Today, the photovoltaic subdivision plate perovskite battery warmed up again, up 3.24% as of the close. Olympic Union Electronics rose 16.12%, Microconductor Nano rose 10.63%, and Tourixineng rose 10.09%.

In terms of industry progress, the perovskite battery products of many companies have passed the double 85 test of IEC 61215 and entered the stage of mass production. At present, a number of leading enterprises have announced GW production line planning targets, according to Soochow Securities, the national total perovskite component production capacity of 1.7/6.6/15.4GW is expected in 23-25-30.

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In the early stage of industrialization, there are still problems.

Perovskite battery is a new type of compound thin film solar cell which uses perovskite material as light absorbing layer. At present, the commonly used Perc belongs to crystalline silicon cell, and the difference between them is mainly reflected in the conversion efficiency.

Compared with crystalline silicon battery, the ceiling of theoretical conversion efficiency of perovskite is higher, and there is still much room for improvement in R & D efficiency and theoretical limit. At present, the R & D efficiency of crystalline silicon battery has reached 26.81%, which is very close to its theoretical limit efficiency (29.4%). From the point of view of reducing cost and increasing efficiency, the marginal output brought by future R & D investment is very limited.

The theoretical conversion efficiency of perovskite battery can reach 31%, with a higher upper limit. After more than a decade of research investment, the efficiency of the laboratory side has increased from 14.1% to 25.8%, making great progress. At the same time, lower investment costs make it easier for the industry to start. According to Tianfeng Securities, the investment cost of a single GW perovskite is 500 million, only half that of a crystalline silicon battery.

In addition, perovskite battery has the characteristics of flexibility and thinness. compared with crystalline silicon battery, perovskite battery has better light transmittance and stronger light absorption ability in short wavelength range. Combined with the characteristics of cost and structure, BIPV (Photovoltaic Building Integration) and CIPV (Automotive Integrated Photovoltaic) are ideal application scenarios for perovskite batteries.

The internal structure of perovskite battery is divided into TCO conductive glass, electron transport layer, perovskite layer, hole transport layer and metal opposite electrode. Under the solar light, the perovskite layer is excited to produce pairs of photogenerated electrons and holes. These two kinds of carriers are transported to the TCO conductive layer and the metal opposite electrode by the electron transport layer and hole transport layer respectively, resulting in an electric potential difference and a built-in electric field.

On the process route, the perovskite battery is prepared through cleaning, laser engraving and coating deposition of each layer, in which the whole perovskite battery needs to be cut into a sub-battery through three laser etching lines. the preparation of each layer involves four sets of equipment: coating equipment, coating equipment, laser equipment and packaging equipment, the raw materials can be processed into components in a single factory in only 45 minutes.

However, it is difficult to mass production without sacrificing efficiency, which is a major difficulty in industrialization at present. When the perovskite battery is prepared in a large area, the efficiency loss is particularly obvious, and the core difficulty is to control and ensure the uniformity of each film and the dead zone area.

The thickness of each film generally ranges from tens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, and the effects of slight unevenness and non-uniformity on the efficiency are particularly obvious. On the other hand, a dead zone is formed between the reconnected sub-batteries after laser cutting, which can not contribute to the generating capacity.

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There is also a lot of trouble after mass production. The photovoltaic module made of perovskite material has low stability and fast attenuation. From the efficiency decline to 80% of the initial value, the perovskite battery takes only 4000 hours, equivalent to 0.45 years, while the crystalline silicon battery can survive 25 years, the gap is very significant.

Perovskite battery can be stacked with crystalline silicon battery to achieve higher efficiency, and it can also form the stack of double perovskite battery. In the crystalline silicon battery, the adaptability with the heterojunction battery is higher, and there is no need to change the original production line when stacking with the perovskite battery, so the transformation cost can be saved. In December last year, the research and development efficiency of perovskite and crystalline silicon tandem batteries reached 32.5%.

Where are the investment opportunities in the industrial chain?

In the past two years, the layout perovskite battery enterprises have completed the pilot production of the total 500MW, and it is expected that the pilot production of 600MW will be put into production this year, and the overall scale is expected to reach the GW level.

In addition to Longji Green Energy, Trina Solar Energy, Oriental Sunrise and other crystal silicon enterprises involved in perovskite batteries, in the past two years, many start-ups with university background have entered perovskite batteries to speed up the technical iteration in this field.

Judging from the scale, the perovskite battery industry is still in the early stage of industrialization, and the higher limit of theoretical conversion efficiency will drive the upgrading of equipment materials to the whole preparation process.

In terms of battery composition and structure, packaging materials such as TCO glass are the core of the cost of perovskite batteries, accounting for 34%. Under the condition of large area mass production, the flatness of the glass base is required to be improved. The second is the equipment link, the main challenge of the uniform compactness requirements of each stack of components comes from the process level, and different process routes have different equipment requirements.

The evaporation process has the advantages of uniform film formation, good stability, single process and high yield of good products. it is widely used in perovskite layer, interface passivation layer, electron transport layer (C60) and metal electrode, but the equipment investment is still high. layout enterprises include Jingshan Light Machinery, Jiejia Weichuang and other equipment manufacturers.

The preparation of perovskite battery requires many processes of laser equipment, and the improvement of equipment accuracy can effectively reduce the dead zone area and improve the efficiency of components. Laser equipment manufacturers include Maiwei Co., Ltd., Dier Laser, Jepter, Delong Laser and so on.

Similar to the rhythm from the start of N-type battery to mass production, although the current mass production scale is small, equipment and material manufacturers cooperate with battery manufacturers in advance for research and development, verification, and the follow-up will also benefit from battery expansion and release equipment demand.

From the perspective of value ratio and technical barriers, the directions that should be paid more attention to include: high cost share, material links where quality plays a key role, such as TCO glass, POE film, and battery layout enterprises that can master more stable and efficient solution formulations and battery structures, as well as coating equipment manufacturers that benefit from battery production expansion and capacity reduction.