TABLE OF CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

Immutep Limited (ABN 90 009 237 889) was incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia on May 21, 1987. The principal listing of our ordinary shares is the Australian Securities Exchange, or ASX. We filed a registration statement on Form 20-F with respect to our ordinary shares with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, which was declared effective on April 12, 2012. Our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each of which represents 10 of our ordinary shares, are listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, or NASDAQ, under the symbol “IMMP”. The Bank of New York Mellon acts as our depositary and registers and delivers our ADSs. As used in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, the terms “we,” “us,” “our”, “Immutep” and the “Company” mean Immutep Limited and its subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated.

FINANCIAL AND OTHER

INFORMATION

Our consolidated financial statements appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are prepared in Australian dollars and in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. Our consolidated financial statements appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F comply with both the IFRS and Australian Accounting Standards. In this Annual Report, all references to “U.S. dollars” or “US$” are to the currency of the United States, all references to “euro”, “€” or “EUR” are to the currency of certain states of the European Union, all references to “£” or “GBP” are to the currency of the United Kingdom and all references to “Australian dollars” or “$” or “A$” are to the currency of Australia. In this Annual Report, “fiscal year” refers to the period between July 1 and June 30 of the following year.

Statements made in this Annual Report on Form 20-F concerning the contents of any contract, agreement or other document are summaries of such contracts, agreements or documents and are not complete descriptions of all of their terms. If we filed any of these documents as an exhibit to this Annual Report or to any registration statement that we previously filed, you may read the document itself for a complete description of its terms.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING

STATEMENTS

Except for the historical information contained in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, the statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are “forward-looking statements” which reflect our current view with respect to future events and financial results. We urge you to consider that statements which use the terms “anticipate,” “believe,” “do not believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements and these forward-looking statements, include, without limitation, any statements relating to:

We remind investors that forward-looking statements are merely predictions and therefore inherently subject to uncertainties and other factors and involve known and unknown risks that could cause the actual results, performance, levels of activity, our achievements or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance, levels of activity, or our achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no obligation to publicly release any update or revision to any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, future events, or circumstances, or otherwise after the date hereof. Please see the Risk Factors section that appears in “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors.”

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PART I

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

The following risks relate specifically to our business and should be considered carefully. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed by any of the following risks. As a result, the trading price of our ordinary shares and our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, could decline and the holders could lose part or all of their investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of operating losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have experienced significant recurring operating losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since inception. For example, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we had net losses of A$42.7 million and A$39.9 million, respectively.

We are a development stage biotech company developing pharmaceutical product candidates and the success of our product candidates is therefore uncertain. We focus on the development of immunotherapeutic products for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. We, and our partners, have five programs under development: eftilagimod alpha (International Nonproprietary Name (INN): eftilagimod alfa) (also known as “efti” or “IMP321”), IMP701 (also known as “LAG525” or INN: ieramilimab ), IMP731 (also known as “GSK’781”), a very early stage anti-LAG-3 small molecule program and IMP761, all of which are related to lymphocyte activation gene 3, or LAG-3, a gene linked to the regulation of T cells in immune responses.

We expect to continue to incur losses from operations for the foreseeable future and expect the costs of drug development to increase in the future as more patients are recruited to our clinical trials. In particular, we expect to continue to incur significant losses in carrying out clinical trials of efti and IMP761 as well as from ongoing research and preclinical development in terms of immunotherapy product candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development, manufacturing, sales, and marketing of therapeutic products such as efti and IMP761, we may experience larger than expected future losses and may never become profitable.

Moreover, there is a substantial risk that we, or our development or collaboration partners, may not be able to complete the development of our current product candidates or develop other pharmaceutical products. It is possible that none of them will be successfully commercialized, which would prevent us from ever achieving profitability.

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We have no medicinal products approved for commercial sale and no source of consistent material revenue.

Currently, we have no products approved for commercial sale and to date have not generated material revenue from product sales. We are largely dependent on the future success of our product candidates.

The LAG-3 related product candidates were acquired by us through the acquisition of the French privately owned and venture capital backed company Immutep S.A., a biopharmaceutical company in the field of Immuno-Oncology in December 2014. This acquisition significantly expanded our clinical development product portfolio to other categories of immunotherapies. It also provided the business with partnerships with two of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies.

We have five LAG-3 product candidates or programs. The most advanced of the five is efti (INN: eftilagimod alfa). Efti is a recombinant protein typically used in conjunction with other therapies (e.g., chemotherapy or other immunotherapy) to amplify a patient’s immune response. We entered into three clinical trial collaboration and supply agreements with Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway/Kenilworth, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada), through a subsidiary, to evaluate the combination of our immune activator, efti, with MSD’s anti-PD-1 therapy pembrolizumab in Phase II and Phase III clinical trials. We also entered into two clinical trial collaboration and supply agreements with Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and Pfizer for Phase I clinical trials to evaluate the clinical benefits of combining our immune activator, efti, with avelumab, a PD-L1 blocking antibody. In China, the development and manufacturing of efti is being conducted in conjunction with our licensee EOC Pharma.

Our second LAG-3 product candidate is IMP701 (INN: ieramilimab), an antagonist antibody that acts to stimulate T cell proliferation in cancer patients. IMP701 was licensed to CoStim Pharmaceuticals, which was subsequently acquired by Novartis. Novartis is solely responsible for development and manufacturing of IMP701. Our third LAG-3 product candidate is IMP731, a depleting antibody that could remove T cells involved in autoimmunity. IMP731 was licensed to a major pharmaceutical company and is now being transferred back to Immutep. Our fourth LAG-3 product candidate is IMP761, an earlier-stage product candidate which is being developed as our first agonist antibody of LAG-3. A small molecule anti-LAG-3 program is at an early research stage. In addition to these products, Immutep has a dedicated R&D laboratory close to Paris with ongoing research capabilities as well as external research collaborations. Immutep also currently generates modest income from sales of LAG-3 research reagents.

Our ability to generate potential future product revenue depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to our ability to:

There can be no assurance that our or our partners’ ability to develop any product candidate will be successful, or that our ability to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals with respect to any of the foregoing will be successful. As a result, the prolonged inability to generate revenue may adversely impact our business operations.

The increase in expenses may adversely impact our business if our sources of funding and revenue are insufficient.

We anticipate that as the costs related to the clinical trials for efti will increase, we will require additional funds to achieve our long-term goals of commercialization and further development of efti and other product candidates. In addition, we will require funds to pursue regulatory applications, defend intellectual property rights, increase contracted manufacturing capacity, potentially develop marketing and sales capability and fund operating expenses. We intend to seek such additional funding through public or private financing and/or through licensing of our assets or other arrangements with corporate partners. However, such financing, licensing opportunities or other arrangements may not be available from any sources on acceptable terms, or at all. Any shortfall in funding could result in us having to curtail or cease our operations including research and development activities, thereby harming our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product candidate development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Our expenses could significantly increase beyond current expectations if the applicable regulatory authorities require further studies in addition to those currently anticipated. In any case, even if our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with the commercial launch of such products and there can be no guarantee that we will ever generate significant revenues.

We will require additional financing and may be unable to raise sufficient capital, which could have a material impact on our research and development programs or commercialization of our products or product candidates.

We have historically devoted most of our financial resources to research and development, including pre-clinical and clinical development and manufacturing activities. To date, we have financed a significant amount of our operations through public and private financing. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financing or strategic collaborations. The amount of such future net losses, as well as the possibility of future profitability, will also depend on our success in

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developing and commercializing products that generate significant revenue. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our ordinary shares or ADSs and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product offerings, or even continue our operations.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially for the foreseeable future if, and as, we:

Until our product candidates become commercially available, we will need to obtain additional funding in connection with the further development of our product candidates. Our ability to obtain additional financing will be subject to a number of factors, including market conditions, our operating performance and investor sentiment. As such, additional financing may not be available to us when needed, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts or obtain funds by entering agreements on unattractive terms. Our resource allocation decisions and the elimination of development programs may result in the failure to capitalize on profitable market opportunities. Furthermore, any additional equity fundraising in the capital markets may be dilutive for shareholders and any debt-based funding may bind us to restrictive covenants and curb our operating activities and ability to pay potential future dividends even when profitable. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, we will be prevented from pursuing research and development efforts. This could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the price of our common stock and ADSs to fall.

If we are unable to secure sufficient capital to fund our operations, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to third parties to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. For example, additional strategic collaborations could require us to share commercial rights to our product candidates with third parties in ways that we do not intend currently or on terms that may not be favorable to us. Moreover, we may also have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, and patients who do enroll could discontinue their participation, which could delay or prevent completion of clinical trials for our product candidates or make those trials more expensive to undertake.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in current and any future clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends, among other things, on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates. Patients may be unwilling to participate in any future clinical trials because of negative publicity from adverse events in the biotechnology industry. Patients may be unavailable for other reasons, including competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, and the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials, and obtaining regulatory approval of potential products may be delayed. If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct any future clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay, limit, or discontinue those clinical trials. Clinical trial delays could result in increased costs, slower product development, setbacks in testing the safety and effectiveness of our technology or discontinuation of the clinical trials altogether.

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We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics to achieve diversity in a trial, to complete any future clinical trials in a timely manner. Patient enrollment is affected by factors including:

If we are unable to successfully develop related diagnostics for our therapeutic product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not achieve marketing approval or realize the full commercial potential of our therapeutic product candidates.

We may have to develop related diagnostics for some of our therapeutic product candidates. Such related diagnostics are subject to regulation by the FDA and typically to comparable foreign regulatory authorities and typically require separate regulatory approval or clearance prior to commercialization. Marketing approval or clearance of the diagnostic will require sufficient data to support its safety and efficacy. In addition, at least in some cases, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require the development and regulatory approval or clearance of a related diagnostic as a condition to approving our therapeutic product candidates. While we have some limited experience in developing diagnostics, we plan to rely in large part on third parties to perform these functions. We may seek to enter into arrangements with one or more third parties to create a related diagnostic for use with our current or future product candidates.

If we or any third parties that we engage to assist us, are unable to successfully develop or obtain marketing approval or clearance for related diagnostics for our therapeutic product candidates, or experience delays in doing so:

If any of these events were to occur, our business would be harmed.

We are exposed to significant risks related to our ongoing research and development efforts and might not be in a position to successfully develop any product candidate. Any failure to implement our business strategy could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The development and commercialization of efti, IMP701, IMP731 and IMP761, or any other product candidate we may develop, is subject to many risks, including:

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If any of these risks materializes, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully develop and commercialize efti and IMP761, or any other product candidate we or our partners may develop, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Positive results from preclinical studies of our product candidates are not necessarily predictive of the results of our planned clinical trials of our product candidates.

Positive results in preclinical proof of concept and animal studies of our product candidates are not necessarily predictive of positive results in clinical trials in humans. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials after achieving positive results in preclinical development or early-stage clinical trials, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. These setbacks can be caused by, among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway or safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including adverse events. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain FDA or other regulatory authority approval. If we fail to produce positive results in our clinical trials of our product candidates, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for our product candidates, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, would be negatively impacted.

We may not make acquisitions in the future, or if we do, we may not be successful in integrating the acquired company, either of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

Identifying strategic acquisitions is often a part of the biotech industry. There is, however, no assurance that we will be successful in identifying, negotiating, or consummating any future acquisitions. If we fail to make any future acquisitions, our growth rate could be materially and adversely affected. Any additional acquisitions we undertake could involve the dilutive issuance of equity securities, incurring indebtedness and/or incurring large one-time expenses. In addition, acquisitions involve numerous risks, including difficulties in assimilating the acquired company’s operations, the diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns, risks of entering into markets in which we have had no or only limited direct

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experience, and the potential loss of customers, key employees and drivers of the acquired company, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and operating results. If we make acquisitions in the future, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully integrate the acquired companies or assets into our business, which would have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Ongoing and future clinical trials of product candidates may not show sufficient safety or efficacy to obtain requisite regulatory approvals for commercial sale.

Phase I and Phase II clinical trials are not primarily designed to test the efficacy of a product candidate but rather to test safety and to understand the product candidate’s side effects at various doses and schedules. Furthermore, success in preclinical and early clinical trials does not ensure that later large-scale trials will be successful, nor does it predict final results. Acceptable results in early trials may not be repeated in later trials. Further, Phase III clinical trials may not show sufficient safety or efficacy to obtain regulatory approval for marketing. In addition, clinical results are frequently susceptible to varying interpretations that may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals. Negative or inconclusive results or adverse medical events during a clinical trial could require that the clinical trial be redone or terminated. The length of time necessary to complete clinical trials and to submit an application for marketing approval by applicable regulatory authorities may also vary significantly based on the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate involved, as well as other factors. If we suffer any significant delays, quality issues, setbacks or negative results in, or termination of, our clinical trials, we may be unable to continue the development of our products or product candidates or generate revenue and our business may be severely harmed.

If we do not obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, we will be unable to commercialize our products.

The clinical development, manufacturing, sales and marketing of our products are subject to extensive regulation by regulatory authorities in the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Australia and elsewhere. Despite the substantial time and expense invested in preparation and submission of a Biologic License Application or equivalents in other jurisdictions, regulatory approval is never guaranteed. The number, size and design of preclinical studies and clinical trials that will be required will vary depending on the product, the disease or condition for which the product is intended to be used and the regulations and guidance documents applicable to any particular product. The FDA or other regulators can delay, limit or deny approval of a product for many reasons, including, but not limited to, the fact that regulators may not approve our or a third-party manufacturer’s processes or facilities or that new laws may be enacted or regulators may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations requiring new or different evidence of safety and efficacy for the intended use of a product.

Efti and our other product candidates are undergoing clinical trials; however, successful results in the trials and in the subsequent application for marketing approval are not guaranteed. Without additional clinical trials any other product candidate in the current portfolio cannot obtain a regulatory approval. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approvals, we will not be able to generate revenue from this product candidate or any other candidate. Even if we receive regulatory approval for efti or any other product candidate, our profitability will depend on our ability to generate revenues from their sale or the licensing of our technology.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, it may still face development and regulatory difficulties that may delay or impair future sales of product candidates.

Even if we or our licensing partners receive regulatory approval to sell efti or any other product candidate, the relevant regulatory authorities may, nevertheless, impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses, manufacturing, labelling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and record keeping or impose ongoing requirements for post-approval studies. In addition, regulatory agencies subject a marketed product, its manufacturer and the manufacturer’s facilities to continual review and periodic inspections. Previously unknown problems with the product candidate, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, may result in restrictions on the marketing of the product, and could include withdrawal of the product from the market. In addition, new statutory or regulatory requirements could be enacted that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our products.

We have limited manufacturing experience with our product candidates.

We have no manufacturing capabilities and are dependent on third parties for cost effective manufacture and manufacturing process development of the company’s product candidates. Problems with third party manufacturers or the manufacturing process, or the scaling up of manufacturing activities as such may delay clinical trials and commercialization of our product candidates. To minimize the chance of these kinds of disruption, we enter into advance purchase agreements for reagents wherever possible.

Biological product candidates like efti or IMP761 usually have more complicated manufacturing procedures than chemically produced therapies. The change of manufacturing partners, manufacturing process changes or changes of other nature could impact the product quality and affect the comparability of different product batches. An inability to demonstrate comparability between batches produced before and after any such above mentioned change could significantly impact the development timelines and could even lead to a situation where regulatory bodies require additional or new pre-clinical or clinical development.

To the extent we rely significantly on contractors, we will be exposed to risks related to the business and operational conditions of our contractors.

We are a small company, with few internal staff and limited facilities. We are and will be required to rely on a variety of contractors to manufacture and transport our products, to perform clinical testing and to prepare regulatory dossiers. Adverse events that affect one or more of our contractors could adversely affect us, such as:

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We depend on and will continue to depend on collaborations and strategic alliances with third parties. To the extent we are able to enter into collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances, we will be exposed to risks related to those collaborations and alliances.

An important element of our strategy for developing, manufacturing and commercializing our product candidates is entering into partnerships and strategic alliances with other pharmaceutical companies or other industry participants. For example, we currently have collaborative arrangements with EOC Pharma for the development of efti for China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Any revenues from sales of any of our partnered product candidates will depend on the success of the collaboration partner.

Any partnerships or alliances we have or may have in the future may be terminated for reasons beyond our control or we may not be able to negotiate future alliances on acceptable terms, if at all. These arrangements may result in us receiving less revenue than if we sold our products directly, may place the development, sales and marketing of our products outside of our control, may require us to relinquish important rights or may otherwise be on unfavorable terms. Collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances will also subject us to a number of risks, including the risk that:

Because we rely on third-party manufacturing and supply partners, our supply of research and development, preclinical and clinical development materials may become limited or interrupted or may not be of satisfactory quantity or quality.

We rely on third-party supply and manufacturing partners to manufacture and supply the materials for our research and development and preclinical and clinical study supplies. We do not own manufacturing facilities or supply sources for such materials.

There can be no assurance that our supply of research and development, preclinical and clinical development biologics and other materials will not be limited, interrupted or restricted in certain geographic regions, be of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. Replacement of a third-party manufacturer could require significant effort, considerable time, cost and expertise because there may be a limited number of qualified replacements.

The manufacturing process for a product candidate is subject to FDA and foreign regulatory authority review. Suppliers and manufacturers must meet applicable manufacturing requirements and undergo rigorous facility and process validation tests required by regulatory authorities in order to comply with regulatory standards, such as cGMP. In the event that any of our suppliers or manufacturers fails to comply with such requirements or to perform its obligations to us in relation to quality, timing or otherwise, or if our supply of components or other materials becomes limited or interrupted for other reasons, we may be forced to manufacture the materials ourselves or enter into an agreement with another third party, which would be costly and delay any future clinical trials.

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In some cases, the technical skills or technology required to manufacture our product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original manufacturer and we may have difficulty, or there may be contractual restrictions prohibiting us from, transferring such skills or technology to another third party. These factors increase our reliance on our manufacturers and may require us to obtain a license from a manufacturer in order to have another third-party manufacture our product candidates. If we are required to change manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations and guidelines of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The delays and costs associated with the verification of a new manufacturer could increase our costs and delay the development of our product candidates.

We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for preclinical and clinical grade product candidates and if we receive regulatory approval for commercial supply of any product candidate. To the extent that we have existing or enter into future manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we will depend on these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner consistent with contractual and regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and assurance. If we are unable to obtain or maintain third-party manufacturing for product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our product candidates successfully. Our or a third party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

We and our collaborators may disagree over our right to receive payments under our collaboration agreements, potentially resulting in costly litigation and loss of reputation.

Our ability to receive payments under our collaboration agreements depends on our ability to clearly delineate our rights under those agreements. We have out-licensed portions of our intellectual property to our collaborators with the intent that our collaborators will develop product candidates. However, a collaborator may use our intellectual property without our permission, dispute our ownership of intellectual property rights, or argue that our intellectual property does not cover, or add value to, any product candidates they develop. If a dispute arises, it may result in costly patent office procedures and litigation, and our collaborator may refuse to pay us while the dispute is ongoing. Furthermore, regardless of any resort to legal action, a dispute with a collaborator over intellectual property rights may damage our relationship with that collaborator and may also harm our reputation in the industry. Even if we are entitled to payments from our collaborators, we may not actually receive these payments, or we may experience difficulties in collecting the payments to which we believe we are entitled. After our collaborators launch commercial products containing our licensed intellectual property, we will need to rely on the good faith of our collaborators to report to us the sales they earn from these products and to accurately calculate the payments we are entitled to, a process that will involve complicated and difficult calculations. Although we seek to address these concerns in our collaboration agreements by reserving our right to audit financial records, such provisions may not be effective.

Our research and development efforts will be jeopardized if we are unable to retain key personnel and cultivate key academic and scientific collaborations.

Changes in our senior management may be disruptive to our business and may adversely affect our operations. For example, when we have changes in senior management positions, we may elect to adopt different business strategies or plans. Any new strategies or plans, if adopted, may not be successful and if any new strategies or plans do not produce the desired results, our business may suffer.

Moreover, competition among biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies for qualified employees is intense and as such we may not be able to attract and retain personnel critical to our success. Our success depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and scientific personnel, manufacturing personnel, sales and marketing personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with clinicians, scientists and leading academic and health institutions. If we fail to identify, attract, retain and motivate these highly skilled personnel, we may be unable to continue our product development and commercialization activities.

In addition, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our product candidates may be or become uncompetitive. To remain competitive, we must employ and retain suitably qualified staff that are continuously educated to keep pace with changing technology but may not be in a position to do so.

Future potential sales of our products may suffer if they are not accepted in the marketplace by physicians, patients and the medical community.

There is a risk that efti or any other product candidate may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients and the medical community, even if they are approved by the regulatory authorities. The degree of market acceptance of any of our approved products will depend on a variety of factors, including:

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Physicians, patients, payers or the medical community may be unwilling to accept, use or recommend our product candidates which would adversely affect our potential revenues and future profitability.

We face competition from entities that have developed or may develop product candidates for our target disease indications, including companies developing novel treatments and technology platforms based on modalities and technology similar to ours.

The development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products is highly competitive. We compete with a variety of multinational pharmaceutical companies and specialized biotechnology companies, as well as technology being developed at universities and other research institutions. Our competitors have developed, are developing or could develop product candidates and processes competitive with our product candidates. Competitive therapeutic treatments include those that have already been approved and accepted by the medical community, patients and third-party payers, and any new treatments that enter the market.

There may be a significant number of products that are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of conditions for which we are developing, and may in the future try to develop, product candidates.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales and supply resources and experience than we have. If we successfully obtain approval for any product candidate, we will face competition based on many different factors, including the safety and effectiveness of our products, the ease with which our products can be administered and the extent to which patients accept relatively new routes of administration, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage and patent position.

Competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including by being more effective, safer, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we may develop. Competitive products may make any products we develop obsolete or non-competitive before we recover the expense of developing and commercializing our product candidates. Such competitors could also recruit our employees, which could negatively impact our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan.

If healthcare insurers and other organizations do not pay for our products or if they impose limits on reimbursement, our future business may suffer.

Our product candidates may be rejected by the market due to many factors, including cost. The continuing efforts of governments, insurance companies and other payers of healthcare costs to contain or reduce healthcare costs may affect our future revenues and profitability. In Australia and certain foreign markets, the pricing of pharmaceutical products is already subject to government control. We expect initiatives for similar government control to continue in the United States and elsewhere. The adoption of any such legislative or regulatory proposals could harm our business and prospects.

Successful commercialization of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the cost of our products and related treatment will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Our product candidates may not be considered cost-effective, and reimbursement may not be available to consumers or may not be sufficient to allow our products to be marketed on a competitive basis. Third-party payers are increasingly challenging the price of medical products and treatment. If third party coverage is not available for our products the market acceptance of these products will be reduced. Cost-control initiatives could decrease the price we might establish for products, which could result in product revenues being lower than anticipated. If the price for our product candidates decreases or if government and other third-party payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement levels our potential revenue and prospects for profitability will suffer.

We may be exposed to product liability claims which could harm our business.

The testing, marketing and sale of therapeutic products entails an inherent risk of product liability. We rely on a number of third-party researchers and contractors to produce, collect, and analyze data regarding the safety and efficacy of our product candidates. We also have quality control and quality assurance in place to mitigate these risks, as well as professional liability and clinical trial insurance to cover financial damages in the event that human testing is done incorrectly, or the data is analyzed incorrectly.

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Notwithstanding our control procedures, we may face product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials. If any of our products are approved for sale, we may face exposure to claims by an even greater number of people than were involved in the clinical trials once marketing, distribution and sales of our products begin. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

With respect to product liability claims, we could face additional liability beyond insurance limits if testing mistakes were to endanger any human subjects. In addition, if a claim is made against us in conjunction with these research testing activities, the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs may be negatively affected.

We and our development partners, third-party manufacturers and suppliers use biological materials and may use hazardous materials, and any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming or costly.

We and our development partners, third-party manufacturers and suppliers may use hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological agents and compounds that could be dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. Our operations and the operations of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers may also produce hazardous waste products. National, State and local laws and regulations in the United States, Australia and other countries govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our product development and commercialization efforts. In addition, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. We do not carry specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, and our property, casualty and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and any future clinical trials, regulatory approvals or product commercialization progress could be suspended.

The outbreak of war, a pandemic or macroeconomic factors, could adversely impact our business, including our non-clinical studies and clinical trials.

Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks might adversely impact our business. For example, in 2020, a novel strain of coronavirus, COVID-19, spread throughout the world.

As a result of a similar pandemic, the outbreak of war or macroeconomic factors, we could experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials, including:

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In addition, the trading prices for our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, and for the securities of other biotech companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak of war in Ukraine, hostilities in the Middle East and macroeconomic factors, such as inflation and interest rates . As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital through sales of our ADSs or such sales may be on unfavorable terms. The extent to which these factors may impact our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.

Despite the implementation of cyber security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants are potentially vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Such events could cause interruptions of our operations. For example, the loss of preclinical data or data from any current or future clinical trial involving our product candidates could result in delays in our development and regulatory filing efforts and significantly increase our costs. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the development of our product candidates could be delayed.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technology.

Our success is to a certain degree also dependent on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection or where applicable, to receive/maintain orphan drug designation/status and resulting marketing exclusivity for our product candidates.

We may be materially adversely affected by our failure or inability to protect our intellectual property rights. Without the granting of these rights, the ability to pursue damages for infringement would be limited. Similarly, any know-how that is proprietary or particular to our technologies may be subject to risk of disclosure by employees or consultants despite having confidentiality agreements in place.

Any future success will depend in part on whether we can obtain and maintain patents to protect our own products and technologies; obtain licenses to the patented technologies of third parties; and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of third parties. Biotechnology patent matters can involve complex legal and scientific questions, and it is impossible to predict the outcome of biotechnology and pharmaceutical patent claims. Any of our future patent applications may not be approved, or we may not develop additional products or processes that are patentable. Some countries in which we may sell our product candidate or license our intellectual property may fail to protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the protection that may be afforded in the United States or Australia. Some legal principles remain unresolved and there has not been a consistent policy regarding the breadth or interpretation of claims allowed in patents in the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Australia or elsewhere. In addition, the specific content of patents and patent applications that are necessary to support and interpret patent claims is highly uncertain due to the complex nature of the relevant legal, scientific and factual issues. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union or elsewhere may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection. Even if we are able to obtain patents, they may not issue them in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. We may also fail to take the required actions or pay the necessary fees to maintain our patents.

Moreover, any of our pending applications may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, the European Patent Office, or EPO, the Australian Patent and Trademark Office and/or any patents issuing thereon may become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter parties review, post grant review, interference proceedings or other patent office proceedings or litigation, in the United States or elsewhere, challenging our patent rights. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, and allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to exploit our intellectual property or develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

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The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to the inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S., the EU, Australia and elsewhere. Such challenges may result in loss of ownership or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

In addition, other companies may attempt to circumvent any regulatory data protection or market exclusivity that we obtain under applicable legislation, which may require us to allocate significant resources to prevent such circumvention. Such developments could enable other companies to circumvent our intellectual property rights and use our clinical trial data to obtain marketing authorizations in the EU, Australia and in other jurisdictions. Such developments may also require us to allocate significant resources to prevent other companies from circumventing or violating our intellectual property rights.

Our attempts to prevent third parties from circumventing our intellectual property and other rights may ultimately be unsuccessful.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products, such that we could be required to litigate with or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our products. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

Our commercial success may somewhat depend upon our future ability and the ability of our potential collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing valid intellectual property rights of third parties.

If a third-party intellectual property right exists it may require the pursuit of litigation or administrative proceedings to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned, or entry into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

Third-party intellectual property right holders, including our competitors, may bring infringement claims against us. We may not be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims or otherwise resolve such claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from, or experience substantial delays in, marketing our product candidate.

If we fail to settle or otherwise resolve any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we or our potential collaborators may be prohibited from commercializing any product candidates we may develop that are held to be infringing, for the duration of the patent term. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our formulations so that we no longer infringe such third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Because we rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and because we collaborate with various organizations and academic institutions on the advancement of our technology and product candidates, we may, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, such as trade secrets. Despite these contractual provisions, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by potential competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, discovery by a third party of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our intellectual property rights and protections in our product candidates.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Our academic collaborators typically have rights to publish data, provided that we are notified in advance and may delay publication for a specified time in order to secure our intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration. In other cases, publication rights are controlled exclusively by us. In other cases, we may share these rights with other parties. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of these agreements, independent development or publication of information including our trade secrets in cases where we do not have proprietary or otherwise protected rights at the time of publication.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and applications are required to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and applications.

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The USPTO and various corresponding governmental patent agencies outside of the United States require compliance with a number of procedurals, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process and after a patent has issued. There are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect and defend our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or other intellectual property and we may inadvertently infringe the patent or intellectual property of others. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file claims, and any related litigation and/or prosecution of such claims can be expensive and time consuming. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their intellectual property. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid in whole or in part, unenforceable, or construe the patent’s claims narrowly allowing the other party to commercialize competing products on the grounds that our patents do not cover such products.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. The effects of patent litigation or other proceedings could therefore have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Even if eventually resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause our equity value on listed markets to precipitously decline, and remain depressed for a prolonged period, on anticipation by the market that we will not be able to sell our product or that we will incur significant financial penalties based on an unfavorable legal ruling. Such depression of our equity value could have significant effects on our ability to raise additional capital, license our products or remain in business.

If we do not obtain patent term extension for our products, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any products we may develop, we may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984 (“Hatch-Waxman Act”). The Hatch- Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the drug testing phase and the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed. Other jurisdictions including Australia, Europe and Japan have similar extension of term provisions, whilst other countries do not have any such provisions.

Confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, advisors and consultants may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and protect other proprietary information.

We consider proprietary trade secrets and/or confidential know-how and unpatented know-how to be important to our business. We may rely on trade secrets and/or confidential know-how to protect our technology, especially where patent protection is believed by us to be of limited value. However, trade secrets and/or confidential know-how can be difficult to maintain as confidential.

To protect this type of information against disclosure or appropriation by competitors, our policy is to require our employees, advisors and consultants to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with us. However, current or former employees, advisors and consultants may unintentionally or willfully disclose our confidential information to competitors, and confidentiality and invention assignment agreements may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Enforcing a claim that a third-party obtained illegally and is using trade secrets and/or confidential know-how is expensive, time consuming and unpredictable. The enforceability of confidentiality and invention assignment agreements may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

Failure to obtain or maintain trade secrets and/or confidential know-how trade protection could adversely affect our competitive position. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and may even apply for patent protection in respect of the same. If successful in obtaining such patent protection, our competitors could limit our use of our trade secrets and/or confidential know- how.

Intellectual property rights do not address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

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Changes in patent laws or patent jurisprudence could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products or product candidate.

As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and exploiting patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity. Therefore, obtaining and exploiting biopharmaceutical patents is costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations.

In addition, the America Invents Act, or AIA, which was signed into law on September 16, 2011, significantly changed the U.S. patent system. In addition to transitioning from a “first-to-invent” to “first-to-file” system, the AIA introduced new definitions of prior art and provides opportunities for third parties to challenge issued patents in the USPTO via post-grant review or inter partes review. All of our U.S. patents, even those issued before the introduction of the AIA, may be challenged by a third party seeking to institute inter partes review.

Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could continue to change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to exploit our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. Similarly, the complexity and uncertainty of European patent law has increased in recent years. For example, a new unitary patent system came into effect on June 1, 2023, which significantly impacts European patents, including those granted before the introduction of the new system. Under the unitary patent system, European applications have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent which will be subject to the jurisdiction of the Unitary Patent Court (UPC). As the UPC is a new court system, there is still relatively limited precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation. Patents granted before the implementation of the UPC have the option of opting out of the jurisdiction of the UPC and remaining as national patents in the UPC countries. Patents that remain under the jurisdiction of the UPC will be potentially vulnerable to a single UPC-based revocation challenge that, if successful, could invalidate the patent in all countries who are signatories to the UPC. We cannot predict with certainty the long-term effects of these changes.

We may face difficulties with protecting our intellectual property in certain jurisdictions, which may diminish the value of our intellectual property rights in those jurisdictions.

The laws of some jurisdictions do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws in the U.S. and the EU, and many companies have encountered significant difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in such jurisdictions. If we or our collaboration partners encounter difficulties in protecting, or are otherwise precluded from effectively protecting, the intellectual property rights important for our business in such jurisdictions, the value of these rights may be diminished, and we may face additional competition from others in those jurisdictions.

Some countries in Europe and China have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we are, or any of our licensees is, forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position or commercial advantage may be impaired, and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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Risks Relating to Our Securities

Our stock price is volatile and could decline significantly.

The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs historically has been, and we expect will continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations over short periods of time. These fluctuations may be due to factors specific to us, to changes in analysts’ recommendations and valuations, to arbitrage between our Australian-listed ordinary shares and our NASDAQ-listed ADSs, to changes in exchange rates, or to factors affecting the biopharmaceutical industry or the securities markets in general. Market fluctuations, as well as general political and economic conditions, such as a recession, interest rate or currency fluctuations, could adversely affect the market price of our securities.

For example, during the last two fiscal years, the market price for our ordinary shares on the Australian Securities Exchange and ADSs on NASDAQ has ranged from a low of A$0.225 and US$1.47, respectively, to a high of A$0.485 and US$3.90, respectively. We may experience a material decline in the market price of our shares, regardless of our operating performance. Therefore, a holder of our ordinary shares or ADSs may not be able to sell those ordinary shares or ADSs at or above the price paid by such holder for such shares or ADSs. Price declines in our ordinary shares or ADSs could result from a variety of factors, including many outside our control. These factors include:

In addition, volatility and low market price of our ordinary shares and/or ADSs may adversely impact investors’ interest in our securities. A decline in investors’ interest may prompt further volatility and decrease in market price.

We have become subject to the auditor attestation requirement under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, thus imposing significant cost and administrative burden on us.

Given the aggregate worldwide market value of our voting equity held by non-affiliates exceeded US$75.0 million as of the end of second fiscal quarter in fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 and we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company”, since the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, we have been subject to the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of internal control over financial reporting.

Accelerated filers that are not “emerging growth companies” (as defined by the SEC rules), are subject to the auditor attestation requirement for internal control over financial reporting. While the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has acknowledged the significant cost of the auditor attestation requirement for small companies and provides an exemption from the accelerated filer definition for “smaller reporting companies” with less than $100.0 million in revenue, the SEC rules state that “foreign private issuers” that present their financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, such as the Company, are excluded from the definition of a “smaller reporting company”. Accordingly, currently, the only way for the Company to avoid being classified as an accelerated filer and avoid the auditor attestation requirement would be for the Company to report on U.S. domestic forms as a “smaller reporting company”, have less than $100 million in revenue, and present its financial statements in accordance with U.S.

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generally accepted accounting principles. Such alternative, however, is not currently prudent for us given the significant cost (including preparing financial statements in accordance U.S. generally accepted accounting principles as well as IFRS), administrative burden on our limited number of personnel and our obligations under ASX Listing Rules and the Australian Corporations Act.

As a result, the Company is subject to new significant compliance costs since fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 (which the SEC estimated to be US$210,000 per annum in 2019 in SEC Release No. 34-88365). If such costs are excessively high in future years, and we do not see a material benefit in maintaining our NASDAQ listing, we could seek to delist from NASDAQ, deregister our securities under the Securities Exchange Act so the Company would no longer be subject to such compliance burden and retain a listing solely on ASX.

Our ordinary shares may be considered a “penny stock” under SEC regulations which could adversely affect market trading in our ADSs.

The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define “penny stock” to be an equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to specific exemptions. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, our American Depository Shares traded on the NASDAQ from low of US$1.580 to a high of US$3.335 per share. Penny stock rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors” The term “accredited investor” refers generally to institutions with assets in excess of US$5,000,000 or individuals with a net worth in excess of US$1,000,000 or annual income exceeding US$200,000 or US$300,000 jointly with their spouse in each of the prior two years.

The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from the rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document in a form prepared by the SEC, which (a) contains a description of the nature and level of risk in the market for penny stocks in both public offerings and secondary trading; (b) contains a description of the broker’s or dealer’s duties to the customer and of the rights and remedies available to the customer with respect to a violation of such duties or other requirements of the securities laws; (c) contains a brief, clear, narrative description of a dealer market, including bid and ask prices for penny stocks and the significance of the spread between the bid and ask price;(d) contains a toll-free telephone number for inquiries on disciplinary actions; (e) defines significant terms in the disclosure document or in the conduct of trading in penny stocks; and (f) contains such other information and is in such form, including language, type size and format, as the SEC shall require by rule or regulation.

The broker-dealer also must provide, prior to effecting any transaction in a penny stock, the customer with (a) bid and offer quotations for the penny stock; (b) the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction; (c) the number of shares to which such bid and ask prices apply, or other comparable information relating to the depth and liquidity of the market for such stock; and (d) a monthly account statement showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account.

In addition, the penny stock rules require that prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement, a written agreement as to transactions involving penny stocks, and a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement.

These disclosure requirements may significantly burden trading in, and delay the execution of transactions in, our ADSs. Thus, if our ADSs are considered penny stock, these disclosure requirements may adversely impact market trading in our ADSs.

If we are or become a passive foreign investment company (PFIC), then that would subject our U.S. shareholders to adverse tax rules.

Holders of our ADSs who are U.S. residents could face income tax risks if we are a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, which could result in a reduction in the after-tax return to a “U.S. Holder” of our ADSs and reduce the value of our ADSs. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of all of our assets for the taxable year produced or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is considered to be an asset that produces passive income.

If we are classified as a PFIC in any year that a U.S. Holder owns ADSs, the U.S. Holder will generally continue to be treated as holding ADSs of a PFIC in all subsequent years, notwithstanding that we are not classified as a PFIC in a subsequent year. Dividends received by the U.S. Holder and gains realized from the sale of our ADSs would be taxed as ordinary income and subject to an interest charge. We urge U.S. investors to consult their own tax advisors about the application of the PFIC rules and certain elections that may help to minimize adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in their particular circumstances.

We have never paid a dividend and we do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future which means that holders of shares and ADSs may not receive any return on their investment from dividends.

To date, we have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and currently intend to retain any future earnings for funding growth. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Dividends may only be paid out of our profits. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Our holders of shares and ADSs may not receive any return on their investment from dividends. The success of our holders’ investment will likely depend entirely upon any future appreciation of the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs, which is uncertain and unpredictable. There is no guarantee that ordinary shares and ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which holders purchased those ordinary shares and ADSs.

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Currency fluctuations may adversely affect the price of the ADSs relative to the price of our ordinary shares.

The price of our ordinary shares is quoted in Australian dollars and the price of our ADSs is quoted in U.S. dollars. Movements in the Australian dollar/U.S. dollar exchange rate may adversely affect the U.S. dollar price of our ADSs and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the price of our ordinary shares. In the last two years, the value of the Australian dollar remained relatively stable against the U.S. dollar. There can be no assurance, however, that this trend will continue. If the Australian dollar weakens against the U.S. dollar, the U.S. dollar price of the ADSs could decline, even if the price of our ordinary shares in Australian dollars increases or remains unchanged.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention and if we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected.

As a publicly traded company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Global Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs, makes some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly and increases demand on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file certain reports with respect to our business and results of operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting and that our independent audit or provides us with an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet the applicable requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, significant resources and management oversight are required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures annually. In particular, beginning with fiscal year ended on June 30, 2013, we have performed system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow our management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting, or our independent auditors are unwilling or unable to provide us with an unqualified report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, the price of the ADSs could decline and we may be subject to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to remain listed on NASDAQ.

The listing of our securities on stock exchanges in different countries may adversely impact their liquidity.

Our ordinary shares are listed and traded on the ASX, NASDAQ and on Over The Counter markets within Germany. Price levels for our ordinary shares could fluctuate significantly on either market, independent of our share price on the other market. Investors could seek to sell or buy our shares to take advantage of any price differences between the three markets through a practice referred to as arbitrage. Any arbitrage activity could create unexpected volatility in our share prices on either exchange or the volumes of shares available for trading on either exchange. In addition, holders of shares in either jurisdiction will not be immediately able to transfer such shares for trading on the other markets without effecting necessary procedures with our transfer agent. This could result in time delays and additional cost for our shareholders. Further, if we are unable to continue to meet the regulatory requirements for listing on the ASX and NASDAQ, we may lose our listing on any of these exchanges, which could impair the liquidity of our shares.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our ADSs

Our ADS holders are not shareholders and do not have shareholder rights.

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, registers and delivers our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs. Our ADS holders are not treated as shareholders and do not have the rights of shareholders. The depositary is the holder of the shares underlying our ADSs. Holders of our ADSs have ADS holder rights. A deposit agreement among us, the depositary and our ADS holders, and the beneficial owners of ADSs, sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs. For a description of ADS holder rights, see “Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—D. American Depositary Shares.”

Our shareholders have shareholder rights. Australian law and our constitution govern shareholder rights. For a description of our shareholders’ rights, see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.” Shareholders are entitled to our notices of general meetings and to attend and vote at our general meetings of shareholders. At a general meeting, every shareholder present (in person or by proxy, attorney or representative) and entitled to vote has one vote on a show of hands. Every shareholder present (in person or by proxy, attorney or representative) and entitled to vote has one vote per fully paid ordinary share on a poll. This is subject to any other rights or restrictions which may be attached to any shares.

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Our ADS holders do not have the same voting rights as our shareholders. ADS holders may exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, ADS holders vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of instructions, the depositary will try to vote in accordance with those instructions. Otherwise, ADS holders will not be able to vote unless they withdraw the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs.

If we ask for our ADS holders’ instructions, the depositary will notify our ADS holders of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials and form of notice to them. The depositary will try, as far as practical, subject to Australian law and the provisions of the depositary agreement, to vote the shares as our ADS holders instruct. The depositary will not vote or attempt to exercise the right to vote other than in accordance with the instructions of the ADS holders. We cannot assure our ADS holders that they will learn of ordinary shareholders’ meetings and receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary or withdraw the underlying ordinary shares. This means that there is a risk that our ADS holders may not be able to exercise voting rights and there may be nothing they can do if their shares are not voted as they requested.

Our ADS holders do not have the same rights to receive dividends or other distributions as our shareholders.

Subject to any special rights or restrictions attached to a share, the directors may determine that a dividend will be payable on a share and fix the amount, the time for payment and the method for payment (although we have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future). Dividends may be paid on shares of one class but not another and at different rates for different classes. Dividends and other distributions payable to our shareholders with respect to our ordinary shares generally will be payable directly to them. Any dividends or distributions payable with respect to ordinary shares will be paid to the depositary, which has agreed to pay to our ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on shares or other deposited securities, after deducting its fees and expenses. Our ADS holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of shares their ADSs represent. In addition, there may be certain circumstances in which the depositary may not pay to our ADS holders amounts distributed by us as a dividend or distribution.

There are circumstances where it may be unlawful or impractical to make distributions to the holders of our ADSs.

The deposit agreement with the depositary generally requires the depositary to convert foreign currency it receives in respect of deposited securities into U.S. dollars and distribute the U.S. dollars to ADS holders, provided the depositary can do so on a reasonable basis. If it does not convert foreign currency, the depositary may distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. If a distribution is payable by us in Australian dollars, the depositary will hold the foreign currency it cannot convert for the account of the ADS holders who have not been paid. It will not invest the foreign currency and it will not be liable for any interest. If the exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, our ADS holders may lose some of the value of the distribution. The depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADS holders. This means that our ADS holders may not receive any distributions we make on our shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available.

If we fail to comply with the Nasdaq listing requirements, Nasdaq could delist the ADSs, which could limit liquidity of the ADSs and adversely affect our business and access to future capital.

The ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “IMMP.” In the past we have failed, and in the future we may again fail, to comply with the Nasdaq Global Market regulations and listing requirements as to minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum market value, minimum total assets and revenue, minimum bid price, minimum public float and/or other requirements, and as a result Nasdaq may initiate procedures to delist the ADSs from the Nasdaq Global Market, which may adversely affect our business.

If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s continued listing rules, the ADSs may be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market. Delisting from the Nasdaq Global Market could have an adverse effect on our business, including our ability to access future capital, and on the trading of the ADSs. If a delisting of the ADSs were to occur, the ADSs may trade in the over-the-counter market such as on the OTC Bulletin Board or on the “pink sheets”. The over-the- counter market is generally considered to be a less efficient market, and this could diminish investors’ interest in the ADSs as well as significantly impact the price and liquidity of the ADSs. Any such delisting may also adversely affect the trading of the ADSs by ADS holders or impede them from liquidating their holdings. Delisting may also adversely impact the success of future issues of securities or the possibility to receive additional financing, particularly in the United States.

Risks Relating to Our Location in Australia

Currency fluctuations may expose us to increased costs and revenue decreases.

Our business is affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Our expenses are denominated in Australian dollars, U.S. dollars and European euro. We conduct clinical trials in many different countries, and we have manufacturing of our product candidate undertaken outside of Australia, which exposes us to potential cost increases resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates. In fiscal year 2024, there was a foreign exchange gain of A$0.1 million as a result of currency fluctuations. Currency fluctuations could, therefore, cause our costs to increase and revenues to decline.

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Australian takeovers laws may discourage takeover offers being made for us or may discourage the acquisition of large numbers of our shares.

We are incorporated in Australia and are subject to the takeovers laws of Australia. Amongst other things, we are subject to the Corporations Act 2001 (Commonwealth of Australia). Subject to a range of exceptions, the Corporations Act prohibits the acquisition of a direct or indirect interest in our issued voting shares (including through the acquisition of ADSs) if the acquisition of that interest would lead to a person’s or someone else’s voting power in us increasing from 20% or below to more than 20% or increasing from a starting point that is above 20% and below 90%. Exceptions to the general prohibition include circumstances where the person makes a formal takeover bid for us, if the person obtains shareholder approval for the acquisition or if the person acquires less than 3% of the voting power of us in any rolling six-month period. Australian takeovers laws may discourage takeover offers being made for us or may discourage the acquisition of large numbers of our shares.

Rights as a holder of ordinary shares are governed by Australian law and our Constitution which differ from the rights of shareholders under U.S. law. Holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs may have difficulty in effecting service of process in the United States or enforcing judgments obtained in the United States.

We are a public company incorporated under the laws of Australia. Therefore, the rights of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by Australian law and our Constitution. These rights differ from the typical rights of shareholders in U.S. corporations. The rights of holders of ADSs are affected by Australian law and our Constitution but are governed by U.S. law. Circumstances that under U.S. law may entitle a shareholder in a U.S. company to claim damages may also give rise to a cause of action under Australian law entitling a shareholder in an Australian company to claim damages. However, this will not always be the case. Holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs may have difficulties enforcing, in actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the U.S., liabilities under U.S. securities laws. In particular, if such a holder sought to bring proceedings in Australia based on U.S. securities laws, the Australian court might consider:

Holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may also have difficulties enforcing in courts outside the U.S. judgments obtained in the U.S. courts against any of our directors and executive officers or us, including actions under the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws.

As a foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, we may follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain NASDAQ requirements.

As a foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of The NASDAQ Marketplace Rules. As an Australian company listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, we may follow home country practice with regard to, among other things, the composition of the board of directors, director nomination process, compensation of officers and quorum at shareholders’ meetings. In addition, we may follow Australian law instead of the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules that require that we obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of the company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. As a foreign private issuer that has elected to follow a home country practice instead of NASDAQ requirements, we have submitted to NASDAQ a written statement from our independent counsel certifying that our practices are not prohibited by Australian laws. Accordingly, our shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under NASDAQ’s corporate governance rules. Please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices” for further information.

We are exposed to differing legal and tax laws in multiple jurisdictions, including complex transfer pricing rules in Australia.

We and our subsidiaries are located in a number of jurisdictions and therefore have exposure to different legal and taxation requirements in multiple jurisdictions, which requirements are subject to change. Immutep Limited is incorporated in, and a tax resident of, Australia. It has a number of intercompany arrangements with its subsidiaries (resident outside Australia for tax purposes), including, for example, funding and employee sourcing arrangements. In Australia there are complex and material requirements on transfer pricing of intercompany loan arrangements with overseas entities. The multiple jurisdictional structure of the Company and its subsidiaries can expose the Group to substantial compliance and taxation liabilities. While we believe we are compliant with these tax laws, there is a risk that we and our subsidiaries could be subject to tax audits (with the resulting compliance costs) or exposed to fines or penalties.

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A. History and Development of the Company

Our legal and commercial name is Immutep Limited. We were incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia on May 21, 1987. Immutep, formerly called Prima BioMed, was originally created as a mining company (Prima Resources) in Australia in 1987 and was first publicly traded in 1988 on the Australian Stock Exchange. The Company was repositioned as a biotechnology company in 2001 following the acquisition of the rights to develop technologies from the Austin Research Institute (now the Burnet Institute).

In December 2014, we completed the acquisition of Immutep S.A., a private French company. In December 2014, Immutep S.A. underwent a change of company organization and become known as Immutep S.A.S. In November 2017, what was then known as Prima BioMed Ltd, changed its name to Immutep Limited to reflect the new strategic direction and management of the business to focus on the development of its portfolio of LAG-3 based immunotherapy assets.

Our registered office is located at Level 32, Australia Square, 264 George Street, Sydney 2000 New South Wales, Australia and our telephone number is +61 2 8315 7003. Our address on the Internet is www.immutep.com. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Immutep U.S., Inc. The information on, or accessible through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this Annual Report on Form 20-F solely as an inactive textual reference. All information we file with the SEC is available through the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system, which may be accessed through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

B. Business Overview

Background

Immutep is a late-stage biotechnology company developing novel LAG-3 related immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune disease. We are pioneers in the understanding and advancement of therapeutics related to Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3). Our diversified product portfolio harnesses LAG-3’s unique ability to modulate the body’s immune response. Immutep is dedicated to leveraging its expertise to bring innovative treatment options to patients in need and to maximise value for shareholders.

Our lead clinical candidate is eftilagimod alpha (“efti” or “IMP321”) for the treatment of different types of cancers. Efti is a soluble LAG-3Ig fusion protein that is a first-in-class antigen-presenting cell (APC) agonist designed to capitalize on LAG-3’s unique ability to drive the adaptive and innate immune systems against cancer. Efti binds to and activates antigen presenting cells via MHC II molecules leading to expansion and proliferation of CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells, CD4+ (helper) T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and monocytes. It also upregulates the expression of key biological molecules that further boost the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. Efti’s favourable safety profile enables various combinations, including with anti-PD-[L]1 immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

As part of the Company’s late-stage clinical development strategy for efti, Immutep is preparing to commence TACTI-004 which is a registrational Phase III trial in combination with an anti-PD-1 therapy and chemotherapy in 1st line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, the Company is conducting a Phase IIb trial of efti in combination with an anti-PD-1 therapy in 1st line head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) called TACTI-003 (NCT04811027). The Company is also conducting an integrated Phase II/III trial evaluating efti in combination with standard-of-care paclitaxel for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), called AIPAC-003 (NCT05747794).

Efti is also being evaluated as part of a combination therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in 1st and 2nd line non-small cell lung carcinoma as well as 2nd line head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the ongoing Phase II clinical trial, called TACTI-002 (NCT03625323) and in two separate investigator-initiated trials: the first is a Phase I trial platform in a variety of solid tumors called INSIGHT (NCT03252938) and the second, a Phase II trial evaluating efti in combination with radiotherapy and pembrolizumab in soft tissue sarcoma, called EFTISARC-NEO.

Efti has completed a Phase IIb clinical trial as a chemo-immunotherapy combination for metastatic breast cancer termed AIPAC (NCT02614833), and a Phase I combination therapy trial in metastatic melanoma termed TACTI-mel (NCT02676869).

IMP701 is licensed to and being developed by Novartis for the treatment of cancer. IMP731 was previously licensed to a major pharmaceutical company and is now being transferred back to Immutep. Immutep is also developing an agonist of LAG-3 (IMP761) for autoimmune disease.

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The following graphic depicts Immutep’s pipeline:

Information current as of October 2024. For EOC’s China rights, Immutep may receive undisclosed milestones plus royalties; LAG525 (ieramilimab)- ClinicalTrials.gov (for Novartis’ global rights, Immutep may receive milestones plus royalties); Immutep has no control over the trials. § Investigator Initiated Trials controlled by lead investigator & therefore Immutep has no control over these clinical trials. a In combination with KEYTRUDA^®. b In combination with BAVENCIO^®. # Late stage refers to active Phase IIb clinical trials or more clinically advanced clinical trials. ## Conducted by EOC in China. * The trials for IMP731 were run by GSK, who transitioned this clinical-stage asset back to Immutep in mid-2024.

Operations Summary

Immutep has administrative offices in Sydney, Australia, Leipzig, Germany and in Berlin, Germany. We also have a laboratory located close to Paris, France for the conduct of research and development relating to the LAG-3 program, under which we have four product candidates: efti, IMP761, IMP701 and IMP731. Background IP supporting the development of LAG-3 products was licensed from Merck Serono in 2002. Development milestones and royalties are payable on earnings of efti, IMP701 and IMP731. Further details are provided under the intellectual property section. As of June 30, 2024, we employed 44 people. Our internal staff manages the Company’s finances, business development, intellectual property, investor relations, oversight of manufacturing, and clinical development. We make extensive use of outside contractors and consultants to help manage and conduct manufacturing and clinical trials.

Efti (IMP321) Clinical Development Program

TACTI-mel

Efti has been utilized in multiple clinical trials in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies. The first such trial was initiated during fiscal 2016 called Two ACTive Immunotherapeutics in melanoma (TACTI-mel), a Phase I study on efti’s effectiveness in enhancing immune responses to PD-1 inhibitors in melanoma patients. The primary purpose of the TACTI-mel trial, which had a study group of up to 24 patients, was to determine safety and dosage levels for combining the two products in future trials. In December 2016, we announced first clinical data from its TACTI-mel Phase I clinical trial for efti combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA^®) in melanoma cancer. The results confirmed that efti is safe and well tolerated at the first dose level of 1 mg, paving the way for 6 mg dosage. In January 2017, we commenced recruitment for the second cohort of six patients for the TACTI-mel melanoma trial, which was fully recruited by March 2017.

After reporting additional encouraging interim data regarding the efficacy and safety of efti combined with pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA^®), in March 2018 we expanded the clinical trial to include a fourth cohort (Part B) of six patients evaluating dosing of efti at 30mg in combination with pembrolizumab. In May 2018, interim data for the initial three cohorts (Part A) yielded an overall response rate of 61% when the response rates from the initial four cycles of pembrolizumab monotherapy are used, and an overall rate response (ORR) of 33% measured from the start of the combination therapy when efti was added at cycle five of pembrolizumab. Two complete responses according to RECIST were reported from the trial, out of 18 patients. Full recruitment of the expanded TACTI-mel trial was reached in August 2018, bringing the participation number to 24 patients.

In November 2018, Immutep presented new interim data from the TACTI-mel trial which were reconfirmed with more mature data in March 2019. Its reported efficacy data from Part A was encouraging and supportive of previously disclosed response rates. The first efficacy data from Part B of the trial was also reported in November 2018, where the combination treatment is administered to patients from the beginning of cycle 1, day 1 of pembrolizumab treatment. In October 2019, Immutep reported final efficacy data from the TACTI-mel trial. Deep and durable responses were observed with 56% and 66% of patients showing tumor shrinkage in Parts A and B, respectively.

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TACTI-002

In March 2018, we announced that we had entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the combination of efti and pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA^®) in a new Phase II clinical trial (TACTI-002) for 2nd line head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as well as 1st and 2nd line non-small cell lung carcinoma in up to 109 patients across various centers in the United States, Europe and Australia. In July 2018, the FDA granted approval of the IND regarding TACTI-002 Phase II clinical trial which allowed us to initiate the study in the United States. Immutep obtained competent authority approval from the UK’s Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for TACTI-002, as well as a number of Ethics Committee approvals and completed the site selection process for the trial in November 2018. The first patient was dosed with the combination of KEYTRUDA and efti in March 2019 and in August 2019 the trial had 26 patients participating, including full enrolment (17 patients) into the first cohort of the first line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) arm (Part A).

In September 2019, Part A was expanded to include a further 19 patients because a predefined number of patient responses to the combination treatment was observed. In November 2019 first data from Part A was reported from the trial which showed an overall response rate (ORR) of 41%. In January 2020, Part C (2^nd line HNSCC) of the trial was expanded to include a further 19 patients because of a predefined number of patient responses to the treatment. In February 2020, Immutep presented encouraging data from Parts A and C of the trial. In April 2020, Immutep reported more mature data showing an improved response rate of 53% for Part A and a response rate of 33% for Part C (consistent with earlier data). In June 2020, Immutep announced more mature data showing a response rate of 53% for Part A (consistent with earlier data) and an improved response rate of 39% for Part C. In June 2020, Immutep reported that Part A of the trial had been fully recruited with a total of 36 patients. In August 2020, Immutep announced that recruitment of Stage 1 of Part B of the trial (2nd line NSCLC) was complete. In September 2020, TACTI-002 data presented at a major scientific conference, ESMO, showed three patients had had a complete response, or complete disappearance of all lesions when treated with the combination of efti and pembrolizumab. This includes complete responses from two patients with 2nd line head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and from one with 1st line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, patients with 1st line NSCLC had a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 11.8 months and those patients who responded, had durable responses. In November 2020, Immutep announced the presentation of further encouraging interim data from TACTI-002 at Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), including when compared to historical studies with checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy in comparable patient groups.

In June 2021, Immutep also announced the presentation of further interim data from TACTI-002 at the ASCO 2021 Annual Meeting. The interim data from Part A (1^st line NSCLC) of the TACTI-002 trial presented showed sustained and durable responses in 15 patients; ORR was 41.7% on an intention-to-treat basis and 48.4% in evaluable patients, as assessed by blinded independent committee read. Two out of the 36 patients (5.6%) had a Complete Response (complete disappearance of tumor lesions) and 23/36 (63.9%) of patients had a target lesion decrease (this includes the 2 with Complete Reponses). Data presented for Part C (2nd line HNSCC) showed 11 patients with responses giving an ORR of 29.7% on an intention-to-treat basis and 35.5% in evaluable patients and durable responses with 5 patients (13.5%) having a Complete Response.

In November 2021, Immutep also reported more mature data in 2nd line HNSCC from TACTI-002 at the SITC Annual Meeting 2021. The data continued to be encouraging with an ORR of 29.7% (11/37) on an intention-to-treat basis and 35.5% (11/31) in evaluable patients, as assessed by local investigator read. The ORR in patients in the PD-L1 >1 and PD-L1 >20 subgroups was 40.7% and 64.3%, respectively. Additionally, Immutep announced that it had completed recruitment of patients across all cohorts of TACTI-002 including the expansion stage of Part A, and it announced that a total of 185 patients were participating across Parts A, B, and C of the clinical study.

In March 2022, Immutep announced interim data from Part B of TACTI-002 (2nd line NSCLC) at ESMO’s European Lung Cancer Congress (ELCC) 2022. In particular, Immutep reported that 73.7% of evaluable patients (14/19) had tumor shrinkage or tumor growth deceleration, according to tumor growth kinetics analysis. The Disease Control Rate (DCR) was 36.1% (13/36) with 26% of patients being progression free at 6 months. The ORR was 5.6% (2/36) with both patients reporting confirmed and durable partial responses. The median OS had not yet been reached, which was encouraging given the advanced nature of the disease in this patient population.

In June 2022, Immutep announced new data from Part A of TACTI-002 (1st line NSCLC) from 114 patients. The data was presented as an Oral Presentation at the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s (ASCO) 2022 Annual Meeting. Immutep reported an ORR of 38.6% in the intent to treat group (44/114 patients) and 42.7% for evaluable patients (44/103) by local read. The reported ORR was favorable compared to historical studies of anti- PD-1 monotherapy. Favorable results were also reported in the individual PD-L1 status groups.

In August 2022, Immutep reported new interim data from Part B of TACTI-002 (2nd line NSCLC). The data was presented as an electronic poster presentation at the IASLC 2022 World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC 2022). In particular, Immutep reported a median OS of 9.7 months which is comparable with current standard of care chemotherapy options in this 2nd line setting. Immutep also reported favorable sustained survival with 36.5% of patients alive at 18 months.

In September 2022, Immutep announced an update to its clinical trial strategy. In particular, Immutep announced that it was prioritizing 1st line NSCLC for late-stage development of efti based on the compelling data reported in TACTI-002, coupled with the large market opportunity and continued high unmet need.

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In October 2022, Immutep announced the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had granted Fast Track designation to eftilagimod alpha (“efti” or “IMP321”) in combination with pembrolizumab for the 1st line treatment of Stage IIIB/IV NSCLC patients expressing PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score >1%, not amenable to EGFR/ALK based therapy. The designation was based on the encouraging TACTI-002/KEYNOTE-798 Phase II clinical data in 1st line NSCLC for PD-L1 all-comers.

In November 2022, Immutep reported compelling interim clinical data from the 1st line NSCLC patients (Part A) via a late-breaking abstract oral presentation at the SITC Annual Meeting, where Immutep’s abstract was one of only nine abstracts selected out of more than 1,500 submissions to be showcased at the Conference Press Briefing. The results showed an Overall Response Rate (ORR) of 40.4% in the all-comer PD-L1 trial, meeting the primary endpoint of the 1st line NSCLC part of the trial. Encouragingly, the ORR improved across all PD-L1 subgroups by central assessment compared with data Immutep reported previously at ASCO 2022 (June 2022). Additionally, a strong interim median Duration of Response (DoR) of 21.6 months was reported in the all-comer PD-L1 population as well as promising interim median Progression Free Survival (PFS) with overall PFS of 6.6 months and 9.3 months PFS in 1st line NSCLC patients with PD-L1 TPS >1%.

In March 2023, Immutep reported positive final safety and efficacy data from patients with 2nd line NSCLC (Part B) refractory to anti-PD-(L)1 therapies in a Mini Oral presentation at ESMO’s ELCC. The Company reported final results, achieving a median OS of 9.9 months and a 39% OS rate at 21 months, which compare favorably to typical 6-9 months median overall survival (“mOS”) and a 10-15% OS rate for standard-of-care chemotherapy. 83% of patients studied for Tumor Growth Kinetics showed deceleration of tumor growth or shrinkage of their tumors, whereas their tumors had been observed as increasing (prior to efti and pembrolizumab) when they were receiving PD-(L)1 monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy. In the all-comer PD-L1 patient population (all PD-L1 expression groups), the trial also reported an ORR of 8.3%, a Disease Control Rate (DCR) of 33.3% and 6-month PFS rate of 25%. For patients with high PD-L1 expression, an ORR of 33.3%, 6-month PFS of 50% was reported and encouragingly, mOS was not yet reached (meaning the response is still ongoing). Efti plus pembrolizumab was well tolerated in this difficult-to-treat patient population without any new safety signals and there was no treatment discontinuation due to adverse reactions.

In May 2023, Immutep reported meaningful long-term survival in Part A. An initial median Overall Survival (mOS) of 25.0 months was achieved in 1st line NSCLC patients with PD-L1 TPS >1%, which is a key area of focus for future clinical development with FDA Fast Track designation granted for efti and pembrolizumab in this patient population. Encouragingly, the initial mOS of 25.0 months for this chemo-free combination exceeded the reported rates for patients with the same PD-L1 TPS of>1% from registration trials of anti-PD-1 monotherapy (16.4-month mOS) and combinations of anti-PD-1 with chemotherapy (15.8 to 23.3-month mOS) or with anti-CTLA-4 (17.1-month mOS). Based on the robust initial results, the trial’s Data Monitoring Committee recommended extending OS follow-up data collection to show mature 3-year and potentially 5-year rates.

In June 2023, positive final data was reported from the 2nd line HNSCC patients (Part C) in the TACTI-002 trial, via a poster presentation at the ASCO 2023 Annual Meeting. Deep and durable responses were seen from efti plus pembrolizumab regardless of patients’ PD-L1 expression levels (measured by Combined Positive Score or CPS). Encouragingly, median Duration of Response had not been reached (the response was still ongoing) despite a long median follow up of 39 months, providing continued evidence of the durable responses efti helps drive. Notably, one long-lasting Complete Response (CR) occurred in a patient with negative PD-L1 expression, who would not typically be expected to respond to PD-L1 monotherapy. An encouraging ORR of 29.7% and CR rate of 13.5% were also reported, with responses seen across all PD-L1 subgroups. Within PD-L1 subgroups, a promising ORR of 38.5% and 60%, mOS of 12.6 and 15.5 months, and 12-month Overall Survival (OS) rate of 52.0% and 66.7%, were seen in patients with a PD-L1 CPS of >1 and a PD-L1 CPS >20, respectively. The results from the chemo-free combination of efti plus pembrolizumab in patients with a PD-L1 CPS >1 compare favourably to reported results from a registrational trial of anti-PD-1 monotherapy in the same patient population, which showed a 17.3% ORR, mOS of 8.7 months, 12-month OS rate of 40%, a CR rate of 2%, and mDoR of 18.4 months.

In November 2023, new biomarker data was reported by Immutep demonstrating an early increase in immune cells (absolute lymphocyte count) was linked to improved clinical outcomes including OS as detailed above. The data was presented at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Annual Meeting in November 2023. Immutep has previously reported final data from Parts B and C of the TACTI-002 trial.

Following the end of FY24, in August 2024, Part A of the TACTI-002 Phase II trial remains ongoing, and has already shown efti is enabling deep, durable responses for patients regardless of PD-L1 expression with a favorable safety profile in line with anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Exceeding expectations, median Overall Survival (OS) has reached 35.5 months in NSCLC patients expressing PD-L1 (patients with a Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) of >1%) and 23.4 months in patients with low PD-L1 expression (TPS 1-49%). Encouragingly, OS has not yet been reached in patients with high PD-L1 expression (TPS >50%). These patients continue to be followed.

TACTI-003

In March 2021, Immutep announced a second clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada) to conduct a new randomized and controlled Phase IIb trial (TACTI-003) evaluating efti in combination with pembrolizumab in 1st line HNSCC. TACTI-003 is a 1:1 randomized, controlled clinical study in approximately 154 1st line HNSCC patients to evaluate the safety and efficacy of efti in combination with pembrolizumab, compared to pembrolizumab alone.

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In April 2021, Immutep announced the grant of Fast Track designation by the FDA for efti in 1st line recurrent or metastatic HNSCC. Fast Track was granted based on the promising data package, including from Immutep’s Phase II TACTI-002 trial (Keynote-798) in 2^nd line HNSCC.

In July 2021, Immutep announced it completed all the necessary competent authority steps with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has received IRB approval to commence the Phase IIb TACTI-003 trial in the United States.

In November 2021, Immutep shared the trial design for TACTI-003 via a poster presentation at the SITC Annual Meeting 2021. Patients will be enrolled into two cohorts. Cohort A (approximately 130 patients) will evaluate the safety and efficacy of efti in combination with MSD’s KEYTRUDA^® (pembrolizumab), compared to pembrolizumab alone in 1st line metastatic or recurrent HNSCC patients with PD-L1 positive tumors (CPS >1). Cohort B (up to 24 patients) is an experimental arm which will determine the efficacy and safety of efti plus pembrolizumab in patients with PD-L1 negative tumors (CPS < 1).

In April 2022, the Phase IIb TACTI-003 trial design was also presented in a Trial-in-Progress Poster Presentation at the ASCO 2022 Annual Meeting. Later that month, it was disclosed that 21 patients out of approximately 154 had been enrolled into the trial and 21 sites out of 30 sites had been activated. In September 2022, Immutep disclosed 47/154 patients (approximately 30%) had been recruited into the ongoing randomised Phase IIb TACTI-003 trial in 1st line HNSCC, and that recruitment is accelerating as further sites were activated.

In October 2022, the Independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC) for the trial reviewed the initial safety data and recommended the trial continue with no modifications.

In November 2022, the Company presented a Trial in Progress poster on the TACTI-003 study at the SITC Annual Meeting. Recruitment into the trial continued throughout the fiscal year and is nearing completion, with approximately 91% of the planned 154 patients enrolled as at the end of June 2023.

In November 2023, the Company completed Enrollment in TACTI-003 Phase IIb Trial. Total enrolled 171 patients at over 30 centers across the United States, Europe, and Australia. A total of 138 patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC whose tumors express PD-L1 (CPS <1) have been enrolled into the 1:1 randomized Cohort A of the trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of 30mg of efti in combination with 400mg of KEYTRUDA^® given every six weeks compared to 400mg of KEYTRUDA^® alone. Additionally, 33 patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC were enrolled into Cohort B to determine the efficacy and safety of the same combination therapy in patients with PD-L1 negative tumors (CPS <1).

In July 2024, Immutep reported positive results of its TACTI-003 Phase IIb trial from efti in combination with MSD’s KEYTRUDA in 1^st line head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The investigational immuno-oncology (IO) combination utilizing efti and KEYTRUDA achieved an objective response rate (ORR) of 35.5% (11 of 31 evaluable patients) and a disease control rate (DCR) of 58.1% according to RECIST 1.1, in 1L HNSCC patients whose tumors do not express PD-L1 (Combined Positive Score [CPS] <1). These results are among the highest recorded for a chemotherapy-free approach in negative PD-L1 patients and compare favorably to a historical control of 5.4% ORR and 32.4% DCR from anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Additionally, the IO combination attained a high complete response rate of 9.7% (3 of 31 patients), which compares favorably to a historical control of 0% from anti-PD-1 monotherapy in 1L HNSCC patients with a CPS <1.2 Notably, one patient with early progressive disease according to RECIST 1.1 has evolved into a confirmed partial responder who remains on therapy after 14 months, resulting in a 38.7% ORR for the IO combination, according to iRECIST. Towards the end of the financial year this data was selected for prestigious oral presentation at an ESMO Virtual Plenary session, which took place on 11th and 12th July 2024.

Immutep has FDA Fast Track designation in 1^st line HNSCC. Based on encouraging results and high unmet medical need, the path forward in 1^st line HNSCC will be discussed with regulatory agencies.

In August 2024, Immutep announced a late-breaking abstract was accepted and selected as a Proffered Paper oral presentation at the 2024 European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress, taking place September 13-17 in Barcelona, Spain. The oral presentation detailed results from the randomized TACTI-003 Phase IIb trial in first line head & neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with any PD-L1 expression (CPS >1)

In September 2024, Immutep announced positive efficacy and safety results from the TACTI-003 Phase IIb trial evaluating eftilagimod alpha (efti) in combination with MSD’s anti PD-1 therapy KEYTRUDA^® (pembrolizumab) as first-line treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients (1L HNSCC). In patients with any PD-L1 expression (CPS >1), efti in combination with KEYTRUDA outperformance is largest in CPS >20 with 31.0% ORR (34.5% ORR including partial response after data cut-off) versus 18.5% ORR for KEYTRUDA. Efti in combination with KEYTRUDA led to a high durability of response of 17.5 months in patients with any PD-L1 expression and combination continues to have favorable safety profile. Statistically significant increase in absolute lymphocyte count biomarker seen in the efti in combination with KEYTRUDA arm shows efti’s biological activity in a randomized setting.

TACTI-004

Immutep is preparing to commence TACTI-004, its Phase III trial of efti in combination with an anti-PD-1 therapy in 1st line NSCLC.

In May 2023, Immutep received positive feedback from the FDA confirming its support for the planned trial. Among the items discussed with the FDA were the toxicological package and general aspects of the trial design, including statistics and potential patient population with a focus on 1st line NSCLC patients with a PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) of >1%.

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In October 2022, the FDA granted Fast Track designation for efti in combination with pembrolizumab in 1st line NSCLC in patients with a PD-L1 TPS of >1%. The Fast Track designation was based on the encouraging Phase II clinical data from Immutep’s ongoing TACTI-002 trial. This is the second Fast Track designation issued by the FDA for efti (the first is for 1^st line HNSCC) and offers the potential for expedited development and review.

In June 2024, Immutep entered into its third and most important collaboration with Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada) for our upcoming registrational Phase III trial in non-small cell lung cancer called TACTI-004. In addition to working together, MSD is also supplying KEYTRUDA at no cost for the trial.TACTI-004 is among the few global Phase III trials evaluating a combination therapy with KEYTRUDA that addresses almost the entire 1^st line NSCLC patient population eligible for anti-PD-(L)1 therapy. This is significant as KEYTRUDA became the world’s top-selling drug in 2023, and lung cancer was estimated to represent over 35% of KEYTRUDA’s $25 billion in sales last year.

In July 2024 Immutep announced that positive feedback had been received from multiple agencies, concluding preparatory work for TACTI-004 which is planned to enrol ~750 patients. The FDA feedback from this Type C meeting, along with feedback previously received from the Paul-EhrlichInstitut (“PEI”) and the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (“AEMPS”), concludes the preparatory regulatory interactions for the design of this registrational trial.

EFTISARC-NEO

In September 2022, Immutep announced it would support the evaluation of Efti in a new cancer setting, soft tissue sarcoma, aligning with its strategy to expand the application of Efti into a broader range of cancer indications in a capital efficient manner. The trial is an investigator-initiated open-label Phase II trial evaluating efti in combination with radiotherapy and pembrolizumab in up to 40 soft tissue sarcoma patients in the neoadjuvant (prior to surgery) setting. It is the first time efti will be studied in neoadjuvant, non-metastatic cancer setting. The Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology will primarily fund the study with a grant from the Polish government of €1.5M (approximately A$2.2M), with Immutep providing Efti at no cost.

In April 2023, EFTISARC-NEO was commenced by the Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Poland.

In July 2023, the first patient was enrolled and safely dosed.

In May 2024, Immutep announced positive initial safety data from EFTISARC-NEO, revealing the triple combination has no new safety findings and has been well tolerated in the first six patients who have completed the 10 weeks of treatment followed by surgery 2-3 weeks later. Initial efficacy data is very encouraging with 4 of 6 patients (67%) having near-complete pathological responses (the primary endpoint of the study). These deep responses are rarely seen in STS patients with standard therapeutic approaches including radiotherapy.

In September 2024, Immutep announced that it would present new data from the EFTISARC-NEO Phase II investigator-initiated trial of efti in combination with radiotherapy plus KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) at the Connective Tissue Oncology Society 2024 Annual Meeting on 14 November.

INSIGHT-004

In July 2017, Immutep announced its collaboration partner, the Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Krankenhaus Nordwest GmbH in Frankfurt Germany (“IKF”), had received the regulatory and ethical approvals for the clinical trial investigating efti in new settings, called “INSIGHT”. The investigator-initiated INSIGHT clinical trial was designed to explore different routes of administration of efti in solid tumors.

In September 2018, the investigator-initiated “INSIGHT” clinical trial was amended through a collaboration with Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and Pfizer, Inc. IKF was the sponsor of the amended Phase I clinical trial (called INSIGHT-004) conducted under the existing protocol of the ongoing INSIGHT clinical study. The new collaborative study tested the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous injections of efti combined with avelumab, a human anti-PD-L1 antibody that is a stimulator of the immune system to detect and fight tumor cells, in 12 patients with advanced solid tumors. Prof. Dr. Salah-Eddin Al-Batran, the lead investigator of INSIGHT and member of Immutep’s clinical advisory board, was also the lead investigator of INSIGHT-004.

The first patient in (FPI) the INSIGHT-004 trial was enrolled in Germany and received the first dose of treatment in June 2019. In April 2020, Immutep announced that it had completed patient enrollment (12 patients) for the INSIGHT-004 trial.

In June 2020, Immutep reported first data from INSIGHT-004 in which 33% of patients showed a partial response to the combination of efti and avelumab. In September 2020, INSIGHT-004 data reported at the ESMO conference showed promising early anti-tumor activity signals in a variety of cancer indications not typically sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Overall, 41.7% of patients in the trial showed a Partial Response to the combination therapy of efti with avelumab.

In June 2021, Immutep reported positive final results from INSIGHT-004 at the ASCO 2021 Annual Meeting showing promising activity signals from efti in combination with avelumab in a variety of solid cancers, primarily gastrointestinal. Overall, 41.7% (6/12) of patients responded to the therapy and 50% (6/12) showed disease control. Importantly, efti continued to be well tolerated. These encouraging results are supportive of further clinical evaluation of this new combination, efti plus anti-PD-L1 therapy.

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INSIGHT-003

In June 2021, Immutep announced it had signed an agreement to commence a new Phase I trial, called INSIGHT-003, to evaluate the combination of lead product candidate eftilagimod alpha (“efti” or “IMP321”) in conjunction with an existing approved standard of care therapy consisting of a chemotherapy agent and an anti-PD-1 therapy. INSIGHT-003 is an investigator-initiated trial conducted by IKF and will be run as an amendment to the protocol of the ongoing INSIGHT trial as the third arm (Stratum C) with Prof. Dr. Salah-Eddin Al-Batran as lead investigator. Up to 20 patients with various solid tumors will be recruited to participate in the trial, which expands the evaluation of efti into a triple combination therapy of efti, chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 therapy for the first time.

In August 2021, Immutep announced that the first patient had been enrolled and safely dosed in INSIGHT-003. This patient with metastatic non- small cell lung carcinoma received pembrolizumab plus doublet chemotherapy (carboplatin and pemetrexed) combined with Immutep’s lead product candidate eftilagimod alpha (efti or IMP321). In December 2021, Immutep announced the first five patients had been treated in the INSIGHT-003 study. No additional safety signals had been observed in the study of this triple combination therapy consisting of efti, an existing approved standard of care combination of chemotherapy (carboplatin) and an anti-PD-1 therapy.

In November 2022, Immutep reported initial clinical data from the INSIGHT-003 at the SITC 2022 conference which prompted the trial to be expanded to a total of 50 patients. The initial clinical data showed the approach is well-tolerated and provides promising early signals of therapeutic activity with an Objective Response Rate (ORR) of 72.7% (8/11) and a Disease Control Rate (DCR) of 90.9% (10/11).

In February 2023, Immutep reached its patient enrolment target of 20 patients for the trial. Patient recruitment for the expanded trial is ongoing.

In May 2023, Immutep reported new encouraging clinical data showing the therapy is well tolerated and promising initial efficacy signals were observed. This included a 67% ORR and 91% DCR, despite 81% of patients having low or negative PD-L1 expression.

In October 2023, at the ESMO Congress, encouraging efficacy and tolerability data were presented, including a robust ORR of 71.4% and a DCR of 90.5%. Notably, the median OS has not yet been reached, while the median Progression-Free Survival (PFS) was 10.1 months.

In the challenging PD-L1 TPS <50% patient population, encompassing both low (TPS 1-49%) and negative (TPS <1%) PD-L1 patients, the triple combination therapy achieved a notable 70.6% response rate and a median PFS exceeding 10 months. This PD-L1 TPS <50% group constitutes about 70% of the overall NSCLC patient population and represents a significant area of unmet medical need. The strong ORR observed in this trial compares favorably with results from an independent registrational trial of anti-PD-1 and doublet chemotherapy, which reported a response rate of 40.8% in a similar patient population. Further updates from INSIGHT-003 will be provided in CY2024.

INSIGHT-005

Aligned with Immutep’s clinical development strategy, Immutep expanded the evaluation of efti into another new cancer indication through the INSIGHT-005 Phase I trial. INSIGHT-005 is an open-label trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of efti in combination with BAVENCIO^® (avelumab) in up to 30 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

In November 2022, Immutep signed a new Clinical Trial Collaboration and Supply Agreement with Merck KGaA and Pfizer to conduct the INSIGHT-005 trial. It is the second agreement entered into by Immutep with Merck KGaA and Pfizer and builds on the encouraging clinical data reported from the completed INSIGHT-004 study in multiple solid tumor indications from efti and avelumab (BAVENCIO^®). Under the Agreement, Immutep and Merck KGaA will jointly fund the study.

In May 2023, INSIGHT-005 received regulatory approval to commence from the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, German Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines

In January 2024, the first patient was enrolled and safely dosed in the trial following receipt of regulatory approvals. Recruitment is continuing.

AIPAC

In fiscal 2016, Immutep started Active Immunotherapy PAClitaxel (AIPAC), a Phase IIb study on efti’s effectiveness in treating metastatic breast cancer. The primary purpose of the AIPAC trial, which had a study group of 227 patients in the randomized part of the study and 15 patients for the safety run-in (242 patients in total), was to determine the clinical benefit of efti in terms of Progression-Free Survival as the primary clinical endpoint and a number of secondary endpoints such as Overall Survival in this patient population.

In December 2016, Immutep announced interim data, with respect to tests of efti plus paclitaxel chemotherapy, with all 15 patients in the safety run-in phase confirming previous trial results as well as the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of efti at two dosage levels. In January 2017, we commenced the enlarged randomized phase of our AIPAC Phase IIb clinical trial for efti in breast cancer. The randomized phase entailed half of the 227 patients receiving paclitaxel plus a placebo and half receiving paclitaxel in conjunction with efti.

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In fiscal year 2018, we continued our AIPAC Phase IIb and clinical trials sites were opened across Germany, the UK, France, Hungary, Belgium, Poland and the Netherlands. Recruitment of all 227 patients for the AIPAC study was completed in June 2019 and first data was reported in March 2020 when Immutep reported supportive efficacy data with a response rate of 48.3% for patients treated with a combination of efti and paclitaxel compared with 38.4% for patients treated with placebo and paclitaxel. 63% of patients who received paclitaxel plus efti were progression-free at the 6-month landmark (at the end of the chemo-immunotherapy combination phase) and according to RECIST 1.1 based on blinded independent central readers (BICR). This compared favorably to 54% of patients who received paclitaxel plus placebo. The PFS data yielded an unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.93. Encouraging results were observed in multiple predefined patient subgroups.

In December 2020, Immutep announced the presentation of first Overall Survival data from AIPAC at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2020. The data showed a statistically significant survival benefit in certain pre-defined patient sub-groups. Immutep also announced that EOC Pharma would commence a Phase II clinical trial evaluating efti in combination with chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer in China. Also, in December 2020, Immutep announced plans to commence upscaling of manufacturing of efti to 2000L scale in preparation for late-stage clinical development and subsequent commercialization.

In October 2021 Immutep announced it had received positive feedback from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) regarding its clinical development program for efti in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In November 2021, Immutep announced final OS data from AIPAC in a late breaker poster presentation at the SITC Annual Meeting 2021. The study demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically relevant survival benefit in the efti group in three key predefined patient subgroups: < 65 years of age, low monocytes and luminal B. Both the magnitude and statistical significance of the benefit had improved across the three groups, compared with the interim OS results reported in December 2020. In addition, Immutep reported that immune monitoring studies showed a statistically significant increase in peripheral CD8 T cells in patients from the efti group of the total population which was significantly correlated with improved OS.

In March 2022, Immutep announced that it had received constructive feedback from the FDA regarding its clinical development program for efti in MBC. In May 2022, Immutep reported new biomarker and exploratory analysis data from AIPAC at ESMO’s Breast Cancer Congress. Immutep reported that through exploratory analyses, six subgroups of patients showed an improvement in OS in the efti group, compared to placebo. Five of the six subgroups (< 65 years, low baseline monocytes, high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), < 5 years since diagnosis and luminal B) showed a statistically significant improvement in OS. Biomarker analysis showed that efti significantly increased the number of circulating immune cells (monocytes, activated CD8 T cells) and CXCL10 serum levels, compared to baseline. The increase was not observed in the placebo group.

AIPAC-003

AIPAC-003 is an integrated Phase II/III trial evaluating efti in combination with standard-of-care paclitaxel for the treatment of metastatic HER2- neg/low HR+ breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, which together account for approximately 78% of breast cancer cases. The Phase II portion of the study will take place at clinical sites across Europe and the United States. The trial includes an open-label lead-in of up to 12 patients dosed at 90mg efti, which will be followed by a randomized (1:1) portion of the Phase II study consisting of up to 58 evaluable patients who will receive 30mg efti or 90mg efti to determine the optimal biological dose in combination with paclitaxel. Depending on the Phase II results, potential regulatory actions and resources, the Phase III portion of the trial will then follow, providing a risk-balanced approach for Immutep.

If it proceeds, the Phase III study will be a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial that will evaluate Overall Survival as its primary objective and may include a specific patient population based on AIPAC and the Phase II portion of AIPAC-003. The Phase III portion of AIPAC-003 is subject to available resources, data and regulatory interactions.

The integrated design of AIPAC-003 which incorporates feedback from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), was initiated in March 2023 following regulatory approval in the United States and Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval in Spain. By May 2023, Immutep had enrolled and safely dosed the first patient in the trial and recruitment has continued into the open-label lead-in portion with multiple clinical sites now active.

Based on the encouraging efficacy, favorable safety and learnings from the completed randomized AIPAC Phase IIb trial (which administered efti and chemotherapy on different days and ceased chemotherapy at six months), patients in AIPAC-003 will receive efti and paclitaxel on the same day and this combination treatment can continue until disease progression. The Company also agreed with the FDA to expand the patient population beyond HER2–/HR+ metastatic breast cancer to include triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive form of breast cancer with limited treatment options.

In November 2023, safety data from the first six patients was evaluated showing the therapy was well tolerated with no dose limiting toxicities. The independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC) appointed for the trial recommended proceeding to the randomised Phase II portion.

In March 2024, the Company announced safety and initial efficacy data from the first ever 90mg dosing of eftilagimod alpha (efti) in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients from the safety lead-in (N=6) of the AIPAC-003 trial. The data shows a confirmed 50% overall response rate, including one complete response and two partial responses, and a 100% disease control rate, with three patients having stable disease as best overall response per RECIST 1.1. In May 2024, encouraging efficacy, safety, and pharmacodynamic data from the six patients in the safety lead-in of the AIPAC-003 trial was presented at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Breast Cancer 2024 conference.

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In October 2024 the last patient for the Phase II portion was dosed. The Phase II enrolled 65 metastatic hormone receptor positive (HR+), HER2-negative/low or triple-negative breast cancer patients who exhausted endocrine therapy including cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors

Additional Efti Manufacturing and Development Collaborations

During 2019, Immutep commenced a collaboration project with Cardiff University to advance the discovery and development of a new generation of small molecule anti-LAG-3 therapies. The ultimate aim of the project is to make an oral treatment available to cancer patients and at a lower cost compared with the current anti-LAG-3 antibodies being developed by several companies. In addition, in October 2020, Immutep entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp). The agreement is unrelated to any of Immutep’s own development programs and will support the development of immuno-oncology products or services by LabCorp.

In September 2022, Immutep announced it had entered into a new clinical trial collaboration with Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Poland to enable an investigator-initiated open label Phase II clinical trial. The trial will evaluate efti in combination with pembrolizumab and radiotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting (prior to surgery) in up to 40 patients with select soft tissue sarcoma (STS).

Immutep has global rights to efti ex-China. Under a licensing agreement between Immutep S.A.S and EOC Pharma, EOC Pharma has the exclusive development right of the efti product in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, while the development right in other countries is retained by Immutep. Eddingpharm originally held these rights but transferred the right to develop efti to its affiliate, EOC Pharma. Eddingpharm paid for the past manufacture of efti GMP grade material needed for the conduct of clinical trials of efti. Immutep will offer technical assistance to EOC Pharma to facilitate its application to register efti in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. EOC Pharma is also required to make further milestone payments to Immutep if efti achieves specific development milestones as well as undisclosed royalties on sales. EOC Pharma’s co-development of efti is supported by a sublicense from Immutep to the background Serono licensed IP. Following the grant of EOC Pharma’s Investigational New Drug (IND) application in December 2017, Immutep received a US$1.0 million milestone payment from EOC Pharma. In October 2018, EOC Pharma, commenced the clinical development of efti in China and reported that the first patient in its Phase I clinical study in metastatic breast cancer was safely dosed. In March 2020, Immutep announced that EOC Pharma had completed recruitment of its Phase I study. In April 2020, Immutep announced that it had discussed the results of its Phase IIb AIPAC study with EOC Pharma and that EOC Pharma had confirmed its plans to continue advancing efti in metastatic breast cancer in China. EOC Pharma announced in mid-2021 that they would commence a Phase II clinical trial in metastatic breast cancer in China.

In December 2022, Immutep successfully scaled-up the manufacturing process for efti with the completion of its first 2,000L manufacturing run by the Company’s manufacturing partner, WuXi Biologics. With multiple late-stage trials in progress, achieving large-scale manufacturing capability is an important step towards potential commercial production of efti.

In September 2023, Immutep received the regulatory authorization of efti manufactured at commercial 2,000L scale for use in clinical trials across multiple European countries including Germany, Belgium, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Immutep will introduce efti manufactured by the 2,000L scale process into current and future clinical trials.

IMP761 Preclinical Development

In January 2017, we announced a new early-stage product candidate to be known as IMP761, developed in our laboratory in Paris, and believed to be the first agonist antibody of LAG-3. IMP761, our fourth LAG-3 related product candidate, is our first agonist antibody related to LAG-3. The product candidate is not partnered. In September 2018, Immutep commenced cell line development and the associated GMP manufacturing steps for IMP761 to progress the product candidate towards clinical development. This work is ongoing.

Encouraging positive results from the preclinical studies of IMP761, were reported by Immutep in March 2019. Consistent with earlier in vitro studies conducted by Immutep on the immunosuppressive activity of IMP761, in vivo studies in a non-human primate animal model showed that IMP761decreases inflammatory T cell infiltration induced by intra-dermal injection of an antigen. This demonstrates that IMP761 may have potential to address the root cause of autoimmune diseases by specifically silencing the autoimmune memory T cells accumulating at the disease site.

In April 2020, Immutep announced that its manufacturing partner, Batavia Biosciences, had developed a pharmaceutical grade CHO cell line which is able to produce significant quantities of IMP761. In December 2021, Immutep announced that it had appointed Northway Biotech to manufacture IMP761 for future clinical studies.

In December 2022, Immutep established a GMP-compliant 200L manufacturing process for IMP761. The manufacturing process was developed by the Company’s manufacturing partner, Northway Biotech and will provide supply of IMP761 for Investigational New Drug (IND)-enabling studies and clinical trials.

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In May 2023, Immutep appointed a clinical research organization to conduct its GLP toxicology studies evaluating the safety and toxicity of IMP761. The Company currently anticipates clinical trials will begin in the first half of 2024.

In April 2024, Immutep entered into an agreement with the Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), a world-class institute in Leiden, the Netherlands specializing in innovative early-stage clinical drug research, to perform Immutep’s first-in-human clinical study of IMP761. CHDR will use its unique challenge model that enables insights into IMP761’s pharmacological activity early in clinical development.

In August 2024, Immutep received regulatory clearance from the ethics and competent authority in the Netherlands to initiate the trial which will be a single and multiple ascending dose, placebo-controlled, double-blind, Phase I study. The first subject has been successfully dosed.

Research Reagents used in the Development of LAG-3 Products

Our French subsidiary, Immutep S.A.S. manufactures, sells and distributes research reagents used by scientists in the research of LAG-3 products. The reagents are manufactured by Immutep S.A.S. and distributed through third party distributers. These third parties include Adipogen and Enzo.

The research reagents were originally manufactured and sold based on background licensed technology from Serono. Since 2018, the relevant patents have expired and Immutep therefore has no further obligation to make royalty payments on these sales to Serono under the licensing agreement dated December 2002 between Immutep and Serono.

IMP731 Clinical Development

A third key product candidate of Immutep is IMP731, a depleting antibody that removes T cells involved in autoimmunity. The product candidate was acquired through our acquisition of Immutep S.A.S. (formerly known as Immutep S.A.) in December 2014. Immutep S.A.S. obtained the exclusive intellectual property rights of IMP731 from the Institute national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM Transfert) under a commercial co- ownership and exploitation agreement dated July 2010. In return, Immutep S.A.S. has the obligation to make customary milestone payments when the product achieves market authorization, plus additional minor royalty payments on sales. The development of IMP731 was licensed to GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) under a license and research collaboration agreement dated December 2010 between Immutep S.A.S. and GSK.

IMP731 was evaluated by GSK in a Phase I/Ib trial in psoriasis with encouraging early evidence of clinical efficacy. GSK then commenced a Phase II trial in patients with active ulcerative colitis. In September 2019, Immutep announced that it would receive a £4,000,000 milestone payment from GSK related to the first patient being dosed in the Phase II trial, which was subsequently received by Immutep in the fiscal year 2020. In January 2021, Immutep announced that GSK had discontinued the Phase II trial as part of a planned interim analysis conducted in consultation with the trial’s Data Review Committee. While the ulcerative colitis trial was discontinued, it concluded the product candidate may have potential efficacy in other non-gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions. Exercising its right to terminate for convenience, GSK recently terminated the license and research collaboration agreement effective from May 30 2024. All development and commercialization rights to the product candidate have reverted to Immutep. GSK is completing the transfer of the candidate and all related data and intellectual property to Immutep. There has been no material impact on the Company’s financial statements due to the termination. As a depleting antibody, IMP731 has a different mode of action compared to that of Immutep’s other LAG3 products in development in oncology and autoimmune diseases. Immutep will examine the data returned from GSK and explore options for further developing and commercializing this asset.

IMP701 Clinical Development

The fourth key product candidate of Immutep is IMP701, an antagonist (blocking) antibody targeting the LAG-3 molecule with potential application in the treatment of cancer. It is designed to block the negative signal in cytotoxic T cells, which may stop T cells from responding to the cancer. The product candidate was acquired through our acquisition of Immutep S.A.S. in December 2014.

The development of IMP701 was licensed to CoStim Pharmaceuticals under an exclusive license and collaboration agreement dated September 2012 between Immutep and CoStim. Under the license, CoStim has the exclusive development right of IMP701, in consideration for the obligation to fund all the development costs and to make milestone and royalty payments to Immutep S.A.S. In February 2014, CoStim became a wholly owned subsidiary of Novartis, but the obligations of the Agreement remained with CoStim.

In August 2017, we received a milestone payment of US$1,000,000 from Novartis relating to our IMP701 LAG-3 antibody. Novartis is continuing its clinical development program for IMP701, known as LAG525 (INN: ieramilimab) by Novartis, in oncology. Currently, there are five ongoing Phase I/II clinical trials evaluating this product candidate, with a total target enrolment of 1,100 patients. More information about these clinical trials can be found at www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Novartis presented two posters on LAG525 at ESMO 2021. One poster included data from its PLATForM Phase II study of novel spartalizumab combinations in melanoma, concluding that patients with LAG-3+ melanoma may be more likely to respond to spartalizumab + ieramilimab (LAG525) treatment.

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Novartis also presented data from its Phase II, open-label, 3-arm study, in patients with advanced TNBC regardless of PD-L1 status progressing after adjuvant or 1 prior line of systemic therapy for metastatic disease, but who had not received an immune checkpoint inhibitor, where patients were randomized 1:1:1 to LAG525 + spartalizumab, LAG525 + spartalizumab + carboplatin, or LAG525 + carboplatin. As no arms met the proof of preliminary efficacy PPE criteria, no further investigation is planned for this study.

Novartis continued to evaluate ieramilimab in multiple cancer indications during fiscal year 2024 and retains the candidate in its development portfolio.

EOC Pharma

In 2013, Immutep SAS out licensed the exclusive development and commercialization rights of efti (designated EOC202) in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan to EOC Pharma. Immutep retains these rights in all other territories.

In March 2020, EOC Pharma completed patient recruitment for the EOC202A1101 phase I study in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) being conducted in China. In December 2020, Immutep announced that EOC Pharma would commence a Phase II clinical trial evaluating efti in combination with chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer in China.

LabCorp

In October 2020, Immutep entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement with Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, known as LabCorp (NYSE: LH) to support the development of immuno-oncology products or services.

Throughout the fiscal year 2024, Immutep has continued to support LabCorp with its development of LAG-3 products and services, applying its in-depth LAG-3 expertise and knowledge. Immutep received initial fees from LabCorp in fiscal year 2021 and may be eligible to receive further revenues from commercial milestones as the collaboration progresses under its 2020 License and Collaboration Agreement with LabCorp. The collaboration is unrelated to any of Immutep’s own in-house pharmaceutical development programs in cancer or autoimmune disease.

Intellectual Property

As of June 30, 2024, Immutep owns, co-owns or in-licenses 16 patent families relating to our development candidates efti, IMP701, IMP731 and IMP761.

On the December 9, 2002, Ares Trading SA (a fully owned subsidiary of Serono, now Merck Serono) and Immutep S.A. entered into an exclusive License Agreement for the development of the LAG-3 technology. The license covers use of background patents and know-how necessary for the development of certain LAG-3 products. Confidential milestones and royalties are payable to Serono while the patent or know-how license is in force. As the license is exclusive it provides a greater level of protection to the development of LAG-3 products. The license is sub-licensable and has been sublicensed in agreements with GSK, Co-Stim, Eddingpharm and Cytlimic. Improvements to the technology and new developments in intellectual property covered by the license are the property of Immutep S.A. The last of the licensed patents expired on July 23, 2018, and so the license continues as only a know-how license.

In addition to patent protection for all of our assets, we rely on unpatented trade secrets, know-how and other confidential information as well as proprietary technological innovation and expertise that are protected in part by confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, advisors and consultants.

Patent matters in biotechnology are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. The availability and breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology and pharmaceutical patents cannot be predicted. Statutory differences in patentable subject matter may limit the protection Immutep can obtain on some or all of their licensed inventions or prevent us from obtaining patent protection either of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Since patent applications are not published until at least 18 months from their first filing date and the publication of discoveries in the scientific literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we, or any of our licensors, were the first creator of inventions covered by pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors, were the first to file patent applications for such inventions. Additionally, the grant and enforceability of a patent is dependent on a number of factors that may vary between jurisdictions. These factors may include the novelty of the invention, the requirement that the invention not be obvious in the light of prior art (including prior use or publication of the invention), the utility of the invention and the extent to which the patent clearly describes the best method of working the invention. In short, this means that claims granted in various territories may vary and thereby influence commercial outcomes.

While we have applied and will continue to file for protection as appropriate for our therapeutic products and technologies, we cannot be certain that any future patent applications filed by the company, or licensed to us, will be approved, or that Immutep will develop additional proprietary products or processes that are patentable or that we will be able to license any other patentable products or processes. Immutep cannot be certain that others will not independently develop similar products or processes, duplicate any of the products or processes developed or being developed by the company or licensed to us, or design around the patents owned or licensed by us, or that any patents owned or licensed by us will provide us with competitive advantages.

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Furthermore, we cannot be certain that patents held by third parties will not prevent the commercialization of products incorporating the technology developed by us or licensed to us, or that third parties will not challenge or seek to narrow, invalidate or circumvent any of the issued, pending or future patents owned or licensed by us.

Our commercial success will also depend, in part, on our ability to avoid infringement of patents issued to others. If a court determines that we were infringing any third-party patents, we could be required to pay damages, alter our products or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. We cannot be certain that the licenses required under patents held by third parties would be made available on terms acceptable to us or at all. To the extent that we are unable to obtain such licenses, we could be foreclosed from the development, export, manufacture or commercialization of the product requiring such license or encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to design around such patents, and any of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may have to resort to litigation to enforce any patents issued or licensed to us or to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of effort by us. We may have to participate in opposition proceedings before the Australian Patent and Trademark Office or another foreign patent office, or in interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, to determine the priority of invention for patent applications filed by competitors. Any such litigation interference or opposition proceeding, regardless of outcome, could be expensive and time consuming, and adverse determinations in any such proceedings could prevent us from developing, manufacturing or commercializing our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company also owns trademark registrations for IMMUTEP in Australia, United States, Europe, China and Japan.

In fiscal year 2024, Immutep has continued to build its patent portfolio with the addition of 10 new patents.

In particular, Immutep was granted eight patents for efti in the fiscal year, spanning key geographies. New patents covering efti in combination with chemotherapy or anti-PD-1 therapy were granted in Europe, Korea and Brazil. In addition, patents directed to Immutep’s binding assay for determining MHC Class II binding activity were granted in Brazil, Canada, India, Macao, and Russia. The assay is used in the characterisation of efti in GMP-grade manufacturing.

In addition, the Australian and Japanese Patent Office each granted a new patent protecting IMP761. These two new patents follow the grant of similar patents in other territories.

In January 2024, Immutep entered into a research collaboration agreement with Monash University to progress joint investigations into the structure of LAG-3 and how it interacts with its main ligand, MHC Class II. This work is being led by Professor Jamie Rossjohn at Monash University and Immutep’s CSO, Dr Frederic Triebel. The agreement extends Immutep’s previous research collaboration agreements with Monash University signed in 2017 and 2020.

In June 2024, Immutep signed an exclusive License Agreement with Cardiff University, granting the Company the rights to develop and commercialize next-generation anti-LAG-3 small molecules. This agreement builds on years of collaboration between Immutep and Cardiff University’s expert team. The goal of the program is to create an orally available small molecule anti-LAG-3 treatment that offers a more cost-effective alternative to the existing anti-LAG-3 monoclonal and bi-specific antibodies currently on the market or in clinical development. Several promising compounds that block LAG-3 have been identified in collaboration with the world leading scientists at Cardiff University.

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Patent Portfolio

The following table presents our portfolio of patents and patent applications, including their status (as at June 30, 2024) and title.

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Competition

The biopharma industry, including the immunotherapy subsector, is intensely competitive and characterized by ongoing and extensive research and development efforts devoted to developing innovative and proprietary technologies. Our product candidates target oncology and autoimmune diseases. We compete with many organizations who have developed and/or are developing products, or product candidates for the same indications or employing a mechanism-of-action (MOA) principle that is similar or competitive to ours, including large and specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic research institutes, governmental agencies, and public and private research institutes. We anticipate that we may face increasing competition as new drugs or therapies targeting oncology or autoimmune diseases are developed and enter the market.

There is great industry interest in the field of immuno-oncology, particularly given the therapeutic benefits achieved by FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1 or LAG-3. These positive results for checkpoint monotherapies are typically only seen in a relatively small subset of the targeted patient population which has led to hundreds of immuno-oncology combination treatments being tested in clinical trials.

Our lead product candidate in oncology, eftilagimod alpha (IMP321 or efti), is a first-in-class soluble LAG-3 fusion protein and MHC Class II agonist that is being developed as a cancer therapeutic. Efti’s MOA leads to the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as dendritic cells and monocytes, which stimulates and augments the human body’s natural immune response to fight cancer tumors, including but not limited to the activation and proliferation of cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells. Other types of APC activators include toll like receptor (TLR) agonists, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, CD40 agonists, or oncolytic viral therapies.

We are aware of other companies that are developing cancer therapeutics in the same specific indications we are currently targeting and may target in the future. Some of these competitors are developing other immune-modulating therapeutics that promote an immunological response against cancer, including in combination with anti-PD-(L)1 therapies in first-line, second-line, and subsequent treatment settings.

Efti is being developed in different indications in oncology. Currently, the three main indications are non-small cell-lung cancer (NSCLC), metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and other indications include soft tissue sarcoma and urothelial cancer.

In advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer not amenable to EGFR/ALK based therapy, where efti is tested, platinum-based chemotherapies were mostly replaced as first line therapy by anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapies or anti-PD-(L)1 + chemotherapy combination treatments in recent years. Current developments comprise other targeted therapies for select mutations (e.g., KRAS), improved chemotherapy (e.g. antibody-drug conjugates or ADCs) and other immuno-oncology assets (e.g. anti-TIGIT).

Current treatments for metastatic breast cancer, include predominantly PARP inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and endocrine based therapies. Thereafter, different types of chemotherapy are usually applied. Efti is tested as an adjacent therapy to chemotherapy (e.g. paclitaxel). ADCs are being developed for patients with HER low expression and may replace chemotherapy here for a subset of patients after exhaustion of endocrine based therapy.

Efti is also being investigated in patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (R/M HNSCC). Current treatments for recurrent HNSCC include combination therapy with cetuximab, cisplatin, and 5-fluoruracil (5-FU). More recently, immunotherapy through PD-1 blockade has become an option, either alone or in combination with platinum plus 5-FU.

Our lead clinical candidate in autoimmune diseases, IMP761, is a first-in-class LAG-3 agonist antibody that is designed to enhance the brake function of LAG-3 on T cells to restore balance to the immune system and address the underlying cause of many autoimmune disorders. We are aware of other companies that are developing other checkpoint agonists (e.g. PD-1) or checkpoint receptor agonists (e.g. BTLA) targeting autoimmune diseases that we may focus on in the future.

Many competitors, or potential competitors, either alone, or with their strategic partners, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do. Therefore, our competitors may be more successful than us in obtaining approval for treatments and achieving widespread market adoption which may render our treatments obsolete or non-competitive. In addition, many of our competitors have significantly greater experience than we have in undertaking preclinical studies and human clinical trials of new pharmaceutical products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products for use in health care, manufacturing and marketing and selling approved products. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours.

We expect our product candidates, if approved and commercialized, to compete with other products on a number of factors including, but not limited to, product safety and efficacy, time to market, price, insurance coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors, extent of adverse side effects, and convenience of treatment. We may not be able to effectively compete in any of these areas.

Regulatory Authorities

Our ongoing research and development, clinical, regulatory, commercial and manufacturing activities of our pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities, including (i) in Australia, principally the Therapeutics Goods Administration, or TGA;

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(ii) in the United States, principally the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA; and (iii) in Europe, principally the European Medicines Agency, or EMA and local competent authorities, human research ethic committee (HREC), ethics committees (ECs), institutional research boards (IRBs) and other regulatory authorities at federal, state or local levels. We, along with our third-party contractors, will be required to navigate the various preclinical, clinical and commercial approval and post-approval requirements of the governing regulatory agencies of the countries in which we wish to conduct studies or seek approval or licensure of our product candidates.

United States – FDA process

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, and its implementing regulations. Regulations that govern the testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, record keeping, advertising and promotion of such products under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, and their implementing regulations. The process of obtaining FDA approval and achieving and maintaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other requirements may result in refusal to approve pending applications, a clinical hold, warning letters, civil or criminal penalties, recall or seizure of products, partial or total suspension of production or withdrawal of the product from the market. FDA approval is required before any new drug or biologic, including a new use of a previously approved drug, can be marketed in the United States. All applications for FDA approval must contain, among other things, information relating to safety and efficacy, stability, manufacturing, processing, packaging, labeling and quality control.

Government oversight of the pharmaceutical industry is usually classified into pre-approval and post-approval categories. Most of the therapeutically significant innovative products marketed today are the subject of New Drug Applications, or NDAs, or Biologics License Applications, or BLAs. Pre-approval activities, based on these detailed applications, are used to assure the product is safe and effective before marketing.

Drug Approval Process – FDA

None of our drug product candidates may be marketed in the United States until the drug has received FDA approval. The steps required before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally include the following: