHLB or Federal Reserve Bank and no federal funds purchased outstanding.

The following table presents information related to short-term borrowings as of and for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024						Year Ended December 31, 2023
Balance at end of period						$	—					$	—
Average balance during the period						29						17,542
Maximum month-end balance						—						—
Weighted-average rate during the period						5.99		%				5.07		%
Weighted-average rate at end of period						—		%				—		%

Long-term borrowings

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank had no long-term borrowings with the FHLB or the Federal Reserve Bank.

Repurchase agreements

Along with traditional deposits, the Bank has access to securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”) with clients representing funds deposited by clients, on an overnight basis, that are collateralized by investment securities owned by us. All repurchase agreements are subject to terms and conditions of repurchase/security agreements between us and the client and are accounted for as secured borrowings. Our repurchase agreements reflected in liabilities consist of client accounts and securities which are pledged on an individual security basis.

We monitor the fair value of the underlying securities on a monthly basis. Repurchase agreements are reflected in the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction. The primary risk with our repurchase agreements is the market risk associated with the investments securing the transactions, as we may be required to provide additional collateral based on fair value changes of the underlying investments. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with our safekeeping agents.

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As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of our repurchase agreements were overnight agreements. These borrowings were collateralized with investment securities with a carrying value of $4.9 million at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and were comprised of United States government agency securities and United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities. Declines in the value of the collateral would require us to increase the amounts of securities pledged.

The following table presents information related to repurchase agreements as of and for the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024						Year Ended December 31, 2023
Balance at end of period						$	4,755					$	4,821
Average balance during the period						3,334						5,662
Maximum month-end balance						4,755						10,041
Weighted-average rate during the period						0.92		%				0.02		%
Weighted-average rate at end of period						2.37		%				0.01		%

Subordinated debt

The following table presents information related to subordinated debt as of and for the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024						Year Ended December 31, 2023
Balance at end of period						$	73,725					$	73,540
Average balance during the period						73,634						73,415
Maximum month-end balance						73,725						73,540
Weighted-average rate during the period						4.05		%				4.38		%
Weighted-average rate at end of period						4.01		%				4.02		%

In September 2021, we completed the private placement of $30.0 million fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes to certain qualified institutional investors. These notes are unsecured and have a 10-year term, maturing October 1, 2031, and will bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears, for the first five years of the term. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate, which is Three-Month Term SOFR, plus 254 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. These notes have been structured to qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

In November 2020, we completed the private placement of $40.0 million fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes to certain qualified institutional investors. These notes are unsecured and have a ten-year term, maturing December 1, 2030, and will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears, for the first five years of the term. Thereafter, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate, which is Three-Month Term SOFR, plus 401 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. These notes have been structured to qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

In March 2007, we completed the private placement of $4.0 million Floating Rate, Trust Preferred Securities through our MVB Financial Statutory Trust I subsidiary (the “Trust”). We established the Trust for the sole purpose of issuing the Trust Preferred Securities pursuant to an Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust. The Trust Preferred Securities and the Debentures mature in 2037 and have been redeemable by us since 2012. Interest payments are due in March, June, September and December and are adjusted at the interest due dates at a rate of 0.26% plus Three-Month Term SOFR. The obligations we provide with respect to the issuance of the trust preferred securities constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by us of the Trust’s obligations with respect to the trust preferred securities to the extent set forth in the related guarantees. The securities issued by the Trust are includable for regulatory purposes as a component of our Tier 1 capital.

Senior term loan

The following table presents information related to senior term loan as of and for the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024						Year Ended December 31, 2023
Balance at end of period						$	—					$	6,786
Average balance during the period						3,146						9,007
Maximum month-end balance						6,794						9,768
Weighted-average rate during the period						11.21		%				8.50		%
Weighted-average rate at end of period						—		%				8.76		%

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In October 2022, we entered into a credit agreement with Raymond James Bank (“Raymond James”). Pursuant to the credit agreement, Raymond James has extended to us a senior term loan in the aggregate principal amount of up to $10.0 million. In connection with the closing of the Warp Speed transaction, we borrowed $10.0 million and paid Raymond James an upfront fee of 1% of the loan amount. The loan bore interest per annum at a rate equal to 2.75%, plus term SOFR, which reset monthly. Accrued interest was payable on the last business day of each month, beginning with October 31, 2022, with the then outstanding principal balance of the loan payable on the last business day of each quarter in the amount of $125,000 during the first year and $250,000 thereafter. In May 2024, the senior term loan was repaid.

Note 8 – Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans

We participate in a trusteed pension plan known as the Allegheny Group Retirement Plan. Benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation. Accruals under the plan were frozen as of May 31, 2014. Freezing the plan resulted in a remeasurement of the pension obligations and plan assets as of the freeze date. The pension obligation was remeasured using the discount rate based on the Citigroup Above Median Pension Discount Curve in effect on May 31, 2014 of 4.5%.

The following table presents information pertaining to the activity in our defined benefit pension plan, using the latest available actuarial valuations with a measurement date of September 30, 2024 and 2023 for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Interest cost						$	113					$	113					339						339
Expected return on plan assets						(157)						(164)						(471)						(492)
Amortization of net actuarial loss						43						29						129						87
Net periodic benefit income						$	(1)					$	(22)					$	(3)					$	(66)
Contributions paid						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—

There was no service cost or amortization of prior service cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

In June 2017, we approved a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), pursuant to which the Chief Executive Officer of Potomac Mortgage Group (“PMG”) is entitled to receive certain supplemental nonqualified retirement benefits. The SERP took effect on December 31, 2017. As the executive completed three years of continuous employment with PMG prior to retirement date (which shall be no earlier than the date he attains age 55) he will, upon retirement, be entitled to receive $1.8 million payable in 180 equal consecutive monthly installments. The liability is calculated by discounting the anticipated future cash flows at 4.0%. The liability accrued for this obligation was $1.6 million as of September 30, 2024 and $1.4 million December 31, 2023, respectively. In February 2024, the SERP was terminated. Within the agreement, there is a one year provision for payment delay. As such, the $1.8 million obligation is scheduled to be paid in February 2025.

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Note 9 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Carrying Value						Estimated Fair Value						Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level I)						Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level II)						Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level III)
September 30, 2024
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents						$	610,911					$	610,911					$	610,911					$	—					$	—
Securities available-for-sale						374,828						374,828						—						348,456						26,372
Equity securities						41,760						41,760						4,273						—						37,486
Loans receivable, net						2,149,773						2,313,371						—						—						2,313,371
Servicing rights						1,510						1,510						—						—						1,510
Interest rate swaps						3,891						3,891						—						3,891						—
Accrued interest receivable						15,325						15,325						—						3,033						12,292
FHLB stock						2,031						2,031						—						2,031						—
Embedded derivative						648						648						—						—						648
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits						$	3,001,648					$	3,006,451					$	—					$	3,006,451					$	—
Repurchase agreements						4,755						4,755						—						4,755						—
Interest rate swaps						3,891						3,891						—						3,891						—
Fair value hedge						6,617						6,617						—						6,617						—
Accrued interest payable						3,388						3,388						—						3,388						—
Subordinated debt						73,725						65,793						—						65,793						—
December 31, 2023
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents						$	398,229					$	398,229					$	398,229					$	—					$	—
Securities available-for-sale						345,275						345,275						—						319,530						25,745
Equity securities						41,086						41,086						3,590						—						37,496
Loans held-for-sale						629						629						—						629						—
Loans receivable, net						2,295,470						2,230,279						—						—						2,230,279
Servicing rights						1,768						1,799						—						—						1,799
Interest rate swaps						6,249						6,249						—						6,249						—
Accrued interest receivable						15,267						15,267						—						2,836						12,431
FHLB stock						2,094						2,094						—						2,094						—
Embedded derivative						648						648						—						—						648
Financial liabilities:
Deposits						$	2,901,476					$	2,587,246					$	—					$	2,587,246					$	—
Repurchase agreements						4,821						4,821						—						4,821						—
Interest rate swaps						6,249						6,249						—						6,249						—
Fair value hedge						6,111						6,111						—						6,111						—
Accrued interest payable						2,385						2,385						—						2,385						—
Senior term loan						6,786						6,786						—						6,786						—
Subordinated debt						73,540						57,234						—						57,234						—

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Note 10 – Fair Value Measurements

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time of our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on-and-off balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.

The methods of determining the fair value of assets and liabilities presented in this footnote are consistent with our methodologies disclosed in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of the 2023 Form 10-K. Valuation techniques for the assets and liabilities described below are consistent with techniques used in prior periods.

Assets Measured on a Recurring Basis

As required by accounting standards, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following measurements are made on a recurring basis.

Available-for-sale investment securities – Available-for-sale investment securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level I securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange and money market funds. Level II securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities and private label entities, municipal bonds, United States Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in inactive over-the-counter markets and corporate debt securities. Certain local municipal securities related to tax increment financing (“TIF”) are independently valued and classified as Level III instruments.

Equity securities – Certain equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security's credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. The valuation methodologies utilized may include significant unobservable inputs.

Loans held-for-sale – The fair value of loans held-for-sale is determined, when possible, using quoted secondary market prices or investor commitments. If no such quoted price exists, the fair value of a loan is determined using quoted prices for a similar asset or assets, adjusted for the specific attributes of that loan, which would be used by other market participants. If the fair value at the reporting date exceeds the amortized cost of a loan, the loan is reported at amortized cost.

Interest rate swaps – Interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value based on third-party vendors who compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar instruments by using pricing models that consider observable market data.

Fair value hedges – Treated like an interest rate swap, fair value hedges are recorded at fair value based on third-party vendors who compile prices from various sources and may determine fair value of identical or similar instruments by using pricing models that consider observable market data.

Embedded derivatives – Accounted for and recorded separately from the underlying contract as a derivative at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair values are determined using the Monte Carlo model valuation technique. The valuation methodology utilized includes significant unobservable inputs.

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The following tables present assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated statements of financial condition at their fair value on a recurring basis as of the periods shown by level within the fair value hierarchy:

						September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)						Level I						Level II						Level III						Total
Assets:
United States government agency securities						$	—					$	41,637					$	—					$	41,637
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities						—						107,278						—						107,278
United States treasury securities						—						103,241						—						103,241
Municipal securities						—						87,100						18,872						105,972
Corporate debt securities						—						8,451						—						8,451
Other securities						—						749						—						749
Equity securities						4,273						—						—						4,273
Interest rate swaps						—						3,891						—						3,891
Embedded derivative						—						—						648						648
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps						—						3,891						—						3,891
Fair value hedge						—						6,617						—						6,617

						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)						Level I						Level II						Level III						Total
Assets:
United States government agency securities						$	—					$	38,408					$	—					$	38,408
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities						—						82,382						—						82,382
United States treasury securities						—						100,356						—						100,356
Municipal securities						—						88,662						18,245						106,907
Corporate debt securities						—						8,942						—						8,942
Other securities						—						780						—						780
Equity securities						3,590						—						—						3,590
Loans held-for-sale						—						629						—						629
Interest rate swaps						—						6,249						—						6,249
Embedded derivative						—						—						648						648
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps						—						6,249						—						6,249
Fair value hedge						—						6,111						—						6,111

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The following table represents recurring Level III assets as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						Municipal Securities						Embedded Derivatives						Total
Balance at June 30, 2024						$	17,929					$	648					$	18,577
Maturities/calls						(72)						—						(72)
Unrealized gain included in other comprehensive income (loss)						1,015						—						1,015
Balance at September 30, 2024						$	18,872					$	648					$	19,520
Balance at December 31, 2023						$	18,245					$	648					$	18,893
Realized and unrealized income included in earnings						5						—						5
Maturities/calls						(297)						—						(297)
Unrealized gain included in other comprehensive income (loss)						919						—						919
Balance at September 30, 2024						$	18,872					$	648					$	19,520
Balance at Balance at June 30, 2023						$	34,418					$	648					$	35,066
Realized and unrealized gains included in earnings						45						—						45
Purchase of securities						250						—						250
Maturities/calls						(17,389)						—						(17,389)
Unrealized loss included in other comprehensive income (loss)						(184)						—						(184)
Balance at September 30, 2023						$	17,140					$	648					$	17,788
Balance at December 31, 2022						$	35,343					$	787					$	36,130
Realized loss included in earnings						46						(139)						(93)
Purchase of securities						250						—						250
Maturities/calls						(18,156)						—						(18,156)
Unrealized loss included in other comprehensive income (loss)						(343)						—						(343)
Balance at September 30, 2023						$	17,140					$	648					$	17,788

Assets Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

From time to time, we may be required to measure certain financial assets, financial liabilities, non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. Certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include foreclosed assets (upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment), non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value in the second step of a goodwill impairment test and intangible assets and other non-financial long-lived assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment. Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during 2024 and 2023 include certain acquired foreclosed assets which, upon acquisition, were measured at fair market value. Subsequent to their initial recognition, the foreclosed assets were remeasured at fair value through a write-down included in other noninterest expense.

Collateral-dependent loans – Certain loans receivable are evaluated individually for credit loss when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral. Estimated credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, adjusted for costs to sell. Collateral values are estimated using Level II inputs based on observable market data or Level III inputs based on customized discounting criteria. For a majority of collateral-dependent real estate related loans, we obtain an external appraisal. Other valuation techniques are used as well, including internal valuations, comparable property analysis and contractual sales information.

Loans held-for-sale – The fair value of loans held-for-sale is determined, when possible, using quoted secondary-market prices or investor commitments. If no such quoted price exists, the fair value of a loan is determined using quoted prices for a similar asset or assets, adjusted for the specific attributes of that loan, which would be used by other market participants. If the fair value at the reporting date exceeds the amortized cost of a loan, the loan is reported at amortized cost.

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Other real estate owned – Other real estate owned, which is obtained through the Bank’s foreclosure process, is valued utilizing the appraised collateral value. Collateral values are estimated using Level II inputs based on observable market data or Level III inputs based on customized discounting criteria. At the time the foreclosure is completed, we obtain an external appraisal.

The following table presents the fair value of these assets as of the periods shown:

						September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)						Level I						Level II						Level III						Total
Collateral-dependent loans						$	—					$	—					$	21,537					$	21,537
Other real estate owned						—						—						825						825

						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)						Level I						Level II						Level III						Total
Collateral-dependent loans						$	—					$	—					$	2,891					$	2,891
Other real estate owned						—						—						825						825

The following tables present quantitative information about the Level III significant unobservable inputs for assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of the periods shown:

Quantitative Information about Level III Fair Value Measurements

(Dollars in thousands)

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range

September 30, 2024

Nonrecurring measurements:

Collateral-dependent loans

$

21,537

Appraisal of collateral 1

Appraisal adjustments 2

0% - 20%

Liquidation expense 2

6%

Other real estate owned

$

825

Appraisal of collateral 1

Appraisal adjustments 2

0% - 20%

Liquidation expense 2

6%

Recurring measurements:

Municipal securities 3

$

18,872

Appraisal of bond 4

Bond appraisal adjustment 5

5% - 15%

Embedded derivatives

$

648

Monte Carlo pricing model

Deferred payment

$0 - $49.1 million

Volatility

59%

Term

4.75 years

Risk free rate

3.59%

December 31, 2023

Nonrecurring measurements:

Collateral-dependent loans

$

2,891

Appraisal of collateral 1

Appraisal adjustments 2

0% - 20%

Liquidation expense 2

6%

Other real estate owned

$

825

Appraisal of collateral 1

Appraisal adjustments 2

0% - 20%

Liquidation expense 2

6%

Recurring measurements:

Municipal securities 3

$

18,245

Appraisal of bond 4

Bond appraisal adjustment 5

5% - 15%

Embedded derivatives

$

648

Monte Carlo pricing model

Deferred payment

$0 - $49.1 million

Volatility

59%

Term

4.75 years

Risk free rate

3.59%

1 Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various Level III inputs that are not identifiable.

2 Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted-average of liquidation expenses and other appraisal adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraisal.

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3 Municipal securities classified as Level III instruments are comprised of TIF bonds related to certain local municipal securities.

4 Fair value is determined through independent analysis of liquidity, rating, yield and duration.

5 Appraisals may be adjusted for qualitative factors, such as local economic conditions, liquidity, marketability and legal structure.

Note 11 – Derivatives

We use certain derivative instruments to meet the needs of customers, as well as to manage the interest rate risk associated with certain transactions. All derivative financial instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities and measured at fair value.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed rate mortgages included in a closed portfolio due to changes in benchmark interest rates.

In 2023, we entered into five fixed portfolio layer method fair value swaps, designated as hedging instruments, to manage exposure to changes in fair value on fixed rate mortgages and certain fixed rate available for sale securities attributable to the designated interest rate. Four of the interest rate swaps are designated to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate mortgages and one of the interest rate swaps is designated to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate municipal bonds. The interest rate swaps involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for us receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements, without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

We designated the fair value swaps under the portfolio layer method. The total notional amount of the five swaps was $429.3 million as of September 30, 2024, one of which is amortizing and included a $20.7 million amortization adjustment to the notional amount at September 30, 2024. Under this method, the hedged items are designated as a hedged layer of closed portfolios of financial loans and municipal bonds that are anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged periods. Adjustments are made to record the swaps at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in interest income. The carrying values of the fair value swaps are also adjusted through interest income, based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk.

The following table represents the carrying value of the portfolio layer method hedged assets and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying value of the hedged assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

						September 30, 2024												December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Balance Sheet Location			Amortized Cost Basis			Hedged Asset			Basis Adjustment						Amortized Cost Basis			Hedged Asset			Basis Adjustment
Fixed rate mortgages			Loans receivable			$	469,103		$	379,315		$	4,422					$	491,018		$	390,297		$	4,055
Fixed rate bonds			Investment securities available-for-sale			$	59,436		$	50,000		$	1,736					$	59,270		$	50,000		$	1,570
Total hedged assets						$	528,539		$	429,315		$	6,158					$	550,288		$	440,297		$	5,625

In October 2024, we discontinued a portfolio layer method fair value swap designated as a hedging instrument to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate mortgages. The hedge had a notional amount of $250.0 million and was in a liability position with a fair value of $2.8 million as of September 30, 2024. As part of the discontinuance, we incurred a $1.7 million fee that will be amortized over the life of the related loans.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Matched Interest Rate Swaps. We enter into interest rate swap contracts to help commercial loan borrowers manage their interest rate risk. The interest rate swap contracts with commercial loan borrowers allow them to convert floating-rate loan payments to fixed rate loan payments. When we enter into an interest rate swap contract with a commercial loan borrower, we simultaneously enter into a "mirror" swap contract with a third-party. The third-party exchanges the borrower's fixed-rate loan payments for floating-rate loan payments. These derivatives are not designated as hedges and changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. Because these derivatives have mirror-image contractual terms, the changes in fair value substantially offset each other through earnings. Fees earned in connection with the execution of derivatives related to this program are recognized in earnings through loan-related derivative income.

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The following tables summarize outstanding financial derivative instruments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

						September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands)			Balance Sheet Location			Notional Amount			Fair Value of Asset (Liability)			Gain (Loss)
Fair value hedge of interest rate risk:
Pay fixed rate swaps with counterparty			Accrued interest receivable and other assets			$	429,315		$	(6,617)		$	(506)
Not designated hedges of interest rate risk:
Matched interest rate swaps with borrowers			Accrued interest receivable and other assets			138,442			3,891			3,891
Matched interest rate swaps with counterparty			Accrued interest payable and other liabilities			138,442			(3,891)			(3,891)
Total derivatives						$	706,199		$	(6,617)		$	(506)

						December 31, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)			Balance Sheet Location			Notional Amount			Fair Value of Asset (Liability)			Gain (Loss)
Fair value hedge of interest rate risk:
Pay fixed rate swaps with counterparty			Accrued interest receivable and other assets			$	440,297		$	(6,111)		$	(6,111)
Not designated hedges of interest rate risk:
Matched interest rate swaps with borrowers			Accrued interest receivable and other assets			126,494			6,249			6,249
Matched interest rate swaps with counterparty			Accrued interest payable and other liabilities			126,494			(6,249)			(6,249)
Total derivatives						$	693,285		$	(6,111)		$	(6,111)

Embedded Derivative

In December 2022, we entered into an agreement to sell a portion of our shares of Interchecks Technologies, Inc., a former equity method investment that was subsequently reclassified to equity securities due to the decrease in the remaining ownership percentage. Based on the terms of the sale, we recognized the cash received at closing, as well as a receivable for the remaining installment payment, which is based on a future economic event and is accounted for and separately recorded as a derivative. The derivative instrument is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet, while the gains and losses are included in noninterest income on the consolidated statement of income. The fair value of the embedded derivative was $0.6 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, with no gain or loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and a loss of $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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Note 12 – Earnings per Share

We determine basic earnings per share (“EPS”) by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, increased by both the number of shares that would be issued assuming the exercise of instruments under our incentive stock plan.

The following table presents our calculation of EPS for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands except shares and per share data)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Numerator for earnings per share:
Net income from continuing operations						$	2,156					$	3,872					$	10,807					$	14,308
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest						(76)						(5)						(156)						231
Net income available to common shareholders from continuing operations						2,080						3,867						10,651						14,539
Net income from discontinued operations available to common shareholders						—						—						—						8,782
Net income available to common shareholders						$	2,080					$	3,867					$	10,651					$	23,321
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic						12,927,962						12,722,010						12,874,311						12,678,708
Effect of dilutive instruments						241,049						394,619						246,934						334,126
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted						13,169,011						13,116,629						13,121,245						13,012,834
Earnings per share from continuing operations - basic						$	0.16					$	0.30					$	0.83					$	1.15
Earnings per share from discontinued operations - basic						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	0.69
Earnings per common share - basic						$	0.16					$	0.30					$	0.83					$	1.84
Earnings per share from continuing operations - diluted						$	0.16					$	0.29					$	0.81					$	1.12
Earnings per share from discontinued operations - diluted						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	0.67
Earnings per share common share - diluted						$	0.16					$	0.29					$	0.81					$	1.79
Instruments not included in the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be antidilutive						125,826						228,243						136,838						250,893

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Note 13 – Comprehensive Income

The following tables present the reclassified components of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) as of and for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Details about AOCI components						Amount reclassified from AOCI						Amount reclassified from AOCI						Amount reclassified from AOCI						Amount reclassified from AOCI						Affected income statement line item
Available-for-sale securities
Realized gain (loss) recognized in income						$	—					$	—					$	658					$	(1,536)					Gain (loss) on sale of available-for-sale securities
Income tax effect						—						—						(158)						369						Income taxes
Realized gain (loss) recognized in income, net of tax						—						—						500						(1,167)
Defined benefit pension plan items
Amortization of net actuarial loss						(43)						$	(29)					$	(129)					$	(87)					Salaries and employee benefits
Income tax effect						10						7						30						21						Income taxes
Defined benefit pension plan items, net of tax						(33)						(22)						(99)						(66)
Investment hedge
Carrying value adjustment						—						—						—						289						Interest on investment securities
Income tax effect						—						—						—						(69)						Income taxes
Investment hedge, net of tax						—						—						—						220
Total reclassifications						$	(33)					$	(22)					$	401					$	(1,013)

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(Dollars in thousands)						Unrealized gains (losses) on available for-sale securities						Defined benefit pension plan items						Investment hedge						Total
Balance at June 30, 2024						$	(26,176)					$	(2,244)					$	34					$	(28,386)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification						6,271						(377)						—						5,894
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						—						33						—						33
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)						6,271						(344)						—						5,927
Balance at September 30, 2024						$	(19,905)					$	(2,588)					$	34					$	(22,459)
Balance at December 31, 2023						$	(25,871)					$	(2,994)					$	34					$	(28,831)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification						6,466						307						—						6,773
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						(500)						99						—						(401)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)						5,966						406						—						6,372
Balance at September 30, 2024						$	(19,905)					$	(2,588)					$	34					$	(22,459)
Balance at June 30, 2023						$	(31,674)					$	(2,824)					$	34					$	(34,464)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification						(5,885)						76						—						(5,809)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						—						22						—						22
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)						(5,885)						98						—						(5,787)
Balance at September 30, 2023						$	(37,559)					$	(2,726)					$	34					$	(40,251)
Balance at December 31, 2022						$	(34,829)					$	(3,129)					$	254					$	(37,704)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification						(3,897)						337						—						(3,560)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						1,167						66						(220)						1,013
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)						(2,730)						403						(220)						(2,547)
Balance at September 30, 2023						$	(37,559)					$	(2,726)					$	34					$	(40,251)

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Note 14 – Segment Reporting

We have identified three reportable segments: CoRe Banking; Mortgage Banking; and Financial Holding Company. All other operating segments are summarized in an Other category.

Our CoRe Banking segment, which includes our Fintech division, represents banking products and services offered to customers by the Bank, primarily loans and deposits accounts. Revenue from banking activities consists primarily of interest earned on loans and investment securities and service charges on deposit accounts.

Revenue from our Mortgage Banking segment is primarily comprised of our share of net income or loss from mortgage banking activities of our equity method investments in ICM and Warp Speed.

Revenue from Financial Holding Company activities is mainly comprised of intercompany service income and dividends.

The following tables present information about the reportable segments and reconciliation to the consolidated financial statements for the periods shown:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024						CoRe Banking						Mortgage Banking						Financial Holding Company						Other						Intercompany Eliminations						Consolidated
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest income						$	46,539					$	103					$	2					$	—					$	(17)					$	46,627
Interest expense						19,234						—						808						17						(17)						20,042
Net interest income (expense)						27,305						103						(806)						(17)						—						26,585
Provision for credit losses						459						—						500						—						—						959
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses						26,846						103						(1,306)						(17)						—						25,626
Noninterest income						4,574						768						2,956						2,332						(3,973)						6,657
Noninterest Expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits						10,075						—						4,528						2,119						—						16,722
Other expenses						13,164						4						2,240						1,328						(3,973)						12,763
Total noninterest expenses						23,239						4						6,768						3,447						(3,973)						29,485
Income (loss), before income taxes						8,181						867						(5,118)						(1,132)						—						2,798
Income taxes						1,774						204						(1,063)						(273)						—						642
Net income (loss), before noncontrolling interest						6,407						663						(4,055)						(859)						—						2,156
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest						—						—						—						(76)						—						(76)
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders						$	6,407					$	663					$	(4,055)					$	(935)					$	—					$	2,080
Capital expenditures for the three months ended September 30, 2024						$	91					$	—					$	81					$	137					$	—					$	309
Total assets as of September 30, 2024						$	3,363,051					$	86,253					$	349,816					$	18,303					$	(398,667)					$	3,418,756
Total assets as of December 31, 2023						$	3,255,369					$	83,909					$	345,314					$	17,728					$	(388,438)					$	3,313,882
Goodwill as of September 30, 2024						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	2,838					$	—					$	2,838
Goodwill as of December 31, 2023						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	2,838					$	—					$	2,838

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2023						CoRe Banking						Mortgage Banking																		Financial Holding Company						Other						Intercompany Eliminations						Consolidated
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest income						$	48,268					$	103																	$	2					$	—					$	(48)					$	48,325
Interest expense						17,454						—																		1,000						54						(48)						18,460
Net interest income (expense)						30,814						103																		(998)						(54)						—						29,865
Release of allowance for credit losses						(159)						—																		—												—						(159)
Net interest income (expense) after release of allowance for credit losses						30,973						103																		(998)						(54)						—						30,024
Noninterest income						4,980						(742)																		2,576						3,099						(4,122)						5,791
Noninterest Expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits						9,787						—																		4,129						2,100						—						16,016
Other expenses						14,701						13																		1,992						2,125						(4,122)						14,709
Total noninterest expenses						24,488						13																		6,121						4,225						(4,122)						30,725
Income (loss), before income taxes						11,465						(652)																		(4,543)						(1,180)						—						5,090
Income taxes						2,628						(153)																		(978)						(279)						—						1,218
Net income (loss), before noncontrolling interest						8,837						(499)																		(3,565)						(901)						—						3,872
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest						—						—																		—						(5)						—						(5)
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders						$	8,837					$	(499)																	$	(3,565)					$	(906)					$	—					$	3,867
Capital expenditures for the three months ended September 30, 2023						$	163					$	—																	$	17					$	48					$	—					$	228

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024						CoRe Banking						Mortgage Banking																		Financial Holding Company						Other						Intercompany Eliminations						Consolidated
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest income						$	142,519					$	309																	$	7					$	—					$	(51)					$	142,784
Interest expense						55,796						—																		2,689						56						(51)						58,490
Net interest income (expense)						86,723						309																		(2,682)						(56)						—						84,294
Provision for credit losses						2,710						—																		500						—						—						3,210
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses						84,013						309																		(3,182)						(56)						—						81,084
Noninterest income						16,993						124																		7,990						8,724						(12,198)						21,633
Noninterest Expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits						29,257						—																		13,679						6,224						—						49,160
Other expenses						40,242						4																		6,161						5,237						(12,198)						39,446
Total noninterest expenses						69,499						4																		19,840						11,461						(12,198)						88,606
Income (loss), before income taxes						31,507						429																		(15,032)						(2,793)						—						14,111
Income taxes						7,090						120																		(3,236)						(670)						—						3,304
Net income (loss), before noncontrolling interest						24,417						309																		(11,796)						(2,123)						—						10,807
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest						—						—																		—						(156)						—						(156)
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders						$	24,417					$	309																	$	(11,796)					$	(2,279)					$	—					$	10,651
Capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2024						$	902					$	—																	$	189					$	395					$	—					$	1,486

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023						CoRe Banking						Mortgage Banking																		Financial Holding Company						Other						Intercompany Eliminations						Consolidated
(Dollars in thousands)
Interest income						$	139,859					$	313																	$	38					$	—					$	(91)					$	140,119
Interest expense						44,934						—																		2,992						108						(91)						47,943
Net interest income (expense)						94,925						313																		(2,954)						(108)						—						92,176
Provision for credit losses						182						—																		—						—						—						182
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses						94,743						313																		(2,954)						(108)						—						91,994
Noninterest income						12,111						(56)																		8,102						5,934						(10,814)						15,277
Noninterest Expenses:
Salaries and employee benefits						27,891						7																		13,702						6,908						—						48,508
Other expenses						39,903						65																		6,072						5,590						(10,814)						40,816
Total noninterest expenses						67,794						72																		19,774						12,498						(10,814)						89,324
Income (loss), before income taxes						39,060						185																		(14,626)						(6,672)						—						17,947
Income taxes						8,380						(14)																		(3,127)						(1,600)						—						3,639
Net income (loss) from continuing operations						30,680						199																		(11,499)						(5,072)						—						14,308
Income from discontinued operations, before income taxes						—						—																		—						11,831						—						11,831
Income taxes - discontinued operations						—						—																		—						3,049						—						3,049
Net income from discontinued operations						—						—																		—						8,782						—						8,782
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interest						30,680						199																		(11,499)						3,710						—						23,090
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest						—						—																		—						231						—						231
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders						$	30,680					$	199																	$	(11,499)					$	3,941					$	—					$	23,321
Capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2023						$	655					$	—																	$	17					$	769					$	—					$	1,441

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Note 15 – Acquisition & Divestiture Activity

Chartwell Compliance

In February 2023, we completed the sale of the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Chartwell, for total consideration of $14.4 million in the form of a note issued to the buyer, resulting in a gain on sale of $11.8 million. The note matures in June 2027 and bears interest at a fixed rate of 7%, payable in four equal annual installments, which commenced June 20, 2024. To facilitate a transition of the Chartwell services and support the onboarding and conversion of systems, we entered into a 60 day Employee Lease and Service Agreement, whereby we provided the purchaser with finance and accounting, human capital, information technology, marketing and record/data retention services. In addition, we entered into a contract with the purchaser to continue to provide services and support from Chartwell for three years following the sale. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we have paid $1.0 million and $3.3 million in fees related to this contract, respectively.

Chartwell's net income is presented in income from discontinued operations for all periods shown. Prior period balances have been reclassified to conform with this presentation.

The following table presents the major classes of net income from discontinued operations for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Compliance consulting income						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	2,369
Gain on sale of discontinued operations						—						—						—						11,800
Total income						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	14,169
Salaries and employee benefits						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	2,082
Other expenses						—						—						—						256
Total expenses						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	2,338
Income, before income taxes						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	11,831
Income taxes						—						—						—						3,049
Net income from discontinued operations						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	8,782

Flexia Payments, LLC

In May 2023, MVB Technology entered into an Assignment and Assumption Agreement with Flexia, wherein Flexia assigned loans outstanding between Flexia and MVB to MVB Technology. In consideration for the assignment, Flexia granted a license to MVB Technology for the Flexia software. Additionally, through a Mutual Release Agreement between Edge Ventures and Flexia, Edge Ventures transferred its 800 Class A Common Units and 1,500 Preferred Units of Flexia back to Flexia for cancellation. As a result of the transactions, we incurred a loss of $1.1 million and no longer consolidate Flexia in our financial statements.

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Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other detailed information appearing in the 2023 Form 10-K. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of our future financial outcomes. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause results to differ materially from management’s expectations. See the “Forward-Looking Statements” section of this report for further information on forward-looking statements.

Executive Summary

We continue to adapt our business model due to challenging market conditions, primarily due to the current high interest rate environment, a slowing economy and multiple high-profile bank failures that occurred during the first half of 2023. Interest rates have remained at an elevated level through September 30, 2024, although the Federal Reserve did reduce its key interest rate to a range of 4.75% to 5.00% in September 2024. Lower loan balances are the result of slower market demand, the impact of loan amortization and payoffs and slower loan growth based on overall market conditions and portfolio management. We initiated the process of winding down our digital asset program account relationships, while maintaining operating accounts, during the second quarter of 2024. This decision was prompted by changing market conditions and profitability challenges that contributed to an unfavorable risk/reward dynamic. We remain committed to the gaming, payments and banking-as-a-service industries. We continue to expand the Bank's treasury services function to support the banking needs of financial and emerging technology companies, which we believe will further enhance core deposits, notably through the expansion of deposit acquisition and fee income strategies through the Fintech division. Additionally, we have expanded our compliance and risk management team to support the growth in these lines of business.

Current Market Conditions

There continues to be a focus on liquidity after the bank failures that occurred during the first half of 2023, when certain specialized banking institutions with elevated concentrations of uninsured deposits experienced large deposit outflows, resulting in the institutions being placed into FDIC receiverships. In the aftermath, there has been substantial market disruption and indications that deposit concerns could spread within the banking industry, leading to deposit outflows and other destabilizing results. These market events could have a material adverse effect on our business. A deterioration in economic conditions or the loss of confidence in financial institutions may result in deposit base outflows and limit our access to some of our customary sources of liquidity, including, but not limited to, inter-bank borrowings and borrowings from the Federal Reserve and FHLB. In addition, account and deposit balances may decrease when clients perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market or real estate, as providing a better risk/return trade-off. Furthermore, the portion of our deposit portfolio that is comprised of large uninsured deposits may be more likely to be withdrawn rapidly under adverse economic conditions. If our clients move money out of bank deposits into investments or to other financial institutions, we could lose a relatively low-cost source of funds. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our liquid assets totaled $645.0 million and $504.3 million, respectively, which we believe would enable us to meet our cash obligations as they come due.

Financial Results

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, net interest income decreased $3.3 million, noninterest income increased $0.9 million and noninterest expenses decreased by $1.2 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Our tax-equivalent yield on earning assets in the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 6.32% compared to 6.29% in the three months ended September 30, 2023. Loans receivable decreased by $35.5 million to $2.17 billion during the three months ended September 30, 2024. Our overall cost of interest-bearing liabilities was 4.04% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 3.58% in the three months ended September 30, 2023. This cost of interest-bearing liabilities, combined with the earning asset yield, resulted in a tax-equivalent net interest margin of 3.61% in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 3.90% in the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Our net income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $2.1 million compared to $3.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023. Earnings for the three months ended September 30, 2024 equated to a return on average assets of 0.3% and a return on average equity of 2.8%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 results of 0.5% and 5.8%, respectively. Basic and diluted earnings per share were $0.16 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $0.30

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and $0.29, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net interest income decreased $7.9 million, noninterest income increased $6.4 million and noninterest expenses decreased by $0.7 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our yield on tax-equivalent earning assets in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 6.31% compared to 6.10% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Loans receivable decreased by $146.3 million to $2.17 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Our overall cost of interest-bearing liabilities was 4.14% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 3.30% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This cost of interest-bearing liabilities, combined with the earning asset yield, resulted in a tax-equivalent net interest margin of 3.73% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 4.03% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Our net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $10.7 million compared to $23.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, largely the result of an $11.8 million pre-tax gain related to the sale of the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Chartwell. Earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 equated to a return on average assets of 0.4% and a return on average equity of 4.9%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 results of 0.9% and 11.4%, respectively. Basic and diluted earnings per share were $0.83 and $0.81, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.84 and $1.79, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin (Average Balance Schedules)

The following tables present information regarding (i) average balances, the total dollar amount of interest income from interest earning assets and the resultant average yields; (ii) average balances, the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and the resultant average rates; (iii) the interest rate spread; (iv) net interest income and margin; and (v) net interest income and margin (on a tax-equivalent basis) as of and for the periods shown. The average balances presented are derived from daily average balances.

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						Three Months Ended September 30,
						2024																		2023
(Dollars in thousands)						Average Balance						Interest Income/Expense						Yield/Cost						Average Balance						Interest Income/Expense						Yield/Cost
Assets
Interest-bearing balances with banks						$	400,330					$	5,218					5.19		%				$	483,158					$	6404					5.26		%
Investment securities:
Taxable						258,151						1,846						2.84						206,340						1,056						2.03
Tax-exempt 1						104,769						867						3.29						107,490						1,016						3.75
Loans and loans held-for-sale: 2
Commercial						1,553,666						31,136						7.97						1,593,875						31,348						7.80
Tax exempt 1						3,129						34						4.32						3,678						40						4.31
Real estate						558,691						6,446						4.59						573,579						6,351						4.39
Consumer						68,337						1,269						7.39						95,032						2,331						9.73
Total loans						2,183,823						38,885						7.08						2,266,164						40,070						7.02
Total earning assets						2,947,073						46,816						6.32						3,063,152						48,546						6.29
Less: Allowance for credit losses						(22,043)																		(29,693)
Cash and due from banks						4,638																		6,686
Other assets						284,640																		281,504
Total assets						$	3,214,308																	$	3,321,649
Liabilities
Deposits:
NOW						$	534,494					$	4,422					3.29		%				$	674,745					$	4,970					2.92		%
Money market checking						434,174						3,378						3.10						537,592						3,294						2.43
Savings						116,861						883						3.01						72,206						438						2.41
IRAs						8,164						91						4.43						6,788						56						3.27
CDs						800,986						10,440						5.19						664,281						8,702						5.20
Repurchase agreements and federal funds sold						3,589						19						2.11						4,911						—						—
FHLB and other borrowings						44						—						—						278						—						—
Senior term loan 3						—						—						—						8,751						191						8.66
Subordinated debt						73,702						809						4.37						73,446						809						4.37
Total interest-bearing liabilities						1,972,014						20,042						4.04						2,042,998						18,460						3.58
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits						910,787																		975,164
Other liabilities						37,591																		38,021
Total liabilities						2,920,392																		3,056,183
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock						13,776																		13,570
Paid-in capital						163,189																		159,050
Treasury stock						(16,741)																		(16,741)
Retained earnings						160,694																		146,504
Accumulated other comprehensive loss						(27,069)																		(36,865)
Total stockholders’ equity						293,849																		265,518
Noncontrolling interest						67																		(52)
Total stockholders’ equity attributable to parent						293,916																		265,466
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity						$	3,214,308																	$	3,321,649
Net interest spread (tax-equivalent)																		2.28		%																2.71		%
Net interest income and margin (tax-equivalent) 1												$	26,774					3.61		%										$	30,086					3.90		%
Less: Tax-equivalent adjustments												$	(189)																	$	(221)
Net interest spread																		2.25		%																2.68		%
Net interest income and margin												$	26,585					3.59		%										$	29,865					3.87		%

1 In order to make pre-tax income and resultant yields on tax-exempt loans and investment securities comparable to those on taxable loans and investment securities, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed using a Federal tax rate of 21% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. See the reconciliation of this non-U.S. GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure following this table.

2 Non-accrual loans are included in total loan balances, lowering the effective yield for the portfolio in the aggregate.

3 The senior term loan was paid off in May 2024 and the unamortized debt issuance costs were recorded as interest expense upon the repayment.

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						Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2024																		2023
(Dollars in thousands)						Average Balance						Interest Income/Expense						Yield/Cost						Average Balance						Interest Income/Expense						Yield/Cost
Assets
Interest-bearing balances with banks						$	443,475					$	17,624					5.31		%				$	405,012					$	15,099					4.98		%
Investment securities:
Taxable						252,423						5,494						2.91						221,089						4,133						2.50
Tax-exempt 1						104,622						2,436						3.11						122,818						3,471						3.78
Loans and loans held-for-sale: 2
Commercial						1,592,295						94,112						7.89						1,616,510						90,413						7.48
Tax exempt 1						3,254						106						4.35						3,813						125						4.38
Real estate						565,923						19,450						4.59						596,070						18,343						4.11
Consumer						73,039						4,095						7.49						120,075						9,290						10.34
Total loans						2,234,511						117,763						7.04						2,336,468						118,171						6.76
Total earning assets						3,035,031						143,317						6.31						3,085,387						140,874						6.10
Less: Allowance for loan losses						(22,298)																		(31,656)
Cash and due from banks						4,856																		4,252
Other assets						308,351																		303,233
Total assets						$	3,325,940																	$	3,361,216
Liabilities
Deposits:
NOW						$	518,595					$	13,490					3.47		%				$	717,527					$	14,448					2.69		%
Money market checking						414,453						10,474						3.38						455,463						6,661						1.96
Savings						130,848						3,468						3.54						79,187						1,430						2.41
IRAs						7,958						246						4.13						6,448						128						2.65
CDs						735,883						28,097						5.10						572,078						21,396						5.00
Repurchase agreements and federal funds sold						3,334						23						0.92						5,974						—						—
FHLB and other borrowings						29						2						5.99						23,449						888						5.06
Senior term loan 3						3,146						264						11.21						9,285						583						8.39
Subordinated debt						73,634						2,426						4.40						73,383						2,409						4.39
Total interest-bearing liabilities						1,887,880						58,490						4.14						1,942,794						47,943						3.30
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits						1,109,089																		1,107,712
Other liabilities						38,566																		37,987
Total liabilities						3,035,535																		3,088,493
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock						13,722																		13,525
Paid-in capital						162,416																		157,034
Treasury stock						(16,741)																		(16,741)
Retained earnings						161,113																		153,769
Accumulated other comprehensive loss						(29,965)																		(34,980)
Total stockholders’ equity						290,545																		272,607
Noncontrolling interest						(140)																		116
Total stockholders’ equity attributable to parent						290,405																		272,723
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity						$	3,325,940																	$	3,361,216
Net interest spread (tax-equivalent)																		2.17		%																2.80		%
Net interest income and margin (tax-equivalent) 1												$	84,827					3.73		%										$	92,931					4.03		%
Less: Tax-equivalent adjustments												$	(533)																	$	(755)
Net interest spread																		2.14		%																2.77		%
Net interest income and margin												$	84,294					3.71		%										$	92,176					3.99		%

1 In order to make pre-tax income and resultant yields on tax-exempt loans and investment securities comparable to those on taxable loans and investment securities, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed using a Federal tax rate of 21% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, which is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. See the reconciliation of this non-U.S. GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure following this table.

2 Non-accrual loans are included in total loan balances, lowering the effective yield for the portfolio in the aggregate.

3 The senior term loan was paid off in May 2024 and the unamortized debt issuance costs were recorded as interest expense upon the repayment.

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The following table presents the reconciliation of net interest margin for the periods shown:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Net interest margin - U.S. GAAP basis
Net interest income						$	26,585					$	29,865					$	84,294					$	92,176
Average interest-earning assets						2,947,073						3,063,152						3,035,031						3,085,387
Net interest margin						3.59		%				3.87		%				3.71		%				3.99		%
Net interest margin - non-U.S. GAAP basis
Net interest income						$	26,585					$	29,865					$	84,294					$	92,176
Impact of fully tax-equivalent adjustment						189						221						533						755
Net interest income on a fully tax-equivalent basis						$	26,774					$	30,086					$	84,827					$	92,931
Average interest-earning assets						$	2,947,073					$	3,063,152					$	3,035,031					$	3,085,387
Net interest margin on a fully tax-equivalent basis						3.61		%				3.90		%				3.73		%				4.03		%

Key Metrics

						As of and for the three months ended September 30,												As of and for the nine months ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)						2024						2023						2024						2023
Book value per common share						$	23.44					$	21.33					$	23.44					$	21.33
Tangible book value per common share 1						$	23.20					$	21.08					$	23.20					$	21.08
Efficiency ratio 1 2						88.7		%				86.2		%				83.6		%				75.4		%
Overhead ratio 1 3 4						3.7		%				3.7		%				3.6		%				3.5		%
Net loan charge-offs to total loans 3 5						0.1		%				1.0		%				0.2		%				0.5		%
Allowance for credit losses to total loans 6						0.99		%				1.07		%				0.99		%				1.07		%
Nonperforming loans						$	28,556					$	10,593					$	28,556					$	10,593
Nonperforming loans to total loans						1.3		%				0.5		%				1.3		%				0.5		%
Equity to assets						8.9		%				7.9		%				8.9		%				7.9		%
Community Bank Leverage Ratio						10.9		%				10.4		%				10.9		%				10.4		%

1 Non-U.S. GAAP metric

2 Noninterest expense as a percentage of net interest income and noninterest income

3 Annualized for the quarterly periods presented

4 Noninterest expense as a percentage of average assets

5 Charge-offs less recoveries

6 Excludes loans held-for-sale

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Tangible book value (“TBV”) per common share was $23.20 and $21.08 as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. TBV per common share is a non-U.S. GAAP measure that we believe is helpful to interpreting financial results. A reconciliation of TBV per common share is included below.

						As of September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)						2024						2023
Goodwill						$	2,838					$	2,838
Intangibles						285						375
Total intangibles						$	3,123					$	3,213
Total equity attributable to parent						$	303,086					$	271,416
Less: Total intangibles						(3,123)						(3,213)
Tangible common equity						$	299,963					$	268,203
Tangible common equity						$	299,963					$	268,203
Common shares outstanding (000s)						12,928						12,726
Tangible book value per common share						$	23.20					$	21.08

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the amount by which interest income on earning assets exceeds interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest-earning assets include loans, investment securities and certificates of deposit in banks. Interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing deposits and borrowed funds such as sweep accounts, repurchase agreements, subordinated debt and the senior term loan. Net interest income, which is the primary source of revenue for the Bank, is also impacted by changes in market interest rates and the mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

Net interest margin is calculated by dividing net interest income by average interest-earning assets and measures the net revenue stream generated by the Bank’s balance sheet. Net interest spread is calculated by taking the difference between interest earned on earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities in an effort to maximize net interest income, while maintaining an appropriate level of interest rate risk.

In September 2024, the Federal Reserve lowered its key interest rate from a range of 5.25% to 5.5% as of December 31, 2023 to a range of 4.75% to 5.00% as of September 30, 2024. We continually analyze methods to deploy assets into an earning asset mix to generate a stronger net interest margin.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis was 3.61% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 3.90% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis primarily reflects higher funding costs and a shift in the mix of earnings assets, partially offset by investment yields. Tax-equivalent net interest spread was 2.28% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 2.71% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The difference between the tax-equivalent net interest margin and tax-equivalent net interest spread was 133 basis points in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 119 basis points in the three months ended September 30, 2023 driven by the increase in interest expense and the decline in average assets.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, net interest income decreased by $3.3 million, or 11.0%, to $26.6 million from $29.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Average total earning assets were $2.95 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $3.06 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2023. Total interest income decreased by $1.7 million, or 3.5%, to $46.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $48.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 driven by a decrease in total earning assets, including interest bearing deposits with other banks. Average total loans decreased to $2.18 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2024 from $2.27 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily as the result of a $40.2 million decrease in average commercial loans and an $26.7 million decrease in average consumer loans. The yield on total loans increased six basis points.

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Average investment securities increased $49.1 million as the result of a $51.8 million increase in taxable investments, partially offset by a $2.7 million decrease in tax-exempt investments during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The yield on tax-exempt securities decreased 46 basis points, and the taxable securities yield increased 81 basis points.

Average interest-bearing liabilities decreased by $71.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily the result of average balance decreases of $140.3 million in NOW accounts and $103.4 million in money market checking deposits, partially offset by an increase of $136.7 million in certificates of deposit.

Average interest-bearing deposits were $1.89 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $1.96 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2023.Total interest expense increased by $1.6 million, primarily driven by increases in interest rates. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased to 4.04% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 from 3.58% in the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis was 3.73% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 4.03% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis primarily reflects higher funding costs and a shift in the mix of earnings assets, partially offset by loan yields. Tax-equivalent net interest spread was 2.17% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 2.80% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The difference between the tax-equivalent net interest margin and tax-equivalent net interest spread was 156 basis points in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 123 basis points in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This difference was driven by the increase in interest expense and the decline in average assets.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net interest income decreased by $7.9 million, or 8.6%, to $84.3 million from $92.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease is largely due to an increase in cost of funds, partially offset by higher yields on earning assets. Average total earning assets were $3.04 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $3.09 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Total interest income increased by $2.7 million, or 1.9%, to $142.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $140.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 driven by higher yields from new loan production at favorable interest rates. Average total loans decreased to $2.23 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from $2.34 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily as the result of a $47.0 million decrease in average consumer loans, a $30.1 million decrease in average real estate loans and a $24.2 million decrease in average commercial loans. The yield on total loans increased 28 basis points.

Average investment securities increased $13.1 million as the result of a $31.3 million increase in taxable investments, partially offset by an $18.2 million decrease in tax-exempt investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The yield on tax-exempt securities decreased 67 basis points, and the taxable securities yield increased 41 basis points.

Average interest-bearing liabilities decreased by $54.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily the result of average balance decreases of $198.9 million in negotiable order of withdrawal accounts, $41.0 million in money market checking accounts and $23.4 million in FHLB and other borrowings, partially offset by $163.8 million in certificates of deposit and $51.7 million in saving accounts.

Average interest-bearing deposits were $1.81 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and $1.83 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Total interest expense increased by $10.5 million, primarily driven by increases in interest rates. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased to 4.14% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from 3.30% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Further discussion on borrowings is included in Note 7 – Borrowed Funds accompanying the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

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Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses, which is a product of management’s analysis, is recorded in response to inherent losses in the loan portfolio. Credit loss provisions were $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, while there was a release of allowance for credit losses of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in credit loss provisions is the result of an increase in the required reserve calculated by the pooled loan analysis, which was partially offset by lower calculated reserves of the individually analyzed loans.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total loans decreased $35.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to a decrease of $42.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decline in loan balances compared to the prior quarters primarily reflects the amortization of the loan portfolio and the Bank’s purposeful effort to improve the overall strength of the loan portfolio through selective originations. The commercial loan portfolio decreased by $34.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to an increase of $5.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023, while the residential mortgage loan portfolio increased by $0.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to a $23.8 million decrease during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Additionally, our consumer loan portfolio decreased by $2.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, while it decreased by $21.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023. Net charge-offs totaled $0.7 million and $5.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Total loans decreased $146.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 versus a decrease of $102.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The commercial loan portfolio decreased by $121.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to a decrease of $37.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, while the residential mortgage loan portfolio decreased by $15.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, while increasing by $40.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Additionally, our consumer loan portfolio decreased by $7.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, while it decreased by $101.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. In addition, net charge-offs during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 totaled $2.9 million compared to net charge-offs of $8.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Noninterest Income

Payment card and service charge income, consulting compliance income, equity method investment income or loss and gains on sale of loans generally account for the majority of our noninterest income. From time to time, we also recognize gains or losses on acquisition and divestiture activity, sales of assets or our investment portfolio.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 totaled $6.7 million and $5.8 million, respectively. The increase in noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily the result of equity method investment income from our mortgage segment of $0.7 million, as compared to a loss of $0.8 million in the prior year period, and an increase of $1.0 million in payment card and service charge income. These increases were partially offset by a decline in other operating income of $1.6 million.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 totaled $21.6 million and $15.3 million, respectively. The increase in noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily the result of a $2.5 million increase in payment card and service charge income and a $0.7 million gain on sale of available-for-sale securities, compared to a $1.5 million loss during the prior year period. There were also losses of $1.0 million on divestiture activity and $1.0 million on the sale of loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, without corresponding losses in the current period. These increases were partially offset by a decline in other operating income of $1.5 million.

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Noninterest Expense

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Noninterest expense was $29.5 million and $30.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decline from the prior period primarily reflects declines of $1.0 million in professional fees and $0.9 million in other operating expenses, partially offset by an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $0.7 million. Approximately 56.7% and 52.1% of noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was related to personnel costs. Personnel costs are a significant part of our noninterest expense as such costs are critical to financial services organizations.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Noninterest expense was $88.6 million and $89.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decline from the prior year period primarily reflects declines of $3.2 million in other operating expenses, $0.8 million in equipment depreciation and maintenance and $0.7 million in travel, entertainment, dues and subscriptions. These declines were partially offset by an increase in professional fees of $3.0 million, incurred to enhance our risk management and compliance-related infrastructure, and an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $0.7 million. Approximately 55.5% and 54.3% of noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was related to personnel costs. Personnel costs are a significant part of our noninterest expense, as such costs are critical to financial services organizations.

Return on Assets and Equity

Assets

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Our return on average assets was 0.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 0.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decreased return in the three months ended September 30, 2024 is the result of a $1.8 million decrease in earnings, while average total assets decreased by $107.3 million, mainly as the result of a $82.8 million decrease in average interest-bearing balances with banks, a $40.2 million decrease in average commercial loans and a $26.7 million decrease in average consumer loans.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Our return on average assets was 0.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 0.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decreased return for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is the result of a $12.7 million decrease in earnings, while average total assets decreased by $35.3 million, mainly the result of a $47.0 million decrease in average consumer loans, a $30.1 million decrease in average real estate loans and a $24.2 million decrease in average commercial loans, offset by a $38.5 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits with banks.

Equity

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Our return on average stockholders’ equity was 2.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 5.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decreased return in the three months ended September 30, 2024 is a result of a $1.8 million decrease in earnings, while average equity increased by $28.4 million.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Our return on average stockholders’ equity was 4.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 11.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decreased return for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is a result of a $12.7 million decrease in earnings, while average equity increased by $17.7 million.

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Statement of Financial Condition

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents totaled $610.9 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $398.2 million at December 31, 2023. We believe the current balance of cash and cash equivalents adequately serves our liquidity and performance needs. Total cash and cash equivalents fluctuate daily due to transactions in process and other liquidity demands.

Investment Securities

Investment securities, including equity securities, totaled $416.6 million at September 30, 2024, compared to $386.4 million at December 31, 2023. The following table presents a summary of the investment securities portfolio as of the periods shown. The available-for-sale securities are reported at estimated fair value.

(Dollars in thousands)						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Available-for-sale securities:
United States government agency securities						$	41,637					$	38,408
United States sponsored mortgage-backed securities						107,278						82,382
United States treasury securities						103,241						100,356
Municipal securities						105,972						106,907
Corporate debt securities						8,451						8,942
Other debt securities						7,500						7,500
Other securities						749						780
Investment securities available-for-sale						$	374,828					$	345,275
Equity securities						$	41,760					$	41,086

Management monitors the earnings performance and liquidity of the investment portfolio on a regular basis through the Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCO”) meetings. The ALCO also monitors net interest income and assists in the management of interest rate risk. Through active balance sheet management and analysis of the investment securities portfolio, sufficient liquidity is maintained to satisfy depositor requirements and the various credit needs of our customers. Management believes the risk characteristics inherent in the investment portfolio are acceptable based on these parameters.

Our equity securities primarily consist of investments in private entities within the Fintech industry and these investments may not be as liquid as our investments in other types of securities.

Loans

Our loan portfolio totaled $2.17 billion as of September 30, 2024 and $2.32 billion as of December 31, 2023. The Bank’s lending is primarily focused in North Central West Virginia, Northern Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The portfolio consists principally of commercial lending, retail lending, which includes single-family residential mortgages, and consumer lending.

For more information regarding our loans, see Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses accompanying the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

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Loan Concentration

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, commercial and non-residential real estate loans comprised the largest component of the loan portfolio. A large portion of commercial loans are secured by real estate and are diverse in terms of geographical location and industry. Loans that are not secured by real estate are typically secured by accounts receivable, mortgages or equipment. While the loan concentration is in commercial loans, the commercial portfolio is comprised of loans to many different borrowers in numerous different industries, generally located in our primary market areas. Additionally, within the commercial portfolio, loans within the healthcare industry, which include loans to physicians, nursing homes and pharmacies, represent 22% of our total loan portfolio as of September 30, 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL was $21.5 million, or 0.99% of loans receivable, at September 30, 2024, compared to $22.1 million, or 0.95% of loans receivable, at December 31, 2023. Over the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the ACL was impacted by an increase in provision needed for individually analyzed loans of $1.8 million. Additionally, over the nine months ended September 30, 2024, changes to the loan portfolio balances, qualitative factor adjustments and expected loss forecasts within the expected credit loss calculation resulted in allowance decreases of $1.6 million to both the consumer segment, which includes the subprime automotive portfolio, and the commercial and industrial segment. This decrease was offset by an increase of $0.7 million in allowance required by the residential segment. The commercial real estate, commercial acquisition, development and construction and home equity line of credit segments required a total of $0.1 million of additional allowance over the same period. Bank management expects that the markets in which it lends will experience economic improvements over the next one to two years, and most decreases in estimated loss rates have been further supported by decreases in loan balances in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This results in marginally lower allocation rates against slightly lower loan balances, resulting in an overall lower allowance needed for the pooled loan portfolio. However, this has been partially offset by the increase in allowance needed by the individually analyzed loans and net-charge-offs. Net charge-offs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included $0.4 million related to five U.S. Small Business Administration loans secured by business assets and $1.0 million related to the subprime consumer automotive segment.

Management continually monitors the risk in the loan portfolio by reviewing of the monthly delinquency reports and the Loan Review Committee. The Loan Review Committee is responsible for determining the adequacy of the ACL. This analysis involves the portfolio's experience to date and the makeup of the overall portfolio. Specific loss estimates are derived for individual loans based on specific criteria such as current delinquent status, related deposit account activity, where applicable, and changes in the local and national economy. When appropriate, we also consider public knowledge and verifiable information from the local market to assess risks to specific loans and the loan portfolios as a whole.

Funding Sources

The Bank considers a number of alternatives including, but not limited to, deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings, when evaluating funding sources. Deposits remain the most significant source of funds, totaling $3.00 billion, or 97.4% of funding sources at September 30, 2024. This same information at December 31, 2023 reflected $2.90 billion in deposits representing 97.1% of funding sources. Borrowings, consisting of subordinated debt, FHLB and other borrowings represented 2.4% of funding sources at September 30, 2024, versus 2.7% at December 31, 2023. Repurchase agreements, which are available to large corporate customers, represented 0.2% of funding sources at September 30, 2024 and 0.2% at December 31, 2023.

At September 30, 2024, noninterest-bearing balances totaled $989.1 million, compared to $1.20 billion at December 31, 2023, or 33.0% and 41.3%, respectively, of total deposits. Interest-bearing deposits totaled $2.01 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $1.70 billion at December 31, 2023.

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The following table presents the balance of each of the deposit categories as of the periods shown:

(Dollars in thousands)						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing demand						$	989,144					$	1,197,272
NOW						615,236						538,444
Savings and money markets						542,227						571,299
Time deposits, including CDs and IRAs						855,041						594,461
Total deposits						$	3,001,648					$	2,901,476
Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit						$	2,703					$	3,150

Average interest-bearing deposits were $1.89 billion during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $1.96 billion during the same time period in 2023 and average noninterest-bearing deposits were $910.79 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $975.2 million during the same time period in 2023.

Average interest-bearing deposits were $1.81 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $1.83 billion during the same time period in 2023 and average noninterest-bearing deposits were $1.11 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $1.11 billion during the same time period in 2023.

The decrease in noninterest bearing deposits is primarily related to our decision to exit the digital asset program. Digital asset program account balances declined $163.2 million as compared to December 31, 2023.

We utilize a custodial deposit transference structure for certain deposit programs whereby we, acting as custodian of account holder funds, place a portion of such account holder funds that are not needed to support near term settlement at one or more third-party banks insured by the FDIC (each, a program bank). Accounts opened at program banks are established in our name as custodian, for the benefit of our account holders. We remain the issuer of all accounts under the applicable account holder agreements and have sole custodial control and transaction authority over the accounts opened at program banks. We maintain the records of each account holder's deposits maintained at program banks. Program banks undergo robust due diligence prior to becoming a program bank and are also subject to continuous monitoring. These off-balance sheet deposits totaled $1.4 billion at September 30, 2024 and $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023 and represent the gaming and banking-as-a-service industries.

Along with traditional deposits, the Bank has access to both short-term borrowings from FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank and overnight repurchase agreements to fund its operations and investments. For details on our borrowings, refer to Note 7 – Borrowed Funds accompanying the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Deposit Concentration

Three of our primary deposit verticals are payments, gaming and banking-as-a-service, with such deposits totaling $504.9 million, $391.4 million and $219.1 million as of September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $449.8 million, $354.1 million and $251.6 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively. Of the gaming deposits, $370.1 million is with our three largest gaming clients at September 30, 2024.

Capital Resources

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, stockholders’ equity increased $13.7 million to $303.2 million. This increase primarily consists of net income of $10.7 million, other comprehensive income of $6.4 million, common stock options exercised of $1.2 million and stock based compensation of $2.5 million, offset by cash dividends paid of $6.5 million.

The growth in assets of $104.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 outpaced the growth in stockholders' equity, and the equity to assets ratio increased from 8.7% at December 31, 2023 to 8.9% at September 30, 2024. We paid dividends to common shareholders of $6.5 million and $6.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, compared to earnings of $10.7 million and $23.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, resulting in the dividend payout ratio increasing to 61.7% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from 27.7% in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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We and the Bank are also subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. The Bank is required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the federal banking agencies. West Virginia state chartered banks, such as the Bank, are subject to similar capital requirements adopted by the West Virginia Division of Financial Institutions. Bank regulators have established “risk-based” capital requirements designed to measure capital adequacy. Risk-based capital ratios reflect the relative risks of various assets companies hold in their portfolios. A weight category of 0% (lowest risk assets), 20%, 50%, 100% or 150% (highest risk assets) is assigned to each asset on the balance sheet. Detailed information concerning our risk-based capital ratios can be found in Supervision and Regulation in Item 1, Business and Note 16 – Regulatory Capital Requirements to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of the 2023 Form 10-K.

The optional community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework, which is issued through interagency guidance, intends to provide a simple alternative measure of capital adequacy for electing qualifying depository institutions as directed under the EGRRCPA. Under the CBLR, if a qualifying depository institution elects to use such measure, such institutions will be considered well capitalized if its ratio of Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets (i.e., leverage ratio) exceeds a 9% threshold, subject to a limited two quarter grace period, during which the leverage ratio cannot go 100 basis points below the then applicable threshold, and will not be required to calculate and report risk-based capital ratios.

The Bank elected to begin using the CBLR for the first quarter of 2021 and intends to utilize this measure for the foreseeable future. Eligibility criteria to utilize the CBLR include the following:

●    Total assets of less than $10 billion;

●    Total trading assets plus liabilities of 5% or less of consolidated assets;

●    Total off-balance sheet exposures of 25% or less of consolidated assets;

●    Cannot be an advanced approaches banking organization; and

●    Leverage ratio greater than 9%.

The Bank's CBLR at September 30, 2024 was 10.9%, which is above the minimum requirement of 9%. Management believes that capital continues to provide a strong base for profitable growth.

Liquidity

Maintenance of a sufficient level of liquidity is a primary objective of the ALCO. Liquidity, as defined by the ALCO, is the ability to meet anticipated operating cash needs, loan demand and deposit withdrawals without incurring a sustained negative impact on net interest income. It is our policy to optimize the funding of the balance sheet, continually balancing the stability and cost factors of various funding sources. We believe liquidity needs are satisfied by the current balance of cash and cash equivalents, readily available access to traditional and non-traditional funding sources and the portions of the investment and loan portfolios that mature within one year. Our liquid assets totaled $645.0 million as of September 30, 2024. These sources of funds should enable us to meet cash obligations as they come due.

The main source of liquidity for the Bank comes through deposit growth. Liquidity is also provided from cash generated from investment maturities, principal payments from loans and income from loans and investment securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash from operating, investing and financing activities totaled $10.3 million, $114.9 million and $87.5 million, respectively. Significant changes in cash flows during the quarter included inflows from the net change in loans of $141.0 million, the net change in deposits of $100.2 million and sales of available-for-sale investment securities of $24.3 million, partially offset by an outflow of $58.0 million to purchase available-for-sale investment securities.

When appropriate, the Bank has the ability to take advantage of external sources of funds such as advances from the FHLB, national market certificate of deposit issuance programs, the Federal Reserve discount window, brokered deposits and Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Services. These external sources often provide attractive interest rates and flexible maturity dates that enable the Bank to match funding with the contractual maturity dates of assets. Securities in the investment portfolio are classified as available-for-sale and can be utilized as an additional source of liquidity.

We have an effective shelf registration covering $75 million of debt and equity securities, all of which is available, subject to authorization from the Board of Directors and market conditions, to issue debt or equity securities at our discretion. While we seek to preserve flexibility with respect to cash requirements, there can be no assurance that market conditions would permit us to sell securities on acceptable terms or at all.

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Current Economic Conditions

We consider North Central West Virginia and Northern Virginia to be our primary market areas for CoRe banking services. We consider our Fintech banking market to be customers located throughout the entire United States.

We believe that the current economic climate in our primary market areas reflects economic climates that are consistent with the general national economic climate. Unemployment in the United States was 3.9% for September 2024 and 3.8% for September 2023.

Supervision and Regulation

In July 2024, the Board of Directors of the FDIC approved a notice of proposed rulemaking (the "NPR"), requesting public comment on proposed revisions to its regulations relating to brokered deposits. The proposed rules set forth in the NPR would, in part, revise the "deposit broker" definition and amend the analysis of the "primary purpose" exception. The NPR also proposes to eliminate the "exclusive deposit placement arrangement exception," as well as make changes to the notice and application process for the primary purpose exception. The proposed rules would also clarify when an insured depository institution can regain status as an "agent institution" under the limited exception for a capped amount of reciprocal deposits.

Elimination of the "exclusive deposit placement arrangement exception" as proposed in the NPR would require the Bank to reevaluate its current classification of certain BaaS deposit and could require the Bank to reclassify those as brokered deposits. We may also be required to reclassify certain BaaS deposits as brokered deposits if the FDIC were to conclude under the existing framework that such deposits should be classified as brokered deposits. The Bank will continue to monitor regulatory guidance on the treatment of deposits in light of the proposed NPR and application of the existing brokered deposit framework by regulators.

We provide additional information on our Supervision and Regulation in our 2023 Form 10-K under “Part I, Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation.”

Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, we offer financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet our customers' financing needs. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the statements of financial condition.

Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. We use the same credit policies when making commitments and conditional obligations as we do for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount and type of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by us upon extension of credit, varies and is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee a customer's performance to a third-party. Standby letters of credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Our policy for obtaining collateral and the nature of such collateral is substantially the same as that involved in making commitments to extend credit.

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Concentration of Credit Risk

We grant a majority of our commercial, financial, agricultural, real estate and installment loans to customers throughout the North Central West Virginia and Northern Virginia markets. Collateral for loans is primarily residential and commercial real estate, personal property and business equipment. We evaluate the creditworthiness of each of our customers on a case-by-case basis and the amount of collateral they obtain is based on management’s credit evaluation.

Contingent Liability

The Bank is involved in various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management and counsel, the outcome of these matters will not have a significant adverse effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments

The Bank has entered into certain agreements that represent off-balance sheet arrangements that could significantly impact the consolidated financial statements and could have a significant impact in future periods. Specifically, the Bank has entered into agreements to extend credit or provide conditional payments pursuant to standby and commercial letters of credit. In addition, the Bank utilizes letters of credit issued by the FHLB to collateralize certain public funds deposits.

Commitments to extend credit, including loan commitments, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit do not necessarily represent future cash requirements, as these commitments often expire without being drawn upon.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to use judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses.

There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates or in the underlying accounting assumptions and estimates used in these critical accounting policies from those disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes contained in the 2023 Form 10-K.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Developments

Recent accounting pronouncements and developments applicable us are described further in Note 1 – Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation accompanying the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

Our market risk is composed primarily of interest rate risk. The ALCO is responsible for reviewing the interest rate sensitivity position and establishing policies to monitor and coordinate our sources, uses and pricing of funds.

The objective of the asset/liability management function is to structure the balance sheet in ways that maintain consistent growth in net interest income and minimize exposure to market risks within our policy guidelines. This objective is accomplished by managing balance sheet liquidity and interest rate risk exposure based on changes in economic conditions, interest rate levels and customer preferences. We manage balance sheet liquidity through the investment portfolio, sales of commercial and residential real estate loans and through the utilization of diversified funding sources, including retail deposits, a variety of wholesale funding sources and borrowings through the FHLB. Interest rate risk is managed through the use of interest rate caps, commercial loan swap transactions, interest rate lock commitments on mortgage loans held-for-sale and the structuring of loan terms that provide cash flows to be consistently re-invested along the rate cycle.

We believe that accepting some level of interest rate risk is necessary to achieve realistic profit goals. Management and our Board of Directors have chosen an interest rate risk profile that is consistent with our strategic business plan. While management carefully monitors the exposure to changes in interest rates and takes actions as warranted to decrease any adverse impact, there can be no assurance about the actual effect of interest rate changes on net interest income.

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Credit Risk

We have counter-party risk which may arise from the possible inability of third-party investors to meet the terms of their forward sales contracts, including derivative contracts such as interest rate swaps and fair value hedges. We work with third-party investors that are generally well-capitalized, are investment grade and exhibit strong financial performance to mitigate this risk. We monitor the financial condition of these third parties on an annual basis and we do not currently expect these third parties to fail to meet their obligations.

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures

As of September 30, 2024, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Based on the results of this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2024.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings

From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to claims, asserted or unasserted, or named as a party to lawsuits or investigations. Litigation, in general, and intellectual property and securities litigation, in particular, can be expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with any certainty, and in the case of more complex legal proceedings, the results can be difficult to predict. We are not aware of any material pending legal proceedings to which we or any of our subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their property is the subject.

Item 1A – Risk Factors

Our operations are subject to many risks that could adversely affect our future financial condition and performance, including the risk factors that are described in the 2023 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed.

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3 – Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5 – Other Information

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6 – Exhibits

Exhibit Number			Description			Exhibit Location
Exhibit 31.1			Certificate of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002			Filed herewith
Exhibit 31.2			Certificate of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002			Filed herewith
Exhibit 32.1			Certificate of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002			Filed herewith
Exhibit 32.2			Certificate of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002			Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.INS			XBRL Instance Document			Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.SCH			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema			Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.CAL			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase			Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.DEF			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase			Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.LAB			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase			Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.PRE			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase			Filed herewith
Exhibit 104			Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)			Filed herewith

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
						MVB Financial Corp.
Date:			November 5, 2024			By:			/s/ Larry F. Mazza
									Larry F. Mazza
									CEO and Director
									(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:			November 5, 2024			By:			/s/ Donald T. Robinson
									Donald T. Robinson
									President and CFO
									(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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