我們將已賺毛保費定義爲該期間內已賺取的毛保費金額。保險保護期內賺取保費通常爲六個月。已賺毛保費包括直接保費和再保險承擔的保費。我們認爲已賺毛保費是一個重要的衡量指標,因爲它讓我們能夠在再保險影響之前評估我們的保費水平。它是我們合併GAAP(美國通用會計原則)營收的主要推動因素。與已賺毛保費的情況類似,我們使用已賺毛保費,排除了保險人轉讓的保費影響,以便管理我們的業務,因爲我們相信這反映了我們客戶獲取活動產生的業務量和直接經濟利益,這與我們的潛在覈保和索賠業務(gross loss ratio和gross LAE)是未來利潤機會的主要推動因素。
Sales and marketing expense increased $20.9 million, or 159.5%, to $34.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $17.7 million increase in direct performance marketing spend to drive accretive growth and deeper market penetration in the states in which we operate. We also experienced a $2.4 million increase in experimental marketing spend as part of our efforts to diversify our distribution channels.
Other Insurance Expense
Other insurance expense increased $4.1 million, or 22.4%, to $22.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by a $5.9 million increase in premium write-offs as a result of greater policies in force. We also experienced a $5.7 million decrease in net ceding commission contra-expense as a result of a decline in ceded premiums written, largely attributable to a strategic reduction of quota share reinsurance in the second half of 2023. In addition, we experienced a $4.0 million increase in commission expenses related to the continued growth in our partnership channel including amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and a $4.0 million increase in premium taxes primarily attributable to an increase in gross premiums earned. We also experienced a $1.5 million increase in policy processing fees as a result of greater premiums earned during the period. This was partially offset by a $6.7 million sales tax refund related to multiple prior years and a $5.0 million decrease in Carvana warrant expense. All short-term warrant expense has been recognized, as a result of all short-term warrants fully vesting. In addition, we experienced a $3.3 million decrease in premium taxes related to low income housing tax credit utilization in the period and a $3.2 million decrease in report costs primarily driven by enhanced efficiency and reduced costs for reports related to new business.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments
Changes in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments increased $6.2 million, or 885.7%, to net unrealized gains of $5.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase is primarily attributable to changes in the interest rate environment.
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Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
The following table presents our results of operations for the periods indicated:
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024
2023
$ Change
% Change
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums earned
$
771.2
$
223.9
$
547.3
244.4
%
Net investment income
27.2
22.5
4.7
20.9
%
Fee income
48.4
13.2
35.2
266.7
%
Other income
3.0
0.6
2.4
400.0
%
Total revenues
849.8
260.2
589.6
226.6
%
Operating expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
541.2
208.6
332.6
159.4
%
Sales and marketing
98.6
22.8
75.8
332.5
%
Other insurance expense
75.1
22.2
52.9
238.3
%
Technology and development
38.6
32.4
6.2
19.1
%
General and administrative
52.7
63.2
(10.5)
(16.6)
%
Total operating expenses
806.2
349.2
457.0
130.9
%
Operating income (loss)
43.6
(89.0)
132.6
149.0
%
Interest expense
(34.8)
(34.4)
(0.4)
1.2
%
Income (loss) before income tax expense
8.8
(123.4)
132.2
107.1
%
Income tax expense
—
—
—
—
%
Net income (loss)
8.8
(123.4)
132.2
107.1
%
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Changes in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments
4.6
(0.8)
5.4
675.0
%
Comprehensive income (loss)
$
13.4
$
(124.2)
$
137.6
110.8
%
Revenue
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned increased $547.3 million, or 244.4%, to $771.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in policies in force as a result of increased direct performance marketing spend, reduced cessions of gross premiums earned to reinsurers between periods and greater premium per policy resulting from rate actions.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we ceded approximately 14.3% and 46.9% of our gross premiums earned, respectively. The change in cessions between periods was primarily driven by a strategic reduction of quota share reinsurance and commutations of certain reinsurance agreements as previously discussed in the second half of 2023.
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The following table presents gross premiums written, ceded premiums written, net premiums written, gross premiums earned, ceded premiums earned and net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024
2023
$ Change
% Change
(dollars in millions)
Gross premiums written
$
970.6
$
503.9
$
466.7
92.6
%
Ceded premiums written
(118.4)
(159.4)
41.0
(25.7)
%
Net premiums written
852.2
344.5
507.7
147.4
%
Gross premiums earned
900.0
421.4
478.6
113.6
%
Ceded premiums earned
(128.8)
(197.5)
68.7
(34.8)
%
Net premiums earned
$
771.2
$
223.9
$
547.3
244.4
%
Gross premiums written increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily due to growth in new writings as a result of increased direct performance marketing spend compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in gross premiums earned was primarily due to greater policies in force and an 11.4% increase in premium per policy primarily attributable to rate actions.
Net Investment Income
Net investment income increased $4.7 million, or 20.9%, to $27.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. This was primarily driven by a $7.1 million increase in interest and dividends received primarily due to a higher average cash balance and a larger investment portfolio. This was partially offset by a $3.1 million impairment related to low income housing tax credits that were utilized in the period.
Fee Income
Fee income increased $35.2 million, or 266.7%, to $48.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by a $20.2 million increase in policy fees due to increased policies in force. We also experienced a $13.0 million increase in installment fees attributable to an increase in collected fees, as a result of increased gross written premium.
Operating Expenses
Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Loss and LAE increased $332.6 million, or 159.4%, to $541.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to additional losses incurred on increased gross premiums earned volume and reduced cessions of losses to reinsurers for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.
Gross accident period loss ratios decreased to 60.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from 64.5% for the same period in 2023. The change in the ratios was driven by growth in average premium per policy primarily attributable to rate actions. This was partially offset by business tenure mix and higher loss costs as a result of increased severity per claim due to higher vehicle repair and medical costs. We estimated a 6% increase in severity per claim and a 3% decrease in claim frequency for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 across our bodily injury, collision, and property damage coverages. The claim frequency estimates are tenure mix adjusted.
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Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expense increased $75.8 million, or 332.5%, to $98.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $69.4 million increase in direct performance marketing spend to drive accretive growth and deeper market penetration in the states in which we operate. We also experienced a $5.2 million increase in experimental marketing spend as part of our efforts to diversify our distribution channels.
Other Insurance Expense
Other insurance expense increased $52.9 million, or 238.3%, to $75.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by a $21.0 million decrease in net ceding commission contra-expense as a result of a decline in ceded premiums written, largely attributable to a strategic reduction of quota share reinsurance in the second half of 2023. We also experienced a $14.8 million increase in premium write-offs as a result of greater policies in force. Commission expenses increased $11.1 million related to the continued growth in our partnership channel including amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs. Premium taxes increased $10.6 million primarily attributable to an increase in gross premiums earned. In addition, we experienced a $5.0 million increase in report costs due to an increase in customer applications and new writings growth and a $4.9 million increase in policy processing fees as a result of greater premium earned during the period. This was partially offset by a $9.5 million decrease in Carvana warrant expense. All short-term warrant expense has been recognized, as a result of all short-term warrants fully vesting. We also recorded a $6.7 million sales tax refund related to multiple prior years. In addition, we experienced a $3.5 million decrease in premium taxes related to low income housing tax credit utilization in the period.
Technology and Development
Technology and development increased $6.2 million, or 19.1%, to $38.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by a $2.5 million increase in Personnel Costs. We also experienced a $2.0 million increase in amortization primarily driven by accelerated amortization of internally developed software and a $1.8 million increase in software development expense as we continue to invest in developing and improving our technology platforms and infrastructure.
General and Administrative
General and administrative decreased $10.5 million, or 16.6%, to $52.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a $9.5 million decrease in legal and professional fees.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The non-GAAP financial measures below have not been calculated in accordance with GAAP and should be considered in addition to results prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, GAAP results. In addition, direct contribution and adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as indicators of our operating performance, liquidity or cash flows generated by operating, investing and financing activities, as there may be significant factors or trends that they fail to address. We caution investors that non-GAAP financial information, by its nature, departs from traditional accounting conventions. Therefore, its use can make it difficult to compare our current results with our results from other reporting periods and with the results of other companies.
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Our management uses these non-GAAP financial measures, in conjunction with GAAP financial measures, as an integral part of managing our business and to, among other things: (1) monitor and evaluate the performance of our business operations and financial performance; (2) facilitate internal comparisons of the historical operating performance of our business operations; (3) facilitate external comparisons of the results of our overall business to the historical operating performance of other companies that may have different capital structures and debt levels; (4) review and assess the performance of our management team, including when determining incentive compensation; (5) analyze and evaluate financial and strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments; and (6) plan for and prepare future annual operating budgets and determine appropriate levels of operating investments.
Direct Contribution
For the definition of direct contribution and why management believes this measure provides useful information to investors, see “—Key Performance Indicators.”
The following table provides a reconciliation of total revenue to direct contribution for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024
2023
2024
2023
(dollars in millions)
Total revenue
$
305.7
$
115.3
$
849.8
$
260.2
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
(184.5)
(85.8)
(541.2)
(208.6)
Other insurance expense
(22.4)
(18.3)
(75.1)
(22.2)
Gross profit
98.8
11.2
233.5
29.4
Net investment income
(8.0)
(9.0)
(27.2)
(22.5)
Adjustments from other insurance expense(1)
11.6
21.7
51.0
49.6
Ceded premiums earned
37.7
59.8
128.8
197.5
Ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses
(22.8)
(34.4)
(78.5)
(118.3)
Net ceding commission and other(2)
(6.8)
(12.3)
(29.4)
(50.8)
Direct contribution
$
110.5
$
37.0
$
278.2
$
84.9
______________
(1) Adjustments from other insurance expense includes report costs, commission expenses related to our partnership channel, certain warrant compensation expense related to policies originating through the integrated automobile insurance solution for Carvana’s online buying platform, Personnel Costs, Overhead, licenses, professional fees and other.
(2) Net ceding commission and other is comprised of ceding commissions received in connection with reinsurance ceded, partially offset by amortization of excess ceding commission and other impacts of reinsurance ceded.
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Adjusted EBITDA
For the definition of adjusted EBITDA and why management believes this measure provides useful information to investors, see “—Key Performance Indicators.”
The following table provides a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024
2023
2024
2023
(dollars in millions)
Net income (loss)
$
22.8
$
(45.8)
$
8.8
$
(123.4)
Adjustments:
Interest expense
10.9
11.1
32.6
32.2
Income tax expense
—
—
—
—
Depreciation and amortization
5.2
2.7
11.9
8.0
Share-based compensation
4.3
4.7
12.7
12.0
Warrant compensation expense
—
5.0
3.8
13.3
Restructuring costs(1)
—
1.9
0.1
9.4
Write-offs and other(2)
(1.6)
1.0
(1.1)
5.9
Adjusted EBITDA
$
41.6
$
(19.4)
$
68.8
$
(42.6)
______________
(1) Restructuring costs consist of employee costs, real estate exit costs and other. This includes share-based compensation of zero for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and zero and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. This also includes depreciation and amortization of zero and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For further information on restructuring costs, see Note 9, “Restructuring Costs,” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2) Write-offs and other primarily reflects legal costs and other items that do not reflect our ongoing operating performance. Legal and other fees related to the 2022 misappropriation of funds by a former senior marketing employee of zero and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $1.0 million and $3.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
General
Since inception, we have financed operations primarily through sales of insurance policies and the net proceeds we have received from our issuance of stock and debt and from sales of investments. Cash generated from operations is highly dependent on being able to efficiently acquire and maintain customers while pricing our insurance products appropriately. We are continuously evaluating alternatives for efficiently funding our ongoing operations and reducing our cost of capital. We expect, from time to time, to engage in a variety of financing transactions for such purposes, including the issuance of stock and debt.
Certain events may impact our liquidity such as the economic instability resulting in acute inflationary pressures, supply chain disruptions, changes in interest rates, changes in equity markets and our utilization of reinsurance. There is a risk of inflation remaining elevated for an extended period, which could cause claims and claim expenses to increase, impact the performance of our investment portfolio or have other adverse effects. Fluctuations in interest rates could impact our cost of capital and may limit our ability to raise additional capital. We utilize reinsurance arrangements to grow our business in a capital-efficient manner and mitigate risk. Over time, our strategy continues to evolve and we may choose to amend, commute, and/or non-renew certain third-party reinsurance agreements, which may result in us retaining more or less of our business in the future. To the extent we retain a larger share of our book of business, our capital requirements may increase.
36
Regulatory Considerations
We are organized as a holding company, but our primary operations are conducted by two of our wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries, Root Insurance Company and Root Property & Casualty Insurance Company, both Ohio-domiciled insurance companies. The payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries is subject to restrictions set forth in the insurance laws and regulations of the State of Ohio. To date, our insurance subsidiaries have not paid any dividends and, as of September 30, 2024, they were not permitted to pay any dividends without approval of the applicable superintendent, commissioner and/or director.
If our insurance subsidiaries’ business grows, the amount of capital we are required to maintain to satisfy our risk-based capital requirements may increase significantly. To comply with these regulations, we may be required to maintain capital in the insurance subsidiaries that we would otherwise invest in our growth and operations. As of September 30, 2024, our insurance subsidiaries maintained a risk-based capital level that is in excess of an amount that would require any corrective actions on our part.
Our wholly-owned, Cayman Islands-based reinsurance subsidiary, Root Reinsurance Company, Ltd., or Root Re, maintains a Class B(iii) insurer license under Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, or CIMA. At September 30, 2024, Root Re was subject to compliance with certain capital levels and a net premiums earned to capital ratio of 15:1, which we maintained as of September 30, 2024. The capital ratio can fluctuate at Root Re’s election, subject to regulatory approval. Root Re’s primary sources of funds are capital contributions from the holding company, assumed insurance premiums and net investment income. These funds are primarily used to pay claims and operating expenses and to purchase investments. Root Re must notify CIMA before it can pay any dividend to the holding company.
Financing Arrangements
On January 26, 2022, we closed on a $300.0 million five-year term loan, or Term Loan. The maturity of the Term Loan is January 27, 2027. Interest is payable quarterly and is determined on a floating interest rate calculated on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, with a 1.0% floor, plus 9.0%.
In October 2024, we entered into the second amendment to the Term Loan, or Amended Term Loan, that resulted in extinguishment of $237.1 million of the Term Loan, modification of $62.9 million of the Term Loan, and new borrowings of $137.1 million from new BlackRock funds. The resulting principal amount under the Amended Term Loan is $200.0 million and has a maturity date of October 29, 2030. Interest is variable and calculated quarterly between SOFR plus 5.25% and SOFR plus 6.00%, with a SOFR floor of 1.00%, based upon the debt-to-capital ratio payable quarterly, in cash.
Liquidity
As of September 30, 2024, we had $674.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, of which $439.2 million was held outside of regulated insurance entities. We also had $274.8 million in marketable securities.
Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of bank deposits and money market funds. Our marketable securities primarily consist of U.S. Treasury securities and agencies, municipal securities, corporate debt securities, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, and other debt obligations.
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to support short-term working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future thereafter.
Our long-term capital requirements depend on many factors, including our insurance premium growth rate, rate adequacy, level of marketing spend, renewal activity, the timing and the amount of cash received from customers, the performance of our products, including the success of our partnership channel, loss cost trends, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the introduction of new and enhanced products, the continuing market adoption of offerings on our platform, operating costs, and the ongoing uncertainty in global markets.
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Tax withholding obligations arise upon vesting of shares of restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units, and these obligations must be satisfied at the time they arise through cash payments remitted to the relevant tax authorities. To the extent we satisfy our tax withholding obligations with respect to these equity compensation awards by withholding shares and remitting cash to the relevant tax authorities, the amount of cash payments due for taxes upon the vesting of such equity compensation awards is dependent on the price of our Class A common stock on the applicable vesting dates and could be substantial. Future obligations could have a negative impact on our liquidity and ability to use funds for operational purposes.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we expect to receive a sales tax refund, including interest, of $7.5 million related to multiple prior years. The sales tax refund was primarily recorded as a contra-expense in other insurance expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Through September 30, 2024, our debt covenants required cash and cash equivalents held in entities other than our insurance subsidiaries to be at least $150.0 million. We had to continue to satisfy the direct contribution to gross premiums earned ratio requirement of greater than 12% at the end of each fiscal quarter in order to maintain the threshold of $150.0 million. If we did not satisfy these requirements, the threshold would have returned to $200.0 million.
Under the Amended Term Loan, our debt covenants require cash and cash equivalents held in entities other than our insurance subsidiaries to be at least $50.0 million.
Through prudent deployment of capital we believe we have sufficient resources, and access to additional debt and equity capital, to adequately meet our obligations as they come due.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flow data for the periods presented:
Nine Months Ended September 30,
2024
2023
(in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
$
126.5
$
(79.7)
Net cash used in investing activities
(114.1)
(46.2)
Net cash used in financing activities
(16.3)
(0.9)
Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $126.5 million compared to $79.7 million of net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was due to an increase in the loss and LAE reserves for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 reflecting the growth in policies in force, higher net income between the periods and timing of reinsurance payments. This was partially offset by timing of reinsurance receipts during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 and the impact of commuting certain agreements with reinsurers in the second half of 2023.
Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $114.1 million compared to $46.2 million of net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to purchases of investments which was partially offset by proceeds from maturities, calls and pay downs of investments.
Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $16.3 million compared to $0.9 million of net cash used in financing activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of shares of RSUs and PSUs during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
38
Material Cash Requirements from Contractual and Other Obligations
There have been no material changes to our contractual and other obligations from those described in our 2023 10-K. We believe we have sufficient resources, and access to additional debt and equity capital, to adequately meet our obligations as they come due.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. We evaluate our significant estimates on an ongoing basis, including, but not limited to, estimates related to reserves for loss and LAE, valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets and allowance for expected credit losses on premium receivables and reinsurance recoverables. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Our critical accounting estimates are described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Estimates,” in our 2023 10-K and the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no material changes to our critical accounting estimates from those discussed in our 2023 10-K.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes in the quantitative and qualitative market risk disclosures included in the 2023 10-K.
40
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2024.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Due to inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are party to litigation and legal proceedings relating to our business operations. While the outcome of all legal actions is not presently determinable, except as noted in Note 11, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, we do not believe that we are party to any current or pending legal action that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations and cash flows.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in the 2023 10-K. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” in the 2023 10-K. You should not interpret the disclosure of any risk factor to imply the risk has not already materialized.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination regarding the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.
Dividend, Repurchase and Working Capital Restrictions
We are a holding company that transacts a majority of its business through operating subsidiaries. Our regulated insurance subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on the dividends they may pay, which could impact our ability to pay dividends to stockholders in the future.
The payment of any extraordinary dividend by one of our regulated insurance subsidiaries requires the prior approval of the superintendent of the supervisory Department of Insurance, or DOI. “Extraordinary dividend” is defined under the Ohio Revised Code as: (i) any dividend or distribution of cash or other property whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of (a) 10% of an insurer’s policyholder surplus as of December 31 of the preceding year, or (b) an insurer’s net income for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year or (ii) any dividend or distribution paid by an insurer from a source other than earned surplus. As of December 31, 2023, neither Root Insurance Company nor Root Property & Casualty Insurance Company were permitted to pay any dividends to us without approval of the superintendent of the supervisory DOI. See the section titled “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — Failure to maintain our risk-based capital at the required levels could adversely affect our ability to maintain regulatory authority to conduct our business,” included in the 2023 10-K.
In addition, insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent a reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels, and there is no assurance that dividends of the maximum amount calculated under any applicable formula would be permitted. The Ohio DOI may, in the future, adopt statutory provisions more restrictive than those currently in effect.
Further, the Amended Term Loan includes covenants that require us to maintain certain levels of liquidity and restrict us from declaring or making cash dividend or other distributions and from repurchasing our common stock outside of the ordinary course of business or in excess of certain specified limits during the term of the Amended Term Loan.
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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information
Second Term Loan Amendment
As described in Note 7, “Long-Term Debt,” above, on September 17, 2024, the Company entered into the First Term Loan Amendment to the Term Loan, which, among other things, provide for greater flexibility for investments in future U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries (as defined in the Amended Term Loan).
As described in Note 14, “Subsequent Events,” above, on October 29, 2024, the Company entered into the Second Term Loan Amendment, which, among other things:
1.reduced the size of the Term Loan from $300.0 million to $200.0 million;
2.extended the maturity date of the Term Loan from January 27, 2027 to October 29, 2030;
3.reduced the applicable margin of the term loan from 9.00% to a rate ranging from 5.25% to 6.00%, depending on the applicable Debt to Capital Ratio (as defined in the Amended Term Loan);
4.reinstated a prepayment premium of 2.00% during the period from and after October 29, 2024 to but not including October 29, 2025, 1.00% during the period from and after October 29, 2025 to but not including October 29, 2026, and no prepayment premium thereafter;
5.added a Direct Contribution to Gross Earned Premium Ratio (as defined in the Amended Term Loan) financial covenant;
6.reduced the minimum liquidity covenant from $150.0 million to $50.0 million as set forth in the Amended Term Loan and the heading “Liquidity” in Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations herein; and
7.increased the minimum Regulated Subsidiary Equity (as defined in the Amended Term Loan) covenant from $100.0 million to $125.0 million.
In connection with the Second Term Loan Amendment, on October 29, 2024, the Company also entered into (i) amendments (the “Tranche 1 Warrant Amendments”) to the Tranche 1 Warrants (as defined in the Form 8-K of the Company dated January 26, 2022) to set an expiration date as of January 26, 2027 and (ii) an amended and restated Board Observation Side Letter (the “Amended and Restated Observer Letter”), which amends and restates the Observer Letter (as defined in the Form 8-K of the Company dated January 26, 2022) to change the BlackRock lender entities that are party thereto.
The foregoing description of the First Term Loan Amendment, the Second Term Loan Amendment, the Tranche 1 Warrant Amendments and the Amended and Restated Observer Letter does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the First Term Loan Amendment, the Second Term Loan Amendment, the form of Tranche 1 Warrant Amendments and the Amended and Restated Observer Letter which are filed as Exhibits 10.1, 10.2, 4.5, and 10.3 respectively, to this Form 10-Q and are incorporated herein by reference.
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
None of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted, modified, or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K) during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2024.
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
* The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates them by reference.
**Schedules and exhibits to this Exhibit omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5) and (b)(10). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.