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Tech Companies Step Up Fight Against 'Deepfakes'

Tech Companies Step Up Fight Against 'Deepfakes'

科技公司加強對抗「深假貨」
道琼斯 ·  2019/11/22 20:55

DJ Tech Companies Step Up Fight Against 'Deepfakes'

DJ科技公司加大了對Deepfakes的打擊力度


By Betsy Morris


貝琪·莫里斯著

Big tech companies such as Facebook Inc., Twitter Inc. and Google have benefited from enabling users to easily share pictures or videos, but they are now working to stem the spread of maliciously doctored content ahead of next year's presidential election.

Facebook、推特(Twitter Inc.)和谷歌等大型科技公司都受益於讓用户能夠輕鬆分享圖片或視頻,但它們現在正在努力阻止惡意篡改內容在明年總統選舉之前傳播。

So-called deepfakes are images or videos that have been manipulated through the use of sophisticated machine-learning algorithms to make it almost impossible to differentiate between what's real and what isn't. While the technology has positive applications -- Walt Disney Co. has used algorithms to insert characters in some of its "Star Wars" movies -- it also has been used to create more nefarious content.

所謂深度偽造是指通過使用複雜的機器學習算法對圖片或視頻進行篡改,使其幾乎不可能區分真假。雖然這項技術有積極的應用--華特迪士尼公司使用算法在其一些《星球大戰》電影中插入角色--但它也被用來製作更邪惡的內容。

The tools to create the fake images are improving so rapidly that "very soon it will be very hard to detect deepfakes with technology," said Dana Rao, executive vice president and general counsel for Adobe Inc., the San Francisco company best known for Photoshop image-editing software. The fight "will be an arms race," he said.

製作假圖像的工具發展得如此之快,以至於“很快就會很難用技術來識別深偽,”總裁執行副總裁兼Adobe的法律總顧問拉奧説。這家舊金山公司以Photoshop圖像編輯軟件聞名。他説,這場戰鬥“將是一場軍備競賽”。

The number of deepfakes online nearly doubled from December to August, to 14,678, according to a study by cybersecurity startup Deeptrace. The rise has prompted action by tech giants.

根據網絡安全初創公司Deeptrace的一項研究,從去年12月到8月,在線深度假貨的數量幾乎翻了一番,達到14678起。這種增長已促使科技巨頭採取行動。

Alphabet Inc.'s Google on Wednesday, in an update to its political advertisement policy, said it was prohibiting the use of deepfakes in those and other ads.

Alphabet旗下的谷歌週三在更新其政治廣告政策時表示,將禁止在新浪美國存托股份和其他微博上使用深度假冒廣告。

Twitter earlier this month said it was considering identifying manipulated photos, videos and audio shared on its platform. "The risk is that these types of synthetic media and disinformation undermine the public trust and erode our ability to have productive conversations about critical issues," said Yoel Roth, Twitter's head of site integrity.

Twitter本月早些時候表示,正在考慮識別在其平臺上分享的被篡改的照片、視頻和音頻。Twitter網站完整性主管約爾·羅斯表示:“風險在於,這些類型的合成媒體和虛假信息破壞了公眾的信任,侵蝕了我們就關鍵問題進行富有成效的對話的能力。”

Facebook, Microsoft Corp. and Amazon.com Inc. are working with more than a half-dozen universities to run a Deepfake Detection Challenge starting next month. It is intended to accelerate research into new ways of detecting and preventing media manipulated to mislead others, Facebook Chief Technology Officer Mike Schroepfer wrote in a blog post in September.

Facebook、微軟(Microsoft Corp.)和亞馬遜(Amazon.com Inc.)正與六所以上的大學合作,從下個月開始舉辦一項深度假冒檢測挑戰賽。臉書首席技術官Mike·施羅普費爾在9月份的一篇博客文章中寫道,這一舉措旨在加快研究檢測和防止媒體被操縱誤導他人的新方法。

Interest in making deepfakes is growing fast, according to Deeptrace. Two years ago the first deepfakes appeared on Reddit, the popular chat forum. Now at least 20 websites and online forums are devoted to discussions about how to better produce them.

根據Deeptrace的數據,人們對製作深水假貨的興趣正在迅速增長。兩年前,第一批深水假貨出現在熱門聊天論壇Reddit上。現在,至少有20個網站和在線論壇致力於討論如何更好地製作它們。

Deeptrace found online services that can generate and sell custom deepfakes in as little as two days and for a cost as low as $2.99 a video, the researchers said.

研究人員説,Deeptrace發現了在線服務,可以在短短兩天內生成並銷售定製的深度假,成本低至每段視頻2.99美元。

"It doesn't take a lot of skill," said Matt Turek, a program manager overseeing deepfake-related research and development efforts at the Pentagon's technology incubator, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Pentagon is studying deepfakes out of concern that military planners could be fooled into bad decisions if altered images aren't detected.

“這不需要很多技能,”馬特·圖雷克説,他是五角大樓的技術孵化器--國防高級研究計劃局--負責深度假冒相關研發工作的項目經理。五角大樓正在研究深偽,因為擔心如果沒有檢測到篡改的圖像,軍事規劃者可能會被愚弄而做出錯誤的決定。

Darpa has developed a prototype media forensics tool for use by government agencies to detect altered photos and video. It wants to develop additional technology to detect synthetic audio and fake text and identify the source and intent of any manipulated content.

DARPA開發了一個原型媒體取證工具,供政府機構用來檢測篡改的照片和視頻。它希望開發更多的技術來檢測合成音頻和虛假文本,並識別任何被操縱內容的來源和意圖。

How companies deal with deepfakes is another point of conflict between tech companies and Washington. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D., Calif.) denounced Facebook earlier this year for its refusal to take down a doctored video of her. Facebook Chief Executive Mark Zuckerberg, following the incident, said the company was reviewing its policy on deepfakes.

科技公司如何處理深度假貨是科技公司與華盛頓之間的另一個矛盾點。眾議院議長南希·佩洛西(加州民主黨人)今年早些時候,Facebook譴責Facebook拒絕刪除她的一段篡改視頻。Facebook首席執行長扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)在事件發生後表示,公司正在審查其針對深度假貨的政策。

Republican Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas has co-sponsored legislation with Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto (D., Nev.) to boost research to identify such content manipulation. On Wednesday, Mr. Moran called deepfakes "a specific threat to U.S. voters and consumers by way of misinformation that is increasingly difficult to identify."

堪薩斯州共和黨參議員Jerry·莫蘭與內華達州民主黨參議員凱瑟琳·科爾特斯·馬斯托共同發起了這項立法。以促進識別此類內容操縱行為的研究。週三,莫蘭稱深度假貨“是對美國選民和消費者的一種具體威脅,因為它們是越來越難以識別的錯誤信息”。

Several startups have emerged to work on image verification, and now big tech companies, which have been criticized for not doing more to prevent disinformation, are getting more involved in the fight.

已經出現了幾家致力於圖像驗證的初創公司,現在大型科技公司正在更多地參與這場鬥爭,這些公司因沒有采取更多措施防止虛假信息而受到批評。

For example, Facebook has amassed more than 100,000 videos featuring actors -- not images drawn from the social media site's actual users -- that researchers can use to help develop and test systems to spot deepfakes.

例如,Facebook已經收集了10萬多個以演員為主角的視頻--而不是來自該社交媒體網站實際用户的圖像--研究人員可以利用這些視頻來幫助開發和測試識別深度假冒的系統。

Google has similarly built up a catalog to hone deepfake-detection research. This year the company assembled a trove of audio clips to help researchers develop ways to identify fake speech that can be spliced into a video. Google also is drawing on its work developing text-to-speech conversion tools and to devise new ones that can help authenticate a speaker.

谷歌也同樣建立了一個目錄,以磨練深入的假冒檢測研究。今年,該公司收集了大量音頻片段,以幫助研究人員開發識別可以拼接成視頻的虛假語音的方法。谷歌還在利用其開發文本到語音轉換工具的工作,並設計新的工具來幫助驗證説話者的身份。

Adobe is taking a different approach. The company has developed a system that will allow authors and publishers to attach information to content, such as who created it and when and where. It is working with New York Times Co. and Twitter and will share the technology, which it says it will aim to make an industrywide system for authenticating content.

Adobe正在採取一種不同的方式。該公司開發了一種系統,允許作者和出版商將信息附加到內容中,如誰創建了它,以及何時何地。它正在與紐約時報公司和Twitter合作,並將共享這項技術。它説,這項技術的目標是建立一個全行業的內容認證系統。

Adobe said it would introduce the authentication tool on its Photoshop editing software as an opt-in feature in the next several months. Adobe expects most legitimate authors and creators to opt in, while bad actors wouldn't, Mr. Rao said.

Adobe表示,將在未來幾個月內在其Photoshop編輯軟件上推出身份驗證工具,作為一項選擇加入的功能。拉奧説,Adobe預計大多數合法的作者和創作者都會選擇加入,而糟糕的演員則不會。

Elsewhere, the nonprofit arm of the AI Foundation, an advocacy group for the safe use of artificial intelligence, has created a website to help campaigns and journalists analyze photos and videos within minutes of receiving them. The portal, called Reality Defender 2020, uses complex algorithms to detect pixel changes and other anomalies, such as in a candidate's mannerisms, mouth movements, face wrinkles and shadows, to detect alterations. It has drawn on research from dozens of academics.

在其他地方,倡導安全使用人工智能的組織人工智能基金會的非營利性機構創建了一個網站,幫助競選團隊和記者在收到照片和視頻後的幾分鐘內對它們進行分析。這個名為Reality Defender 2020的門户網站使用複雜的算法來檢測像素變化和其他異常,如候選人的舉止、嘴巴運動、面部皺紋和陰影,以檢測變化。它借鑑了數十位學者的研究成果。

"There is no one silver bullet," said the AI Foundation's founder and chief technology officer, Rob Meadows.

人工智能基金會的創始人兼首席技術官羅布·梅多斯説:“沒有靈丹妙藥。”

--Till Daldrup contributed to this article.

--Till Daldrup對本文有貢獻。

Write to Betsy Morris at betsy.morris@wsj.com

寫信給Betsy Morris,電子郵件:betsy.morris@wsj.com



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(完)道瓊斯通訊社

November 22, 2019 07:55 ET (12:55 GMT)

2019年11月22日東部時間07:55(格林尼治標準時間12:55)

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