从汽车制造、自动驾驶到电池生产等关键领域，特斯拉每一次收购都是奔着解决实际问题、获取技术人才并最终实现内部化生产降本增效去的。
汽车科技领域最不缺的就是投资，动辄数千万甚至上亿美元的投资并购，实属家常便饭。
事实上，智能电动汽车的领头羊特斯拉，在从稚嫩走向强大的过程中，也经历过买买买的过程。
特斯拉与苹果的并购策略比较相似，专注收购中小型技术公司，通过全资收购的方式获取技术和人才。
与此同时，特斯拉又有着内部化生产降本增效的宏大图景——在汽车制造、自动驾驶以及电池生产等关键领域一步步提高壁垒，不断加固自己的护城河。
特斯拉并购策略 通过整体买进获取人才和技术
苹果作为智能手机时代的王者，一直走在技术和时尚的前沿。
特斯拉在电动汽车行业的领头羊地位也是有目共睹，人们也经常将特斯拉比作「汽车中的苹果」。
特斯拉与苹果不仅是各自领域内的佼佼者，就连在并购策略上，二者也非常相似。
苹果 CEO 库克曾说过，「我们主要对能够补充苹果产品的技术类小型创新公司感兴趣」。
特斯拉也有类似偏好。
细数下来，特斯拉已经收购了 10 多家公司：从 2015 年的冲压件制造商 Riviera Tool，到 2021 年的电池负极材料技术初创公司 Sillion，以及为获得电池阴极技术收购加拿大公司 Springpower International。
有趣的是，与苹果一样，特斯拉并不经常对外宣告这些并购行为。
苹果在并购方面采用小额交易策略，这种策略可用一个词精准概括：Acq-hire，简而言之，就是以收购人才为目的的并购。
特斯拉收购的公司也多为初创小公司，对于收购金额、过程都非常保密。
在多数情况下，特斯拉从不大大方方宣告这些收购消息，总是悄悄的完成收购，见诸报端的也多是已经完成收购的推测。
特斯拉在 2016 年宣布以 26 亿美元收购太阳能电池板公司 SolarCity 是一个例外。这起收购案还因为特斯拉与股东们的利益纠葛闹上了法庭，马斯克甚至为这起收购案出庭辩护。
像这样人尽皆知的收购终究是少数，而多数情况下特斯拉还是私下进行，外界对于收购过程、金额甚至是否完成收购都要靠各种消息推测。
另一个特点是，特斯拉大部分收购标的都是中小公司，看中的就是人才和技术。
说白了，利用收购这个手段合法占有人才和技术，迅速壮大自身实力。
特斯拉并购三阶段
在并购对象上，特斯拉基本遵循汽车制造、自动驾驶、电池生产制造这一路线。
在那些对于业务发展非常重要但一时之间难以有所突破的领域，特斯拉通过并购逐步获取相应人才和技术，夯实基础。
这也正是特斯拉收购之路的三个主要阶段：前期是汽车制造相关的技术，继而是自动驾驶和人工智能，再延续到电池生产制造。这也暗合了电动汽车发展的阶段性特点。
（1）2015—2017 年：重点在于确保获取汽车生产制造技术
2015 年，特斯拉首先收购了冲压件制造商维埃拉模具公司 Riviera Tool，以提升电动车产能。
这是特斯拉自 2003 年成立以来的首次收购，特斯拉业务也扩展到了密歇根州。
当时，特斯拉正处于扩大产品产能提销量的当口，这一年特斯拉在售的只有 Model S 车型，Model X 则计划在当年第三季度开始出货，Model 3 则计划在 2017 年推出。
Riviera Tool 是一家生产用于冲压金属零件的工具和模具的公司，可为特斯拉在加州佛里蒙特工厂供应冲压件，拉升特斯拉产能。
特斯拉也确认了这一收购，并将维埃拉模具公司 Riviera Tool 重新命名为特斯拉工具与模具工厂（Tesla Tool and Die Factory），但特斯拉并未透露交易价格。
收购前，Riviera Tool 不仅是特斯拉的零部件供应商，其客户还包括底特律的通用、福特、克莱斯勒以及宝马、日产和戴姆勒等车企。
收购完成后，里维埃拉完成与其他客户的订单之后，就开始专注服务特斯拉。
为了提升 Model 3 产能，特斯拉在 2016 年收购了德国自动化生产公司Grohmann Engineering。
被特斯拉收购后，Grohmann 更名为特斯拉 Grohmann Automation，Grohmann Engineering 创始人克劳斯·格罗曼(Klaus Grohmann)也随之加入特斯拉，担任新成立部门「特斯拉德国先进自动化」的主管。
当时，Grohmann Engineering 已有 700 名员工。
时任特斯拉 CTO JB·施特劳贝尔(JB Straubel)也表示，德国的工程人才储备庞大，也是特斯拉决定在德国展开投资的重要因素，此次收购完成后会扩大 Grohman 的团队至 1000 人。
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马斯克对于这次「特斯拉历史上首笔重大交易」很是看重。他表示，「自动化是特斯拉未来十分重要的组成部分」。
通过收购「用于生产机器的机器」，特斯拉再次将业务扩展到了汽车制造之乡德国。
特斯拉认为，时值 Model 3 发售前提高汽车产量之际，自动化显著提升生产速度和质量。
此外，马斯克还表示，「企业的关键在于人，我们十分荣幸能够留下格罗曼」，称「他在公司是位举足轻重的人物。」
新闻报道中称特斯拉这笔收购价格高达 1.5 亿美元。
提产能提效率也是特斯拉汽车量产的重点。
2017年11月，特斯拉收购了为工厂生产自动化设备的公司 Perbix。
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收购之前，Perbix 已与特斯拉合作了三年之久，负责为特斯拉生产各种自动化工具，包括生产特斯拉汽车中驱动转子的自动化工具。
通过这次收购，特斯拉能够在自家工厂中生产更多汽车零部件，利用高度自动化技术降低汽车生产成本。
这与 2016 年收购德国自动化生产公司 Grohmann Engineering 是一脉相成的逻辑。
特斯拉遭遇 Model 3 产能困境，马斯克还曾在推特上指出过产能问题。有报道称产能不足的一个原因是很多零部件需要人工加工，而收购 Perbix 能切实解决这一问题。
特斯拉为解决问题豪掷千金，虽然并未披露交易价格，但 Perbix 的所有者 James S. Dudley 收到了 34772 股特斯拉股票，当时价值超过 1000 万美元。
特斯拉在发展早期专注汽车生产制造和量产方面的技术，不断通过收购来保证量产规模，正如马斯克曾说，高度自动化才能降低汽车生产成本。
这也是特斯拉的商业逻辑，如今在美国加州&德州、中国上海和德国柏林的超级工厂也是如此。
（2）2019年：开始专注自动驾驶和人工智能
量产车规模上来以后，特斯拉着重关注起智能化问题，Autopilot 成为特斯拉发展的重中之重。
2019 年，人工智能公司开始出现在特斯拉并购名单上。
第一家被特斯拉看上的就是自动驾驶感知创业公司 DeepScale。
Deep Scale是一家拥有使用低功耗工艺实现高精度计算机视觉技术的初创公司，其 CEO Forrest Iandola认为 Deep Scale的优势就在于感知前融合，「我们所做的是利用原始数据的前融合，做目标检测前就进行融合」。
利用原始数据而非目标数据做感知融合，这也是 Deep Scale 最具差异化的竞争优势。
通过这次收购，特斯拉也将 Deep Scale CEO 纳入麾下，后者作为高级机器学习科学家供职特斯拉。
同时，特斯拉在技术层面与 Deep Scale 实现了前融合感知、完全自主研发感知等方面的强耦合。
在自动驾驶道路上走纯视觉路线的特斯拉，收购 DeepScale 获取技术加人才的策略真是既精确又有远见。
目前，特斯拉 FSD 已经从美国扩展到了加拿大，马斯克还表示年内就可以实现全自动驾驶。
从国外车主对于特斯拉 FSD 的测试来看，虽总有小问题，但测试结果屡屡让人惊叹，特斯拉正致力于让软件表现得像人类司机一样自然。
（3）2019-2021 年：专注电池生产
在 2020 年 9 月电池日上，马斯克展示了特斯拉在电池方面的雄心，开启了电池内部化生产的序幕。
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特斯拉不仅发布了能量密度更强、能耗更低的第三代 4680 电芯，还推出了电池物理层面的架构创新成果——CTC 技术，这项技术可以取消 Pack 设计直接将电芯或模组安装在车身上。就在电池日前后，特斯拉还发起了五次与电池相关的并购。
频繁的电池领域并购说明特斯拉新一步重点是电池技术创新。
2019 年初，特斯拉宣布与美国电池技术公司 Maxwell Technologies 达成收购协议，以 4.75 美元每股价格收购后者，总价格高达2.18 亿美元。
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收购完成后，Maxwell Technologies 将与特斯拉的一家子公司合并，成为特斯拉的全资子公司。
Maxwell Technologies 的亮点在于研发出了一种干电极技术，并申请了专利。
Maxwell 的干电极工艺提供了制造锂离子电池的新方法，通过将混入活跃的负极或正极材料颗粒的 PTFE（Teflon）原纤维化，形成负极或正极材料的自支撑膜。
最为关键的是，这项技术将使电池的负极和正极不使用溶剂。传统的锂电池制造需使用有粘合剂材料的溶剂，常见溶剂 NMP 有毒性须小心回收，进行纯化和再利用，而且还需要巨大、昂贵且复杂的电极涂覆机。
这种技术可以显著改善电池性能，拥有更大的电池功率，未来还能进一步降低生产成本。
为获取电池制造方面的技术，2019 年 10 月，特斯拉又收购电池生产制造商 Hibar Systems，且 Hibar Systems 生产的泵将用于为新式 4680 电芯推出的快速电池组装流程中。
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通过上述两次收购，特斯拉不仅获取了干电极工艺，还拥有了电池制造技术，为电池生产内部化进一步助力。
但特斯拉并没有止步于此，又把触角伸向了电池材料领域。
2021 年，特斯拉又瞄准了拥有环保负极材料生产技术的Springpower International和拥有硅负极材料生产技术的初创公司SiILion。
通过收购 Springpower International，特斯拉获得一项专利，能在制造电池阴极时的用水量以及与此过程相关的成本上获得显著收益。
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特斯拉的工程主管 Drew Baglino 曾通俗地描述过这一问题：制造阴极时，需要金属硫酸盐加入化学品，并注入水，发生一系列反应之后，最后得到的是少量阴极，但更多的是废水和副产品，效益不高。
Springpower International 通过为特斯拉提供所需技术，解决实际问题，这对特斯拉生产 4680 电池量产有非常重大的推动意义。
特斯拉看上的 SiILion，研究的是一种基于「高负载硅阳极」的新型高能量密度电池化学物质，以及被称为「包含硅颗粒的大型电池阳极」的专利。
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特斯拉看中 SiILion 其实也早有伏笔。2020 年九月份电池日上，特斯拉就表示新的 4680 电池会采用硅基电池阳极供电，SiILion 正好能满足特斯拉所需。
不难看出，这几笔电池领域收购都在为特斯拉自产 4680 电池铺路。
目前，特斯拉已在德州安装好 4680 电池生产线，预计于 4 月上旬开始生产。同时，特斯拉也计划在柏林超级工厂建造一座 4680 电池工厂。
今年 3 月 22 日，马斯克预估：2023 年电动车电池生产将面临挑战，电池将在未来 2-3 年内成为阻碍特斯拉发展的「限制因素」。
但随着电池生产规模化，成本进一步降低，4680 电池将成为特斯拉新的销量杀手。
这些收购案成就特斯拉万亿美金市值之路
从关注汽车生产制造技术到专注智能化再延伸到新能源车的心脏——动力电池领域，特斯拉每一次收购都是奔着解决实际问题、获取技术人才并最终实现内部化生产降本增效去的。
特斯拉在成为电动汽车领头羊的征程中一往无前，在资本市场更是如此。
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去年10月25日，美国老牌汽车租赁巨头Hertz宣布一次性购买十万辆特斯拉汽车，采购金额高达42 亿美元，特斯拉股价当日即大幅飙升，一跃迈进万亿美金市值俱乐部。
至此全球万亿美元俱乐部成员增加至 6 名，而股价「杀疯了」的特斯拉排名还超过了沙特阿美，位于苹果、亚马逊、微软和谷歌科技公司之后。
特斯拉在资本市场创造的成绩令人惊叹，同时其自动驾驶技术和生产制造能力也同样为业界津津乐道。
新势力车企们以及面临转型考验的传统车企，明里暗里都在模仿甚至复制特斯拉模式。特斯拉已经活成了智能电动汽车领域的苹果。
专注中小型技术公司，通过收购获取前沿技术和人才，不断解决发展中的实际问题。
特斯拉一步步将电动汽车领域的重要技术掌握在自己手中，并通过规模化量产不断放大这种技术和人才优势，内部化生产带来的成本效益，让特斯拉在去年连续两个季度成为毛利率超过 30% 的车企，在众多车企中一骑绝尘。
随着电池原材料价格上涨以及原材料未来有短缺可能，行业的目光再次落到动力电池领域，而马斯克表示要在特斯拉柏林工厂建造世界上最大的电池生产厂。
当德州的电池产线和柏林共产的电池工厂开动起来时，特斯拉新的杀手锏已经就位。
从汽车制造、自动驾驶到电池生产等关键领域，特斯拉每一次收购都是奔着解决实际问题、获取技术人才并最终实现内部化生产降本增效去的。
From key areas such as automobile manufacturing, self-driving to battery production, Tesla, Inc. 's every acquisition is aimed at solving practical problems, acquiring technical personnel and finally realizing internalized production to reduce costs and increase efficiency.
汽车科技领域最不缺的就是投资，动辄数千万甚至上亿美元的投资并购，实属家常便饭。
In the field of automotive technology, there is no shortage of investment, and it is common to invest tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of dollars in mergers and acquisitions.
事实上，智能电动汽车的领头羊特斯拉，在从稚嫩走向强大的过程中，也经历过买买买的过程。
In fact, Tesla, Inc., the leader of intelligent electric vehicles, has also experienced the process of buying and buying in the process from immature to strong.
特斯拉与苹果的并购策略比较相似，专注收购中小型技术公司，通过全资收购的方式获取技术和人才。
Tesla, Inc. and Apple Inc have similar M & A strategies, focusing on acquiring small and medium-sized technology companies and acquiring technology and talent through wholly-owned acquisitions.
与此同时，特斯拉又有着内部化生产降本增效的宏大图景——在汽车制造、自动驾驶以及电池生产等关键领域一步步提高壁垒，不断加固自己的护城河。
At the same time, Tesla, Inc. has a grand picture of internalizing production to reduce costs and increase efficiency-raising barriers and strengthening his moat step by step in key areas such as car manufacturing, self-driving and battery production.
特斯拉并购策略 通过整体买进获取人才和技术
Tesla, Inc. 's merger and acquisition StrategyAcquire talent and technology through overall buying
苹果作为智能手机时代的王者，一直走在技术和时尚的前沿。
Apple Inc, as the king of the smartphone era, has been at the forefront of technology and fashion.
特斯拉在电动汽车行业的领头羊地位也是有目共睹，人们也经常将特斯拉比作「汽车中的苹果」。
Tesla, Inc. 's position as a leader in the electric vehicle industry is also obvious to all, and Tesla, Inc. is often compared to "Apple Inc in the car".
特斯拉与苹果不仅是各自领域内的佼佼者，就连在并购策略上，二者也非常相似。
Tesla, Inc. and Apple Inc are not only leaders in their respective fields, but also very similar in M & A strategies.
苹果 CEO 库克曾说过，「我们主要对能够补充苹果产品的技术类小型创新公司感兴趣」。
Apple Inc CEO Cook once said, "We are mainly interested in small innovative technology companies that can complement Apple Inc's products."
Tesla, Inc. has a similar preference.
细数下来，特斯拉已经收购了 10 多家公司：从 2015 年的冲压件制造商 Riviera Tool，到 2021 年的电池负极材料技术初创公司 Sillion，以及为获得电池阴极技术收购加拿大公司 Springpower International。
Tesla, Inc. has acquired more than 10 companies: from stamping parts maker Riviera Tool in 2015 to Sillion, a battery negative material technology start-up in 2021, and Springpower International, a Canadian company to acquire battery cathode technology.
有趣的是，与苹果一样，特斯拉并不经常对外宣告这些并购行为。
Interestingly, like Apple Inc, Tesla, Inc. does not often announce these mergers and acquisitions.
苹果在并购方面采用小额交易策略，这种策略可用一个词精准概括：Acq-hire，简而言之，就是以收购人才为目的的并购。
Apple Inc uses a small transaction strategy in mergers and acquisitions, which can be accurately summarized in one word:Acq-hireIn short, it is a merger and acquisition with the purpose of acquiring talent.
特斯拉收购的公司也多为初创小公司，对于收购金额、过程都非常保密。
Most of the companies acquired by Tesla, Inc. are small start-ups, and they are very confidential about the amount and process of the acquisition.
在多数情况下，特斯拉从不大大方方宣告这些收购消息，总是悄悄的完成收购，见诸报端的也多是已经完成收购的推测。
In most cases, Tesla, Inc. never announces these acquisitions generously, but always completes the acquisitions quietly, and most of the speculation in the newspapers is that the acquisitions have been completed.
特斯拉在 2016 年宣布以 26 亿美元收购太阳能电池板公司 SolarCity 是一个例外。这起收购案还因为特斯拉与股东们的利益纠葛闹上了法庭，马斯克甚至为这起收购案出庭辩护。
Tesla, Inc. announced the acquisition of solar panel company SolarCity for $2.6 billion in 2016 as an exception. The acquisition case was also brought to court because of Tesla, Inc. 's entanglement with shareholders' interests, and Musk even appeared in court to defend the acquisition.
像这样人尽皆知的收购终究是少数，而多数情况下特斯拉还是私下进行，外界对于收购过程、金额甚至是否完成收购都要靠各种消息推测。
After all, well-known acquisitions like this are in the minority, and in most cases Tesla, Inc. is still carried out in private, and outsiders have to speculate on the acquisition process, the amount of money, and even whether the acquisition is completed or not.
另一个特点是，特斯拉大部分收购标的都是中小公司，看中的就是人才和技术。
Another feature is that most of Tesla, Inc. 's acquisitions are aimed at small and medium-sized companies, focusing on talent and technology.
说白了，利用收购这个手段合法占有人才和技术，迅速壮大自身实力。
To put it bluntly, the use of acquisition means to legally possess talents and technology, and rapidly expand their own strength.
特斯拉并购三阶段
Tesla, Inc. 's three stages of merger and acquisition
在并购对象上，特斯拉基本遵循汽车制造、自动驾驶、电池生产制造这一路线。
In the object of merger and acquisition, Tesla, Inc. basically follows the route of automobile manufacturing, autopilot and battery manufacturing.
在那些对于业务发展非常重要但一时之间难以有所突破的领域，特斯拉通过并购逐步获取相应人才和技术，夯实基础。
In those areas that are very important for business development, but it is difficult to make a breakthrough for a while, Tesla, Inc. gradually acquired the corresponding talent and technology through mergers and acquisitions to consolidate the foundation.
这也正是特斯拉收购之路的三个主要阶段：前期是汽车制造相关的技术，继而是自动驾驶和人工智能，再延续到电池生产制造。这也暗合了电动汽车发展的阶段性特点。
These are the three main stages of Tesla, Inc. 's acquisition: the early stage is the technology related to automobile manufacturing, followed by autopilot and artificial intelligence, and then to battery manufacturing. This is also in line with the stage characteristics of the development of electric vehicles.
（1）2015—2017 年：重点在于确保获取汽车生产制造技术
（1）2015 Mel 2017: focus on ensuring access to automotive manufacturing technology
2015 年，特斯拉首先收购了冲压件制造商维埃拉模具公司 Riviera Tool，以提升电动车产能。
这是特斯拉自 2003 年成立以来的首次收购，特斯拉业务也扩展到了密歇根州。
In 2015, Tesla, Inc. first acquired the stamping parts manufacturer Vieira Die Company.Riviera ToolTo increase the production capacity of electric vehicles
This is Tesla, Inc. 's first acquisition since it was founded in 2003, and Tesla, Inc. 's business has expanded to Michigan.
当时，特斯拉正处于扩大产品产能提销量的当口，这一年特斯拉在售的只有 Model S 车型，Model X 则计划在当年第三季度开始出货，Model 3 则计划在 2017 年推出。
At that time, Tesla, Inc. was in the midst of expanding production capacity and increasing sales. This year, Tesla, Inc. was selling only Model S models, Model X was scheduled to start shipping in the third quarter of that year, and Model 3 was scheduled to launch in 2017.
Riviera Tool 是一家生产用于冲压金属零件的工具和模具的公司，可为特斯拉在加州佛里蒙特工厂供应冲压件，拉升特斯拉产能。
Riviera Tool, a company that produces tools and dies for stamping metal parts, can supply stamping parts for Tesla, Inc. 's plant in Vermont, California, boosting Tesla, Inc. 's production capacity.
特斯拉也确认了这一收购，并将维埃拉模具公司 Riviera Tool 重新命名为特斯拉工具与模具工厂（Tesla Tool and Die Factory），但特斯拉并未透露交易价格。
Tesla, Inc. also confirmed the acquisition and renamed Vieira Mould company Riviera Tool to Tesla, Inc. tools and Mould Factory (Tesla Tool and Die Factory), but Tesla, Inc. did not disclose the price of the deal.
收购前，Riviera Tool 不仅是特斯拉的零部件供应商，其客户还包括底特律的通用、福特、克莱斯勒以及宝马、日产和戴姆勒等车企。
Before the acquisition, Riviera Tool was not only a parts supplier to Tesla, Inc., but its customers also included GM, Ford and Chrysler in Detroit, as well as automakers such as BMW, Nissan and Daimler.
收购完成后，里维埃拉完成与其他客户的订单之后，就开始专注服务特斯拉。
After the completion of the acquisition, the Riviera completed its orders with other customers and began to focus on serving Tesla, Inc..
为了提升 Model 3 产能，特斯拉在 2016 年收购了德国自动化生产公司Grohmann Engineering。
In order to increase the production capacity of Model 3, Tesla, Inc. acquired the German Automation production Company in 2016.Grohmann Engineering。
被特斯拉收购后，Grohmann 更名为特斯拉 Grohmann Automation，Grohmann Engineering 创始人克劳斯·格罗曼(Klaus Grohmann)也随之加入特斯拉，担任新成立部门「特斯拉德国先进自动化」的主管。
After being acquired by Tesla, Inc., Grohmann renamed Tesla, Inc. Grohmann Automation,Grohmann Engineering founder Klaus Groman (Klaus Grohmann) also joined Tesla, Inc. as the director of the newly established department "Tesla, Inc. Advanced Automation in Germany".
当时，Grohmann Engineering 已有 700 名员工。
At the time, Grohmann Engineering already had 700 employees.
时任特斯拉 CTO JB·施特劳贝尔(JB Straubel)也表示，德国的工程人才储备庞大，也是特斯拉决定在德国展开投资的重要因素，此次收购完成后会扩大 Grohman 的团队至 1000 人。
Tesla, Inc. CTO JB Straubel (JB Straubel) also said that Germany's huge reserve of engineering talent was also an important factor in Tesla, Inc. 's decision to invest in Germany. After the completion of this acquisition, the team of Grohman will be expanded to 1000.
马斯克对于这次「特斯拉历史上首笔重大交易」很是看重。他表示，「自动化是特斯拉未来十分重要的组成部分」。
Musk attaches great importance to this "the first major deal in Tesla, Inc. 's history". "Automation is a very important part of Tesla, Inc. 's future," he said.
通过收购「用于生产机器的机器」，特斯拉再次将业务扩展到了汽车制造之乡德国。
By acquiring machines for the production of machines, Tesla, Inc. has once again expanded his business to Germany, the hometown of car manufacturing.
特斯拉认为，时值 Model 3 发售前提高汽车产量之际，自动化显著提升生产速度和质量。
Tesla, Inc. believes that at a time when automobile production is increased before the launch of the Model 3, automation has significantly improved the speed and quality of production.
此外，马斯克还表示，「企业的关键在于人，我们十分荣幸能够留下格罗曼」，称「他在公司是位举足轻重的人物。」
In addition, Musk said, "the key to the business is people, and we are very honored to keep Groman," he said. "he is an important person in the company. "
新闻报道中称特斯拉这笔收购价格高达 1.5 亿美元。
News reports say Tesla, Inc. 's purchase price is as high as1.5 亿dollar.
Increasing production capacity and improving efficiency is also the focus of Tesla, Inc. 's automobile mass production.
2017年11月，特斯拉收购了为工厂生产自动化设备的公司 Perbix。
In November 2017, Tesla, Inc. acquired a company that makes automation equipment for the factory.Perbix。
收购之前，Perbix 已与特斯拉合作了三年之久，负责为特斯拉生产各种自动化工具，包括生产特斯拉汽车中驱动转子的自动化工具。
Prior to the acquisition, Perbix had been working with Tesla, Inc. for three years and was responsible for producing various automation tools for Tesla, Inc., including those used to drive rotors in Tesla, Inc. 's cars.
通过这次收购，特斯拉能够在自家工厂中生产更多汽车零部件，利用高度自动化技术降低汽车生产成本。
Through this acquisition, Tesla, Inc. will be able to produce more auto parts in his factory and use highly automated technology to reduce car production costs.
这与 2016 年收购德国自动化生产公司 Grohmann Engineering 是一脉相成的逻辑。
特斯拉遭遇 Model 3 产能困境，马斯克还曾在推特上指出过产能问题。有报道称产能不足的一个原因是很多零部件需要人工加工，而收购 Perbix 能切实解决这一问题。
This is the same logic as the 2016 acquisition of Grohmann Engineering, a German automation company.
Tesla, Inc. has encountered capacity difficulties in Model 3, and Musk has pointed out capacity problems on Twitter. It has been reported that one of the reasons for the lack of production capacity is that many parts need to be processed manually, and the acquisition of Perbix can effectively solve this problem.
特斯拉为解决问题豪掷千金，虽然并未披露交易价格，但 Perbix 的所有者 James S. Dudley 收到了 34772 股特斯拉股票，当时价值超过 1000 万美元。
Tesla, Inc. spent a lot of money to solve the problem. Although the transaction price was not disclosed, James S. Dudley, the owner of Perbix, received 34772 Tesla, Inc. shares, which were worth more than1000 万dollar.
特斯拉在发展早期专注汽车生产制造和量产方面的技术，不断通过收购来保证量产规模，正如马斯克曾说，高度自动化才能降低汽车生产成本。
Tesla, Inc. focused on the technology of automobile production and mass production in the early stage of development, and constantly ensured the scale of mass production through acquisitions. As Musk once said, a high degree of automation can reduce the cost of automobile production.
这也是特斯拉的商业逻辑，如今在美国加州&德州、中国上海和德国柏林的超级工厂也是如此。
This is also Tesla, Inc. 's business logic, as are today's super factories in California & Texas, Shanghai, China and Berlin, Germany.
（2）2019: start to focus on autopilot and artificial intelligence
量产车规模上来以后，特斯拉着重关注起智能化问题，Autopilot 成为特斯拉发展的重中之重。
After the scale of mass production cars came up, Tesla, Inc. focused on the issue of intelligence, and Autopilot became the top priority of Tesla, Inc. 's development.
2019 年，人工智能公司开始出现在特斯拉并购名单上。
第一家被特斯拉看上的就是自动驾驶感知创业公司 DeepScale。
In 2019, artificial intelligence companies began to appear on Tesla, Inc. 's M & A list.
The first one favored by Tesla, Inc. is an autopilot awareness startup.DeepScale。
Deep Scale是一家拥有使用低功耗工艺实现高精度计算机视觉技术的初创公司，其 CEO Forrest Iandola认为 Deep Scale的优势就在于感知前融合，「我们所做的是利用原始数据的前融合，做目标检测前就进行融合」。
CEO Forrest Iandola of Deep Scale, a start-up with high-precision computer vision technology using low-power processes, believes that the advantage of Deep Scale lies in pre-perceptual fusion. "what we do is to use the pre-fusion of raw data to fuse before target detection."
利用原始数据而非目标数据做感知融合，这也是 Deep Scale 最具差异化的竞争优势。
The use of raw data rather than target data for perceptual fusion is also the most differentiated competitive advantage of Deep Scale.
通过这次收购，特斯拉也将 Deep Scale CEO 纳入麾下，后者作为高级机器学习科学家供职特斯拉。
Through the acquisition, Tesla, Inc. also included Deep Scale CEO, who works as a senior machine learning scientist, Tesla, Inc..
同时，特斯拉在技术层面与 Deep Scale 实现了前融合感知、完全自主研发感知等方面的强耦合。
At the same time, Tesla, Inc. has realized the strong coupling of pre-fusion perception and completely independent R & D perception with Deep Scale at the technical level.
在自动驾驶道路上走纯视觉路线的特斯拉，收购 DeepScale 获取技术加人才的策略真是既精确又有远见。
Tesla, Inc., who takes a purely visual route on autopilot, has a precise and far-sighted strategy of acquiring technology and talent from DeepScale.
目前，特斯拉 FSD 已经从美国扩展到了加拿大，马斯克还表示年内就可以实现全自动驾驶。
从国外车主对于特斯拉 FSD 的测试来看，虽总有小问题，但测试结果屡屡让人惊叹，特斯拉正致力于让软件表现得像人类司机一样自然。
At present, Tesla, Inc. FSD has expanded from the United States to Canada, Musk also said that fully autopilot can be achieved by the end of this year.
Judging from the test of Tesla, Inc. FSD by foreign car owners, although there are always minor problems, the test results are often amazing. Tesla, Inc. is committed to making the software behave as naturally as a human driver.
（3）2019-2021 年：专注电池生产
在 2020 年 9 月电池日上，马斯克展示了特斯拉在电池方面的雄心，开启了电池内部化生产的序幕。
（3）2019-2021: focus on battery production
At Battery Day in September 2020, Musk demonstrated Tesla, Inc. 's battery ambitions, which opened the prelude to the internal production of batteries.
特斯拉不仅发布了能量密度更强、能耗更低的第三代 4680 电芯，还推出了电池物理层面的架构创新成果——CTC 技术，这项技术可以取消 Pack 设计直接将电芯或模组安装在车身上。就在电池日前后，特斯拉还发起了五次与电池相关的并购。
Tesla, Inc. not only released the third-generation 4680 cells with higher energy density and lower energy consumption, but also launched an architectural innovation at the physical level of the battery-CTC technology, which can eliminate Pack design and install cells or modules directly on the car body. Just after the day before the battery, Tesla, Inc. also launched five battery-related mergers and acquisitions.
频繁的电池领域并购说明特斯拉新一步重点是电池技术创新。
Frequent mergers and acquisitions in the battery field show that Tesla, Inc. 's new step is to focus on battery technology innovation.
2019 年初，特斯拉宣布与美国电池技术公司 Maxwell Technologies 达成收购协议，以 4.75 美元每股价格收购后者，总价格高达2.18 亿美元。
At the beginning of 2019, Tesla, Inc. announced that he was working with American Battery Technology Company.Maxwell TechnologiesReach an agreement to buy the latter at a price of $4.75 per share for a total price of up to2.18 亿dollar.
收购完成后，Maxwell Technologies 将与特斯拉的一家子公司合并，成为特斯拉的全资子公司。
Upon completion of the acquisition, Maxwell Technologies will merge with a subsidiary of Tesla, Inc. to become a wholly owned subsidiary of Tesla, Inc..
Maxwell Technologies 的亮点在于研发出了一种干电极技术，并申请了专利。
The highlight of Maxwell Technologies is that it has developed a dry electrode technology and applied for a patent.
Maxwell 的干电极工艺提供了制造锂离子电池的新方法，通过将混入活跃的负极或正极材料颗粒的 PTFE（Teflon）原纤维化，形成负极或正极材料的自支撑膜。
The dry electrode process of Maxwell provides a new method for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries by forming a self-supporting film of negative or cathode materials through the fibrosis of PTFE (Teflon) mixed with active negative or cathode material particles.
最为关键的是，这项技术将使电池的负极和正极不使用溶剂。传统的锂电池制造需使用有粘合剂材料的溶剂，常见溶剂 NMP 有毒性须小心回收，进行纯化和再利用，而且还需要巨大、昂贵且复杂的电极涂覆机。
Most crucially, this technology will enable the negative and positive electrodes of the battery to be solvent-free. Traditional lithium battery manufacturing requires the use of solvents with adhesive materials, the common solvent NMP toxic need to be carefully recovered, purification and reuse, but also requires a huge, expensive and complex electrode coating machine.
这种技术可以显著改善电池性能，拥有更大的电池功率，未来还能进一步降低生产成本。
This technology can significantly improve battery performance, have more battery power, and further reduce production costs in the future.
为获取电池制造方面的技术，2019 年 10 月，特斯拉又收购电池生产制造商 Hibar Systems，且 Hibar Systems 生产的泵将用于为新式 4680 电芯推出的快速电池组装流程中。
In order to acquire battery manufacturing technology, Tesla, Inc. acquired battery manufacturers in October 2019.Hibar SystemsAnd the pumps produced by Hibar Systems will be used in the rapid battery assembly process for the new 4680 cell.
通过上述两次收购，特斯拉不仅获取了干电极工艺，还拥有了电池制造技术，为电池生产内部化进一步助力。
Through the above two acquisitions, Tesla, Inc. acquired not only dry electrode technology, but also battery manufacturing technology to further boost the internalization of battery production.
但特斯拉并没有止步于此，又把触角伸向了电池材料领域。
But Tesla, Inc. did not stop here, and extended his tentacles to the field of battery materials.
2021 年，特斯拉又瞄准了拥有环保负极材料生产技术的Springpower International和拥有硅负极材料生产技术的初创公司SiILion。
In 2021, Tesla, Inc. again aimed at the production technology of environmentally friendly anode materials.Springpower InternationalAnd startups with production technology for silicon anode materialsSiILion。
通过收购 Springpower International，特斯拉获得一项专利，能在制造电池阴极时的用水量以及与此过程相关的成本上获得显著收益。
Through the acquisition of Springpower International, Tesla, Inc. obtained a patent to make significant gains in the amount of water used to make battery cathodes and the costs associated with the process.
特斯拉的工程主管 Drew Baglino 曾通俗地描述过这一问题：制造阴极时，需要金属硫酸盐加入化学品，并注入水，发生一系列反应之后，最后得到的是少量阴极，但更多的是废水和副产品，效益不高。
Drew Baglino, Tesla, Inc. 's engineering director, once described this problem in a popular way: when making cathodes, metal sulfates are needed to add chemicals and inject water. After a series of reactions, the final result is a small number of cathodes, but more waste water and by-products, the efficiency is not high.
Springpower International 通过为特斯拉提供所需技术，解决实际问题，这对特斯拉生产 4680 电池量产有非常重大的推动意义。
Springpower International solves practical problems by providing Tesla, Inc. with the necessary technology, which is of great significance to Tesla, Inc. 's production of 4680 batteries.
特斯拉看上的 SiILion，研究的是一种基于「高负载硅阳极」的新型高能量密度电池化学物质，以及被称为「包含硅颗粒的大型电池阳极」的专利。
SiILion, which Tesla, Inc. took a fancy to, is a new type of high energy density battery chemical based on "high load silicon anode" and a patent known as "large battery anode containing silicon particles".
特斯拉看中 SiILion 其实也早有伏笔。2020 年九月份电池日上，特斯拉就表示新的 4680 电池会采用硅基电池阳极供电，SiILion 正好能满足特斯拉所需。
Tesla, Inc. 's fancy to SiILion actually foreshadowed a long time ago. On the Battery Day in September 2020, Tesla, Inc. said that the new 4680 battery will be powered by a silicon-based battery anode, and the SiILion can meet Tesla, Inc. 's needs.
不难看出，这几笔电池领域收购都在为特斯拉自产 4680 电池铺路。
It is not difficult to see that these acquisitions in the battery field are paving the way for Tesla, Inc. 's own 4680 batteries.
目前，特斯拉已在德州安装好 4680 电池生产线，预计于 4 月上旬开始生产。同时，特斯拉也计划在柏林超级工厂建造一座 4680 电池工厂。
At present, Tesla, Inc. has installed the 4680 battery production line in Texas and is expected to start production in early April. At the same time, Tesla, Inc. also plans to build a 4680 battery factory in the Berlin super factory.
今年 3 月 22 日，马斯克预估：2023 年电动车电池生产将面临挑战，电池将在未来 2-3 年内成为阻碍特斯拉发展的「限制因素」。
On March 22 this year, Musk predicted that electric vehicle battery production will face challenges in 2023, and the battery will become a "limiting factor" hindering Tesla, Inc. 's development in the next 2-3 years.
但随着电池生产规模化，成本进一步降低，4680 电池将成为特斯拉新的销量杀手。
However, with the large-scale production of batteries and further reduction in costs, 4680 batteries will become Tesla, Inc. 's new sales killer.
这些收购案成就特斯拉万亿美金市值之路
These acquisitionsTo achieve Tesla's trillion-dollar market capitalization.
从关注汽车生产制造技术到专注智能化再延伸到新能源车的心脏——动力电池领域，特斯拉每一次收购都是奔着解决实际问题、获取技术人才并最终实现内部化生产降本增效去的。
From focusing on automobile manufacturing technology to focusing on intelligence and then extending to the heart of new energy vehicles--The field of power batteryEvery acquisition of Tesla, Inc. is aimed at solving practical problems, acquiring technical personnel and finally realizing internalized production to reduce cost and increase efficiency.
特斯拉在成为电动汽车领头羊的征程中一往无前，在资本市场更是如此。
Tesla, Inc. is indomitable in her journey to become a leader in electric vehicles, especially in the capital markets.
去年10月25日，美国老牌汽车租赁巨头Hertz宣布一次性购买十万辆特斯拉汽车，采购金额高达42 亿美元，特斯拉股价当日即大幅飙升，一跃迈进万亿美金市值俱乐部。
On October 25th last year, the veteran US car rental giant Hertz announced that it would buy 100, 000 Tesla, Inc. cars at a time, the purchase amount was as high as 4.2 billion US dollars. Tesla, Inc. 's share price soared on the same day, leaping into a trillion-dollar market capitalization club.
至此全球万亿美元俱乐部成员增加至 6 名，而股价「杀疯了」的特斯拉排名还超过了沙特阿美，位于苹果、亚马逊、微软和谷歌科技公司之后。
At this point, the number of members of the global trillion-dollar club has increased to six, and Tesla, Inc., whose share price is "crazy", has surpassed Saudi Aramco, behind Apple Inc, Amazon.Com Inc, Microsoft Corp and Alphabet Inc-CL C.
特斯拉在资本市场创造的成绩令人惊叹，同时其自动驾驶技术和生产制造能力也同样为业界津津乐道。
Tesla, Inc. 's achievements in the capital market are amazing, and his autopilot technology and manufacturing capacity are also talked about by the industry.
新势力车企们以及面临转型考验的传统车企，明里暗里都在模仿甚至复制特斯拉模式。特斯拉已经活成了智能电动汽车领域的苹果。
The new power car companies and the traditional car companies facing the test of transformation are imitating or even copying the Tesla, Inc. model both openly and secretly. Tesla, Inc. has become Apple Inc in the field of intelligent electric vehicles.
专注中小型技术公司，通过收购获取前沿技术和人才，不断解决发展中的实际问题。
Focus on small and medium-sized technology companies, acquire cutting-edge technology and talents through acquisitions, and constantly solve practical problems in development.
特斯拉一步步将电动汽车领域的重要技术掌握在自己手中，并通过规模化量产不断放大这种技术和人才优势，内部化生产带来的成本效益，让特斯拉在去年连续两个季度成为毛利率超过 30% 的车企，在众多车企中一骑绝尘。
Tesla, Inc. gradually mastered the important technology in the field of electric vehicles in his own hands, and continuously magnified the advantages of this technology and talent through large-scale mass production, and internalized the cost-effectiveness of production. Tesla, Inc. became a car company with a gross profit margin of more than 30 per cent for two consecutive quarters last year.
随着电池原材料价格上涨以及原材料未来有短缺可能，行业的目光再次落到动力电池领域，而马斯克表示要在特斯拉柏林工厂建造世界上最大的电池生产厂。
With the rising price of battery raw materials and the possibility of a shortage of raw materials in the future, the industry's attention has once again turned to the field of power batteries, while Musk says he wants to build the world's largest battery production plant at Tesla, Inc. 's Berlin plant.
当德州的电池产线和柏林共产的电池工厂开动起来时，特斯拉新的杀手锏已经就位。
When the battery production line in Texas and the battery factory in Berlin opened, Tesla, Inc. 's new killer mace was already in place.
